循环荷载下原状结构红黏土累积塑性应变模型

基于循环荷载作用下原状结构红粘土εP-lgN试验曲线簇,采用经典的对数函数模型对稳定性曲线、Monismith指数函数模型对破坏型曲线进行拟合分析,获得了相应模型参数的拟合公式,得出发散型对数函数模型不适宜于稳定型曲线的结论.针对稳定型曲线收敛的特点,提出了一个新的稳定型曲线累积塑性应变数学模型.与发散型对数函数模型比较,新模型具有收敛性,能更好地模拟稳定型曲线的变化规律.利用新模型对不同试验条件下原状结构红粘土稳定型曲线进行拟合,获得了新模型参数拟合公式.基于原状结构红粘土临界动应力试验值,引入了一个新的参数“动应力比”,该参数的引入能很好地降低试验数据点的离散性.     

上海地区粘土弹塑性应力—应变模型的研究

本文根据上海粘土的真三轴试验结果，对上海粘土弹性应力－应变模型的建立进行探讨，并研究了确定有关参数的方法。试验表明，模型中的参数均可能过常规三轴试验加以确定，这使上海地区采用弹塑性模型研究粘土成为可能。本文最后还利用该模型所得的计算值与试验结果了对比，取是了较理想的效果。     

红粘土动本构关系与动模量衰减模型

针对高速交通循环荷载下红粘土路堑基床的动力稳定性问题,基于大量室内动三轴试验,研究了不同试验条件下原状结构红粘土动本构关系及动模量衰减规律。试验成果表明:原状结构红粘土动本构关系仍可用R.L.Kondner双曲线模型描述;动模量随动应变的增大非线性减小,具有明显的应变软化特征。围压、固结比、含水比对红粘土动本构特征及动模量衰减规律均有明显影响。不考虑其它因素,随围压或固结比的增大,动本构曲线逐渐偏向应力轴,随含水比的增大,动本构曲线逐渐偏离应力轴。同等条件下,动模量随围压、固结比的增大而增大,随含水比的增大而减小。基于回归分析,给出了不同试验条件下原状结构红粘土双曲线模型参数、动模量衰减经验公式及其拟合参数。     

上海暗绿色粉质粘土力学特性的试验与理论研究

上海暗绿色粉质粘土是桩基础的持力层,对这层土力学特性的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.文章通过三轴固结不排水剪切试验对上海暗绿色粉质粘土进行试验研究,得到在不同围压下暗绿色粉质粘土的轴向应力、轴向应变和孔隙水压力等参数之间的关系,以及土样的破坏形态;在扰动状态概念理论的基础上,建立饱和软粘土的扰动状态概念本构模型,并利用有关试验的结果检验提出的本构模型.研究表明,基于扰动状态概念的本构模型能较好地描述该土层的力学特性.     

土体与时间相关的一维应力－应变性状、弹粘塑性模型和固结分析

论文根据室内实验结果首先提出一维变形状态下应变与时间相关的应力－应变性状。回顾了已有的与时间相关的土体应力－应变性状和固结分析中的一维本构模型和团结理论，并对这些模型和理论的局限性以及一些错误进行了讨论．然后引入了等效时间的概念和其它一些概念，并且详细介绍了怎样使用这些概念推导弹－粘－塑性（ＥＶＰ）本构模型（殷和格雷厄姆（Ｇｒａｈａｍ），１９８９ａ，１９９２ｂ；殷，１９９０）。采用加拿大ＮｏｖａＳｃｏｔｉａ的Ｈａｌｉｆａｘ港有机质粉质粘土的多级蠕变试验资料检验该模型中的基本概念、假设和确定该模型的参数。该模型已被用于荷载等级变化条件下粘土层的一维固结分析，其分析结果与大沙基固结理论和假说Ａ进行了比较。分析结果表明应用ＥＶＰ模型的固结模式可模拟不变荷载下粘土的粘滞性引起的孔隙水压力上升现象。     

