原发性免疫球蛋白A肾病55例临床病理分析

目的探讨儿童原发性免疫球蛋白A肾病(IgAN)的临床、病理特征及预后。方法对1996~2005年经肾活检确诊为原发性IgAN的患儿55例进行详尽的临床病理分析。本组男35例,女20例,发病年龄2~16岁,平均9岁,占同期肾活检的10.5%。结果临床表现为肾病综合征占30.9%、孤立性血尿占25.5%、血尿蛋白尿占23.6%、急性肾炎综合征占18.2%、慢性肾炎综合征占1.8%;病理分级以Ⅲ级多见(61.8%),其次为Ⅳ级(21.8%)和Ⅱ级(12.7%),Ⅰ级仅占3.6%;免疫病理分型IgA IgM IgG( C3)型占45.5%,IgA IgM( C3)型30.9%,IgA单独沉积21.8%,满堂亮者1.8%。双向有序χ2检验表明临床表现的严重程度与病理分级间存在线性关联,伴蛋白尿者病理改变较重;且临床表现与免疫病理分型间也具有一定相关性,孤立性肉眼血尿患儿中,以IgA型较多见,而表现为肾病综合征患儿中,IgA IgM IgG( C3)型最多见。对其中24例平均随访39个月,除1例孤立性血尿尿检无改变,1例血尿蛋白尿蛋白尿好转血尿无改善外,其他患儿均明显好转,仅有轻微血尿或微量蛋白尿。结论儿童原发性IgAN的临床表现与病理特征存在一定程度关联。临床表现为肾病综合征及肾炎综合征者病理改变较重,以Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为主,而孤立性血尿者病变较前者轻。     

儿童IgA肾病72例临床与病理分析

目的探讨儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床、病理特点及其相关关系。方法对本院2005年5月-2011年8月经肾穿刺活检确诊为IgAN的72例患儿的临床表现、临床分型、病理特点及免疫分型进行回顾性总结,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果本组72例。男48例,女24例;年龄1岁5个月～17岁[(8.99±2.94)岁];入院时病程2 d～9 a(平均12.86个月)。临床以血尿起病者58例(包括38例肉眼血尿及5例伴水肿者),以单纯水肿起病者12例,以蛋白尿起病者2例。临床分型为肾病综合征型28例(38.89%)、孤立性血尿型19例(26.39%)、血尿和蛋白尿型13例(18.05%)、急性肾炎型10例(13.89%)、孤立性蛋白尿型2例(2.78%)。病理改变:系膜增生型肾小球肾炎40例,局灶增生型肾炎25例、毛细血管内增生型肾炎6例、新月体型肾炎1例。其中伴新月体形成者17例(占23.61%)。免疫组织化学可见多种免疫球蛋白沉积。沉积类型为满堂亮型1例、IgA+IgG+C32例、IgA型8例、IgA+IgM+IgG+C3型17例、IgA+IgM+C3型44例。结论 IgAN的临床表现形式多样,其病情轻重与起病形式无关。病理表现以系膜增生型肾小球肾炎为主,免疫球蛋白沉积以复合型为主。临床表现为肾病综合征型及血尿和蛋白尿型者病理较重,应尽早行肾穿,及时治疗。     

儿童IgA肾病病理特点与临床关系探讨:附32例分析

为探讨儿童IgA肾病病理特点与临床关系，对肾活检确诊为IgA肾病的32例病例进行临床分型、病理分级及免疫分型。结果发现临床表现为单纯性肉眼血尿15例（46.9%)，肾病综合征10例（31．3％），肾炎综合征5例（15．6％），单纯性蛋白尿2例（6．2％）。病理损害按Meadow分级共V级，以第Ⅲ级为主（50．0％），其次为第Ⅱ及第Ⅳ级，各占18．8％和15．6％；单纯性肉眼血尿以第Ⅲ级为主（53．3％）；肾病综合征以Ⅲ及Ⅳ级为主，且肾炎性肾病的病理分级相对比单纯性肾病重。提示蛋白尿的程度与肾脏组织学改变密切相关；以肾病综合征为表现的IgA肾病病理改变均较重。     

