肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探索肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的外科治疗措施和效果。 方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2013年12月上海市胸科医院收治的27例肺切除术后BPF患者的临床资料,分析其发生时间、原因和治疗措施,并总结治疗效果。 结果行肺切除术患者5010例,共发生27例BPF,发生率为0.5%。其中男性21例,女性6例;年龄31～67岁,平均年龄55岁。9例全肺切除后的BPF患者均首先采用了引流加胸腔内冲洗的方法,其中4例治愈,4例改开放引流,1例行心包胸膜修补瘘口,瘘口愈合,但脓胸一直存在。18例肺叶切除后的BPF患者中,手术后早期发生的BPF有12例,直接用大网膜消灭残腔,瘘口修补6例,完全康复;用肋间肌瓣和前锯肌瓣填塞胸腔、堵塞瘘口6例,其中4例完全一期愈合,2例引流时间较长;另6例BPF患者发生时间晚,且伴有营养缺乏,除局部引流外,改善营养后大网膜消灭残腔后4例均自愈,余2例用肋间肌瓣和前锯肌瓣填塞胸腔,术后胸管引流时间较长后痊愈。 结论BPF能够早期诊断,积极引流和冲洗胸腔是治疗BPF的有效措施,一部分可以自行愈合,而自体组织包括心包胸膜、自体肌瓣和带蒂大网膜等填塞胸内残腔、堵塞瘘口是治疗BPF的最有效办法,其中带蒂大网膜效果最佳。     

肺癌全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的处理及预防

目的 探讨全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的处理方法及预防原则.方法 回顾性分析1999年7月至2006年6月因肺癌行全肺切除术的815例患者的临床资料.结果 共有15例患者发生BPF,占全部患者的1.8%.右全肺切除后BPF发生率为3.9%,高于左全肺切除患者的0.6%(P＜0.01).支气管切缘见癌组织残留患者BPF发生率为22.7%,高于支气管切缘无癌残留患者的1.3%(P＜0.01).术前接受放疗、化疗患者BPF发生率为5.0%,高于单纯手术患者的1.3%(P＜0.05).76例用自体组织覆盖支气管残端的患者无一发生BPF.全组被确诊为BPF的患者皆予胸腔引流;2例经反复穿刺抽取胸水,胸腔内注入抗生素后痊愈;2例经充分抗炎治疗,高渗盐水冲洗,生物蛋白胶阻塞瘘口后痊愈;6例经单纯闭式引流后病情稳定出院;1例长期开放引流;1例行肌瓣修补瘘口失败,改行高渗盐水反复冲洗后痊愈;3例死于多器官功能衰竭.结论 右全肺切除、切缘癌残留和术前接受放疗、化疗可增加术后BPF的发生率.自体组织覆盖支气管残端是降低BPF发生的有效手段.早期轻型患者可行胸腔穿刺、生物蛋白胶阻塞瘘口和抗生素治疗.及时行胸腔闭式引流、高渗盐水反复冲洗对治疗BPF是非常重要的.     

带蒂大网膜胸腔内移植术在肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘中的应用

目的探讨带蒂大网膜移植术在肺切除术后并发支气管胸膜痿中的临床应用和效果。方法1987年10月～2002年12月共手术治疗24例肺切除术后并发支气管胸膜痿经保守治疗失败的患者，其中10例首选支气管残端痿修补加带蒂大网膜移植术治疗，14例首选支气管残端痿修补加胸廓成形术治疗。结果10例带蒂大网膜胸腔内移植者皆一次性痿修补成功，术后无复发，成功率100％。14例首选胸廓成形术者8例一次性痿修补成功。6例复发，成功率57.2％(8／14)。6例支气管胸膜痿复发者经再次手术行胸腔内大网膜移植后4例治愈，2例再次复发后死于呼吸衰竭。痿修补加带蒂大网膜胸腔内移植总的成功率为87．5％(14／16)。结论带蒂大网膜胸腔内移植术操作简单，创伤性少，能明显增强支气管残端的愈合能力，是治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜痿安全的、有效的方法。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗。方法26例患者分别采取胸腔引流、支气管残端修补、胸膜余肺切除、胸廓成形术等治疗方式。结果23例（88．5％）患者经各种治疗最终获得治愈，手术死亡1例，瘘口未愈失访2例。结论充分胸腔引流能控制感染，彻底消除残腔，妥善封闭支气管瘘口是外科治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的关键环节。     