几内亚红粘土的工程地质特征及成因探讨

介绍了几内亚体育场岩土层结构和粘土的工程地质特征,将其与国内红粘土进行了比较,认为是属于基性岩风化而形成的红粘土,并探讨了该红粘土的形成过程。从元素迁移规律着手,分析了形成该地剖面上特殊的岩土层序的形成原因,从化学成份和分子结构着手分析了该粘土物理力学性质的形成原因。进而分析了几内亚红粘土工程地质评价中应注意的问题。     

生活垃圾污染粘土的微观结构与渗透特性

在建立生活垃圾污染模拟试验装置的基础上,制备了深度为22.5cm、45.0cm、67.5cm和90.0cm的污染粘土,分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)和变水头渗透试验测定了污染粘土的渗透特性和微观结构,采用MATLAB软件计算了污染粘土的微观结构参数。研究表明,粘土遭受生活垃圾污染后渗透性降低;随着污染深度的增加,污染粘土总孔隙面积、表观孔隙比和平均孔径逐渐增大,渗透系数逐渐提高;粘土孔隙逐渐由以小孔和中孔为主演化为以大孔和超大孔为主。     

结构性粘土研究进展

通过对结构性粘土的研究,可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破坏过程,从而为考虑土结构性的结构物的设计、地基加固等提供依据。近年来随着高、深和大型建筑的兴建,结构性粘土的研究变得尤为重要。从结构性粘土的微观变形机理、结构性土样的制备、土工特性和数学模型等几个方面,介绍了国内外学者的研究进展,认为进行原位测试、结构性土样的制备及细观结构参数的量测方法、考虑细观结构的数值方法和建立考虑微观变形机理的宏观本构模型是进行结构性土研究的发展方向。     

各向异性饱和粘土的比电导模型

本文研讨可适用于各向异性饱和粘土的比电导模型。根据T=T_s或T≠T_s的假定可分别得到两种不同的模型。拟定了求定模型参数的方法和步骤,研究了参数随方向变化的规律。并介绍了若干试验研究实例。     

用测井资料确定储层三孔隙组分的理论与方法

分析了岩石的孔隙和孔隙结构与岩石的成分尤其是泥质和粘土之间的密切联系,并从常规测井、核磁测井反映的孔隙度、泥质含量等参数入手,研究建立了常规测井资料划分三种孔隙组分的理论和实现方法,结合实际测井资料,对这些方法进行了检验。实例表明,根据该理论和方法确定的储层的三孔隙组分——粘土水孔隙、微孔隙水孔隙以及自由水孔隙组分可以取得较好的效果。     

结构性软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模拟

为了研究土体结构破坏对软黏土一维变形的时效特性的影响,在Bjerrum的等时间线体系基础上,提出了等黏塑性应变率线等黏塑性应变率线概念,建立了非结构性软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;为了描述土体结构渐进破坏特征,定义了结构性参数--结构应变,在非结构性模型的基础上推导了结构性软黏土一维弹黏塑性模型;讨论了通过试验法直接确定模型参数的方法,并利用新建模型对温州天然软黏土的一维常规压缩试验、天然Ariake 黏土的分级快速固结试验、结构性Berthierville黏土的一维等应变率压缩试验及长期蠕变试验进行模拟。模拟与试验结果的对比表明,该模型能较好地描述结构性软黏土一维压缩变形的时效特征。     

Structure and viscosity of rhyolitic composition melts

The average local structure of a rhyolitic composition glass has been determined at 25°C using X-ray radial distribution analysis (RDA) and quasi-crystalline modelling and is best described as similar to that in a stuffed framework composed principally of six-membered rings of Si and Al tetrahedra (basically a stuffed tridymite-like model). Using this model it is possible to calculate a density (2.41 g/cm³) which compares well with the measured density (2.40 g/cm³); a structural model based on four-membered rings (an albite-like model) results in a substantially higher calculated density (2.60 g/cm³). We suggest that the rhyolite glass structural model is appropriate for rhyolitic melts, based on evidence from the recent literature. New viscosity data for an anhydrous rhyolite composition measured between 1200°C and 1500°C are presented and interpreted in terms of our proposed structural model and previous melt structure models for the major normative components of rhyolite. A mechanism for diffusion and viscous flow in framework silicate melts (including rhyolite composition) is proposed on the basis of recent molecular orbital calculations and molecular dynamics simulations of silicate and fluoride melts.     

