Effects of huperzine A on nucleus basalis magnocellular is lesion-induced spatial working memory deficit

目的：研究石杉碱甲对基底核大细胞部（ＮＢＭ）损毁诱导的工作记忆障碍的影响．方法：采用八臂迷宫延迟插板的程序研究空间记忆．胆碱乙酰转移酶（ＣｈＡＴ）活力测定采用［３Ｈ］乙酰辅酶Ａ转变成［３Ｈ］乙酰胆碱的方法．结果：单侧损毁ＮＢＭ（卡因酸００２μｍｏｌ）导致空间记忆障碍．在不同的延迟间隔，大鼠完成程序产生的正确数减少和错误数增多．损毁侧大脑皮层ＣｈＡＴ酶的含量下降了大约４０％．石杉碱甲（０２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１实验前３０ｍｉｎｉｐ）改善这种空间记忆障碍．毒扁豆碱（０２－０３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１实验前２０ｍｉｎｉｐ）也有改善作用．结论：完整的ＮＢＭ是空间记忆形成的关键．石杉碱甲有效的改善ＮＢＭ损毁导致的空间记忆障碍．     

莨菪类生物碱对18,28及38日龄小鼠的行为和记忆障碍作用

比较阿托品（Ａｔｒ），东莨菪碱（Ｓｃｏ），樟柳碱（ＡＴ３）和山莨菪碱（Ａｎｉ）对小鼠行为及记忆损伤作用。方法：行为和记忆实验用开阔和回避反应法。脑Ｍ受体用［＾３Ｈ］ＱＮＢ测定。结果：Ａｔｒ，Ｓｃｏ和ＡＴ３增加小鼠走动行为２６％－４２％，降低站忆。４个药物均能妨碍回避反应。小鼠１８日龄额叶皮层和海马［＾３Ｈ］ＱＮＢ结合位点数少于３８日龄７％－２３％。结论：１）莨菪类生物碱对小鼠行为和记忆障碍的作用随     

Modulation of NMDA receptor by huperzine A in rat cerebral cortex 1

目的：研究石杉碱甲（ＨｕｐＡ）对大脑皮层ＮＭＤＡ受体的影响．方法：１）用急性分离海马锥细胞全细胞记录研究ＨｕｐＡ对ＮＭＤＡ诱发电流的影响．２）用大脑皮层突触膜标本研究ＨｕｐＡ对［３Ｈ］Ｄｉｚ特异性结合的影响．结果：１）ＨｕｐＡ可逆地抑制ＮＭＤＡ诱发的电流反应（ＩＣ５０＝４５４μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）．２）在突触膜标本,ＨｕｐＡ抑制［３Ｈ］Ｄｉｚ的结合量（ＩＣ５０＝０５（０１－１９）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１,ｎ＝４）．３）Ｌ谷氨酸１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１增加［３Ｈ］Ｄｉｚ结合量．加入Ｌ谷氨酸后,ＨｕｐＡ０００１－０１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１进一步增加结合量;ＨｕｐＡ１－３００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１则抑制结合量（ＩＣ５０＝１２３（５８－２６３）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１,ｎ＝５）．结论：ＨｕｐＡ在大脑皮层除了抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶外,还是ＮＭＤＡ受体拮抗剂     

兔小脑μ阿片受体的特性及其分布

应用放射配体结合试验和放射自显影研究了［＾３Ｈ］羟甲芬太尼（［＾３Ｈ］ＯＭＦ），［＾３Ｈ］埃托啡（［＾３Ｈ］Ｅｔｏ），［＾３Ｈ］Ｕ６９５９３和［＾３Ｈ］ＤＰＤＰＥ与兔小脑的结合特性。［＾３］ＯＭＦ和［＾３Ｈ］Ｅｔｏ与兔小脑有一呈饱和性的单位点的结合，它们的Ｋｄ分别为２．２±１．３和１．０±０．４ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１，Ｂｍａｘ分别为６９±１３和１６±６ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白。［＾３Ｈ］Ｕ６９５９３和［＾３     

石杉碱类似物异香兰石杉碱甲对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用和东莨菪碱导…

研究石杉碱类似物异香兰石杉碱甲（ＩＶＨＡ）对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用和东莨菪碱导致的记忆障碍的影响。方法：乙酰胆碱脂酶和丁酰胆碱酶活力用Ｅｌｌｍａｎ比公法测定。抑九Ｋｉ值和抑制机制用Ｌｉｎｅｗｅａｖｅｒ和Ｂｕｒｋ的双倒数作图测定。行为测试用八臂迷宫装置。结果：ＩＶＨＡ的抗ＡＣｈＥ作用弱于Ｈｕｐ－Ａ。它对红细胞膜ＡＣｈＥ作用稍０．１１μｍｏｌＬ－１。作用强于Ｐｈｙｓ和Ｇａｌ。属混合型制剂，Ｋｉ值为３２ｎｍ     