基于单中心5年IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎的临床和病理分型—对IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎临床和病理分型的商榷

目的 总结儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)和紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床资料,并探讨国内儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型。方法 纳入2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日北京大学第一医院儿科初治的诊断明确的IgAN和HSPN患儿,临床和病理分型参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组标准。截取患儿入院时一般情况、临床特点、最终诊断临床和病理分型。结果 共纳入IgAN患儿255例,HSPN患儿212例。IgAN肾病综合征型45.5%、血尿和蛋白尿型41.2%、急性肾炎型11.0%、急进性肾炎型2.4%,无孤立性血尿型、孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型;HSPN血尿和蛋白型42.0%、肾病综合征型39.2%、急性肾炎型12.3%、孤立性血尿型5.7%、急进性肾炎型0.9%,无孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型。除了孤立性血尿型(因IgA肾活检标准未包括外),其余临床分型IgAN和HSPN差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型病理分型均以Ⅲ型(分别为52.4%~53.6%和51.8%~53.9%)和Ⅱ型(分别为35.3%~36.2%和34.6%~36.3%)最为常见,不同临床分型间病理类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型总有效率分别为99.1%~100%和97.6%~100%,不同临床分型间预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 目前国内有关儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型依据和标准有待商榷,值得进一步探索。     

基于单中心5年IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎的临床和病理分型—对IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎临床和病理分型的商榷

目的 总结儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)和紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床资料,并探讨国内儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型。方法 纳入2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日北京大学第一医院儿科初治的诊断明确的IgAN和HSPN患儿,临床和病理分型参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组标准。截取患儿入院时一般情况、临床特点、最终诊断临床和病理分型。结果 共纳入IgAN患儿255例,HSPN患儿212例。IgAN肾病综合征型45.5%、血尿和蛋白尿型41.2%、急性肾炎型11.0%、急进性肾炎型2.4%,无孤立性血尿型、孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型;HSPN血尿和蛋白型42.0%、肾病综合征型39.2%、急性肾炎型12.3%、孤立性血尿型5.7%、急进性肾炎型0.9%,无孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型。除了孤立性血尿型(因IgA肾活检标准未包括外),其余临床分型IgAN和HSPN差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型病理分型均以Ⅲ型(分别为52.4%~53.6%和51.8%~53.9%)和Ⅱ型(分别为35.3%~36.2%和34.6%~36.3%)最为常见,不同临床分型间病理类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型总有效率分别为99.1%~100%和97.6%~100%,不同临床分型间预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 目前国内有关儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型依据和标准有待商榷,值得进一步探索。     

儿童原发性IgA肾病临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 探讨儿童原发性IgA肾病（IgAN）的临床、病理特征及预后。方法 对近11年确诊为原发性IgAN的81例患儿进行临床病理分析、疗效观察及随防。结果 以孤立性血尿和持续性血尿、蛋白尿最多见（各33．3％），其次为肾病综合征和慢性肾炎综合征。病理分级以Ⅲ级多见（53．1％），其次为Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级。免疫病理分型IgA单独沉积最多见（75．3％）。临床表现类型与肾脏病理分级存在线性关联，伴有蛋白尿者病理改变较重。随访73例，平均随访27个月，66例（90．4％）肾功能正常，蛋白尿〈1g／24h。结论儿童原发性IgAN的临床表现与病理特征存在一定程度关联，临床表现为肾病及肾炎综合征者病理损害较重，早期予以规律有效治疗，近期疗效好.     