带蒂肋间肌瓣防治支气管胸膜瘘17例临床分析

目的探讨采用带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端预防和治疗支气管胸膜瘘的临床意义,总结治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2001年10月至2009年6月重庆市江津中心医院对17例肺癌、肺结核伴支气管扩张、支气管扩张患者行肺切除术后采用带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端的临床资料。14例为预防性治疗,男8例,女6例;年龄21~69岁;其中6例行全肺切除术,8例行肺叶切除术。3例行肺癌肺叶切除术后支气管胸膜瘘二期修补术,男2例,女1例;年龄58~68岁。结果预防性治疗14例患者,手术时间135~275 min,均治愈,无并发症;随访12例,随访时间6~60个月,随访期间无1例发生支气管胸膜瘘。3例肺癌术后支气管胸膜瘘接受带蒂肋间肌瓣治疗患者手术时间75~165 min,2例痊愈,1例同时行局部胸膜内胸廓成形术痊愈;3例均随访6~24个月,无1例再发支气管胸膜瘘。结论带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端防治支气管胸膜瘘安全有效,尤其适用于肺切除术后支气管残端或吻合口的加固预防支气管胸膜瘘的发生。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

从1976年至1996年，我科对11例肺切除术后发生支气管胸膜瘘的病人进行了外科治疗。治愈10人，治愈率91％，1例经过3次手术后复发的病人死于与手术无关的晚期肺癌。治疗支气管胸膜瘘的方法很多，以胸改（局部或扩大）加胸部带蒂肌瓣胸内转移方法最有效。肩胂骨次全切除（一种扩大胸改的新术式）加肩胂下肌及冈下肌胸内转移对那些顽固性支气管胸膜瘘病人有良好的效果。作者认为治疗支气管胸膜瘘的关键是：①充分地胸腔引流及感染的控制；②有效地封闭支气管瘘口；③彻底地消除患侧胸膜残腔。     

带蒂大网膜移植治疗肺切除后支气管残端瘘

带蒂大网膜移植治疗肺切除后支气管残端瘘王景林陈书山支气管残端瘘是肺切除术后严重并发症之一。１９８３年以来，我们在应用带蒂大网膜移植治疗脓胸的基础上，修补支气管残端瘘４例，经临床观察和随访，疗效满意。１临床资料与方法本组共４例，均为男性；年龄２６～４８...     

腹腔镜获取带蒂大网膜在支气管胸膜瘘外科治疗中的应用北大核心CSCD

为探讨使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂大网膜方法, 及其在外科微创治疗支气管胸膜瘘中的应用, 对5例支气管胸膜瘘合并慢性脓胸患者中一般状态差者, 一期改善引流, 增加营养, 治疗感染;二期使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂的大网膜片, 通过膈肌切口转移至胸腔修补BPF, 辅以局限性的胸廓成形、纤维板剥脱, 进一步减小残腔, 促进BPF及脓腔愈合。4例患者一次手术治愈, 1例出现局部大网膜液化坏死, 再次手术后治愈, 所有患者随访CT残腔消失, 肺复张良好。应用大网膜闭合BPF瘘口、填塞脓腔, 充分发挥了大网膜抗感染能力强, 体积大, 转移远的优点, 避免了传统手术的巨大创伤和不佳外观;同时使用腹腔镜获取的方法, 进一步减小创伤, 提高了疗效, 改善了术后生活质量。     

带蒂膀胱瓣修补膀胱阴道瘘38例疗效分析

目的：探讨带蒂膀胱肌瓣修补膀胱阴道瘘的临床疗效。方法：对我院38例行带蒂膀胱肌瓣覆盖修补膀胱阴道瘘患者进行回顾性分析。初次修补患者22例,二次以上修补患者16例;单纯瘘口修补术25例,修补并输尿管膀胱再植术13例。结果：38例患者中有37例获得随访,1例失访。一次手术成功率94.59％（35／37）;1例手术失败,行二次修补治愈;1例术后出现膀胱缝合口漏尿,留置导尿2周后消失。术后随访患者均未出现阴道漏尿,6例患者出现轻度。肾积水,13例患者出现轻度尿失禁。结论：利用带蒂膀胱瓣覆盖修补瘘口是治疗膀胱阴道瘘的有效方法。     

胸廓造口开窗引流术在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的疗效分析

【摘要】 目的 总结分析胸廓造口开窗引流术(OWT)在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的治疗经验。方法 对我科在2003年至2012年56例结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病例采用胸廓造口开窗引流术的外科治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例胸廓造口开窗换药引流3~12个月后,分别采用Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术、胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术、永久的开放性胸廓造口术等方法治疗。结果 全组患者有效地控制胸腔感染后,36例行Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术;14例胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术后关闭胸廓造口,其中有5例术后出现围手术期胸腔再次感染并发症发生再次行胸廓造口术;6例患者选择永久的开放性胸廓造口开窗换药引流,无围术期死亡病例发生。结论 对结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘的患者应用胸廓造口术能有效地控制胸腔感染,降低死亡率,改善身体状况,为二期瘘修补术及消灭残腔手术创造有利条件并提高手术成功率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.