基于模糊综合评判的路基易滑岩层优势结构面研究

优势结构面理论已逐渐在岩土工程中应用。首次将物元模糊耦合评价方法应用于岩体优势结构面的确定中,提出基于物元可拓法的模糊综合评判模型。该模型把易滑岩层的结构面状况作为物元的事物,以结构面的各项几何、物理参数指标及其相应的模糊量值构造复合模糊物元,通过关联度计算,实现对优势结构面的判定。该模型能很好地处理易滑岩层优势结构面计算过程中岩土体性质、规模、产状、分形优势指标及活动状况等不确定的模糊因素,为路基易滑岩层优势结构面的评判提供了一种新途径。此方法克服了传统方法确定优势结构面只考虑数量优势而忽略质量优势的缺点,使结构面评价更合理。通过介绍这种方法的基本理论和操作步骤,并在一工程实例中加以运用。可以看出,该模型有效地保证了工程优势结构面计算中评判的客观性和指标的相容性,大大提高了计算的精度与效率。     

A Bayesian network approach for predicting seismic liquefaction based on interpretive structural modeling

The Bayesian network (BN) is a type of graphical network based on probabilistic inference that has been gradually applied to assessment of seismic liquefaction potential. However, how to construct a robust BN remains underexplored in this field. This paper aims to present an efficient hybrid approach combining domain knowledge and data to construct a BN that facilitates the integration of multiple factors and the quantification of uncertainties within a network model to assess seismic liquefaction. Initially, only using given domain knowledge, a naive network model can be constructed using interpretive structural modeling. Thereafter, some effective information about the naive model is provided to construct a robust model using structural learning of BN from historic data. Finally, the returning predictive results and the predictive results are compared to other methods including non-probabilistic and probabilistic models for seismic liquefaction using the metrics of the overall accuracy, the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic, prediction, recall and F₁ score. The methodology proposed in this paper achieved better performance, and we discussed the power and value of the proposed approach at the end of this paper, which suggest that BN is a good alternative tool for seismic liquefaction prediction.     

湛江海域结构性软土的边界面损伤模型研究

鉴于天然软土普遍具有结构性的特点,为了考虑软土结构性的逐渐破损过程,提出反映结构损伤的损伤参量。在边界面理论的弹塑性模量中直接引入损伤函数,建立结构性软土的边界面损伤模型,避免了在边界面方程中引入损伤变量带来的复杂性,易于在土工数值分析时采用。将理论预测与某海洋软土三轴排水与不排水剪切试验结果比较,显示了该模型的合理性。     

Aeromagnetic data analysis using the 2D directional continuous wavelet transform (DCWT)

In this paper, we have analyzed the geomagnetic anomaly field reduced to the pole by the 2D directional continuous wavelet transform (DCWT). The objective is to identify geological contacts. The proposed idea has been applied firstly at a synthetic model, the obtained results showed the robustness of the proposed technique, after that the synthetic data has been noised; analysis shows that contacts identified by DCWT are affected by noise. To resolve this problem, we have proposed an algorithm to reduce the noise effect in the contacts model. Application on the real geomagnetic data of In Ouzzal area located in the West of Hoggar (Algeria) shows clearly the robustness of the proposed method. Comparison with the analytic signal solutions exhibits a difference between the two models of contacts. Our method gives results that are accurate with the structural geological map.     