儿童免疫球蛋白A肾病临床与病理分析

目的分析儿童免疫球蛋白(Ig)A肾病(IgAN)临床、病理特点及临床和病理的关系。方法经肾活检诊断为原发性IgAN的39例儿童,男32例,女7例,发病年龄2岁11个月~14岁1个月,对其临床表现和肾小球、肾间质及免疫病理进行分析。结果性别和病程不同的儿童IgAN,其病理分级程度无差异性(Uc=0.018 P>0.05;χ2=1.365 P>0.05),临床分型、肾间质病变和免疫沉积种类不同的有差异性(Uc=2.277 P<0.05;χ2=7.66 P<0.01)。结论不能根据病程长短来判断儿童IgAN病理轻重,有蛋白尿者病理分级较重,必须尽早行肾活检明确诊断及病理类型,早期予正确有效治疗,要重视间质病变对预后的影响。     

儿童紫癜性肾炎180例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿的临床表现及肾脏病理分级之间的联系.方法 回顾性分析2005年3月至2008年2月在南京儿童医院行肾活检病理检查诊断为过敏性紫瘕性肾炎病例180例,对其进行临床分型和病理分级的综合分析.结果 临床分型以血尿和蛋白尿型(41.67%)最多见,其次是肾病综合征型(23.33%);病理分级以Ⅲa级(43.33%)最多见.肾病综合征型的病理类型分级重于其他临床类型(P<0.05).有白细胞尿型的病理分级重于无白细胞尿型(P<0.01).免疫病理分型以IgA+IgM沉积型最多(37.78%),其次为IgA+IgG+IgM沉积型(34.44%).不同免疫复合物沉积类型之间在病理类型的分布上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 紫癜性肾炎患儿临床表现为肾病综合征者病理改变相对较重;临床症状与病理不一定平行,24h尿蛋白定量正常的微量蛋白尿型病理改变也很明显;非感染性白细胞尿与病理分级有相关性;而免疫复合物沉积类型与病理类型的关系有待于进一步探讨.     

37例儿童IgA肾病临床与病理分析

为了探讨IgA肾病的临床与病理改变的关系,对37例IgA肾病进行临床分型并与肾小球、肾小管间质改变及免疫病理特点的关系进行比较。结果：临床分型中单纯血尿（血尿）18例占49%,肾百闻不如一见 综合征（肾病）14例占38%,血尿和蛋白尿3例占8%,肾炎综合征（肾炎）2例占5％,肾小球病理损害以Ⅲ级为主占厮４％,临床各型与肾小球病理损害无相关性。肾小管间质改变２４例,血尿组７例占３９％,其中Ｉ级为４３％,Ⅱ级为５７％,肾病组均有改变,其中Ⅱ级１１例占７８％,Ⅲ级３例占２２％,血尿和蛋白尿组2例占66%,肾炎组1例占50%,免疫病理改变为IgA16例,IgAG6例,IgAM10例,IgAGM5例,血尿组以单纯IgA沉积为主占66%,肾病组则以IgAM型为主占50%,提示IgA肾病临床以单纯血尿为主,其次为肾病综合征;肾小球病理损害程度与临床分型无相关性,但肾病组肾小管间质均有改变且程度也较血尿组为重。免疫病理血尿组以单纯IgA为主,而肾病组以IaAM为主。     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎临床病理分析

目的探讨儿童乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎(HBV-GN)的临床和病理特点。方法对经肾活检确诊HBV-GN患儿73例的临床及病理特点进行分析。本组男66例,女7例。发病年龄1~14岁,平均6.5岁。占同期肾活检14.4%(73/508)。结果临床表现为肾病综合征(NS)53例(72.6%)、肾炎综合征15例(20.5%)、蛋白尿和血尿5例(6.9%);血清HBV感染标志物均阳性,其中大三阳55例(75%),小三阳14例(19.2%),HBsAg及抗HBc阳性2例,HBsAg及HBeAg阳性、仅抗HBc阳性各1例。病理分型:膜性肾病(MN)69例(94.5%),系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN)及膜增生性肾炎(MPGN)各2例(各2.7%),表现为NS者病理改变全部为MN,临床表现与MN病理分级间存在显著线性关联(χ2=5.22 P=0.022)。结论儿童HBV-GN病理以MN为突出特征,临床表现以NS为主,临床表现与病理改变有一定关联。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.