结构性海积软土的弹塑性研究

通过对天津市欠固结海积软土进行的大量试验,研究了土的结构性和弹塑性变形本构关系两个方面的问题。首次引入结构强度系数,建立了微结构定量参数与力学参数之间的关系,并提出一种综合考虑结构性影响的应力应变关系模型,为海积软土的结构性模型研究及实际应用提供了一条新的途径。     

Orogen-transverse tectonic window in the Eastern Himalayan fold belt: A superposed buckling model

The Eastern Lesser Himalayan fold-thrust belt is punctuated by a row of orogen-transverse domal tectonic windows. To evaluate their origin, a variety of thrust-stack models have been proposed, assuming that the crustal shortening occurred dominantly by brittle deformations. However, the Rangit Window (RW) in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya (DSH) shows unequivocal structural imprints of ductile deformations of multiple episodes. Based on new structural maps, coupled with outcrop-scale field observations, we recognize at least four major episodes of folding in the litho-tectonic units of DSH. The last episode has produced regionally orogen-transverse upright folds (F₄), the interference of which with the third-generation (F₃) orogen-parallel folds has shaped the large-scale structural patterns in DSH. We propose a new genetic model for the RW, invoking the mechanics of superposed buckling in the mechanically stratified litho-tectonic systems. We substantiate this superposed buckling model with results obtained from analogue experiments. The model explains contrasting F₃–F₄ interferences in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS). The lower-order (terrain-scale) folds have undergone superposed buckling in Mode 1, producing large-scale domes and basins, whereas the RW occurs as a relatively higher-order dome nested in the first-order Tista Dome. The Gondwana and the Proterozoic rocks within the RW underwent superposed buckling in Modes 3 and 4, leading to Type 2 fold interferences, as evident from their structural patterns.     

A hypoplastic macroelement model for shallow foundations under monotonic and cyclic loads

In this work, a macroelement for shallow foundations on sands has been developed based on the theory of hypoplasticity. The incrementally nonlinear constitutive equations of the macromodel are defined in terms of generalized forces and displacements and are constructed based on the general approach proposed by Niemunis (Extended Hypoplastic Models for Soils. Habilitation Thesis, Bochum University, 2002). A suitable vectorial internal variable—mimicking the concept of intergranular strain introduced by Niemunis and Herle (Mech Cohes Frict Mater 2:279–299, 1997) for continuum hypoplasticity—is employed to provide the model sufficient memory of past displacement history to be able to reproduce the observed behavior under cyclic loading paths. As compared to similar macroelements formulated within the framework of the theory of elastoplasticity, the proposed approach has the advantage of a much simpler mathematical structure, which allows a straightforward implementation in existing structural analysis FE codes. The model performance has then been evaluated by comparing the model predictions with available experimental results from a series of small-scale model tests reported by Nova and Montrasio (Géotechnique 41:243–256, 1991). Overall, the model captures reasonably well the observed response under nonproportional, complex loading paths. A series of simulations reproducing the tests performed by di Prisco et al. (Shallow footing under cyclic loading: experimental behaviour and constitutive modelling. Patron, Bologna, 2003) has also demonstrated the potential of the proposed model to simulate the observed behavior of footings under cyclic loading paths, at least from a qualitative point of view.     

黄土的修正上下加载面模型研究

由于天然沉积的黄土具有显著地结构性,在湿度及荷载变化条件下,其宏观力学特性发生显著的变化。为了分析增湿和加载条件下黄土的结构性损伤演化特性及应力-应变关系的变化特性,引入上、下加载面的概念,在原有超固结及结构性参数的基础上,考虑了含水率变化的影响,定义了新的初始超固结及结构性参数;运用上、下加载面概念,通过引入构度及黄土结构屈服强度,推导了结构性黄土的一般应力-应变关系,并进行了参数的影响变化分析;最后,通过不同含水率条件下的黄土压缩及三轴试验数据与模型预测数据的对比分析,验证了模型的合理性。