乙酰可乐定的相转移催化合成

盐酸可乐定（ｃｌｏｎｉｄｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ）为中枢降压药,亦用于镇静、镇痛、增强记忆［１］。文献报道了３条合成路线［２］,其中之一是由１－乙酰－２－咪唑烷酮（３）、２,６－二氯苯胺（２）,ＰＯＣｌ３于４７～５０°Ｃ搅拌反应６８ｈ得乙酰可乐定（１）,收率９２．５％［３］;再经水解、成盐制得盐酸可乐定。本文以氯化三乙基苄基铵（ＴＥＢＡ）［４,５］为相转移催化剂,反应８ｈ,得１,收率６５％。而以溴化四丁基铵（ＴＢＡ）、聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ６００）为催化剂,收率仅１９％～２１％。实验部分　　依…     

O^6—苄基鸟嘌呤增强BCNU体积小和体内抗肿瘤作用的研究

探讨Ｏ＾６－苄基鸟嘌呤（Ｏ＾６－ＢＧ）对Ｏ＾６－烷基鸟嘌呤－ＤＮＡ烷基转移酶（Ｏ＾６－ＡＧＴ）阳性（或ｍｅｒ＋）的人胃癌细胞ＢＧＣ－８２３和人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１对ＢＣＮＵ细胞毒作用敏感性的影响及其与ＢＣＮＵ合用治疗移植瘤的协同效果。方法：应用ＭＴＴ试验检测Ｏ＾６－ＢＧ与ＢＣＮＵ合用的细胞毒作用，转移酶活性用从＾３Ｈ－甲基ＤＮＡ底物转移的Ｏ＾６－［＾３Ｈ］甲基鸟嘌呤数表示。结果：１．５￣６．     

钙拮抗剂TMB-8抑制BHQ,NE和KCl引起的培养乳牛基底动脉单个平滑肌细胞内游离钙的升高

用ＡＲＣＭＭＩＣ阳离子测定系统，测量单个细胞内游离钙浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ），研究８（Ｎ，Ｎ二乙胺）ｎ辛基３，４，５三甲氧基苯甲酸酯（ＴＭＢ８）对培养乳牛基底动脉平滑肌［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用。在细胞外钙浓度为１３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，ＴＭＢ８（３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可明显抑制ＢＨＱ，ＮＥ及ＫＣｌ引起［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高。在细胞外钙为零＋ＥＧＴＡ０１ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，ＴＭＢ８（１０，３０及１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可浓度依赖性地降低静息［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ，ＴＭＢ８（３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可几乎完全阻断ＢＨＱ及ＮＥ引起［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的增加。研究表明ＴＭＢ８降低培养乳牛基底动脉平滑肌［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的机制，主要是抑制肌浆网Ｃａ２＋的释放，或增加肌浆网对Ｃａ２＋的摄入，并由此间接地抑制细胞外钙的内流。     

醋己氨酸锌在大鼠体内的吸收,组织分布和排泄

目的：研究醋己氨酸锌（ｚｉｎｃａｃｅｘａｍａｔｅ，ＺＡ）在大鼠体内的吸收，组织分布，排泄等药代动力学特点。方法，用薄层色谱分离原形药后再用放射性定量。结果：大鼠ｉｖ（＾３Ｈ）ＺＡ（２．０７ＭＢｑ．ｋｇ＾－１），血中分布相半衰期Ｔ１／２α为０．８ｈ消除相半衰期Ｔ１／２β１１．０ｈ，分布容积（Ｖｄ）为２．１６Ｌ．ｋｇ＾－１，ｉｇ（＾３Ｈ）ＺＡ（４．４４ＭＢｑ．ｋｇ＾－１），灌胃给药后吸收迅速，血药浓度     

8-(N,N-Diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate reduced (Ca~(2 ))_i elevation induced by histamine,serotonin,and glutamate in cultured calf basilar artery smooth muscle cells

目的：研究８（Ｎ，Ｎ二乙胺）ｎ辛基３，４，５三甲氧基苯甲酸酯对培养乳牛基底动脉平滑肌［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用．方法：采用ＡＲＣＭＭＩＣ阳离子测定系统，测量细胞内游离钙浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）．结果：在细胞外钙浓度为１３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，ＴＭＢ８３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１可明显抑制组胺，５羟色胺和谷氨酸引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高．在外钙为零＋依他酸０１ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，ＴＭＢ８３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１可明显降低静息［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ，ＴＭＢ８３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１可几乎完全阻断组胺和５羟色胺增加［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用．结论：ＴＭＢ８降低培养乳牛基底动脉平滑肌静息［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ，抑制Ｈｉｓ，５ＨＴ和Ｇｌｕ引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的增加．     

人参皂苷Rg1对β—淀粉样肽（25—35）侧脑室注射所致小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善

AIM: To study the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the learning and memory impairment in mice induced by aggregated beta-AP(25-35). METHODS: Mice were administered Rg1(5, 10 mg.kg-1, i.p.) for 10 d and control mice received daily i.p. injections of saline after the intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated beta-AP(25-35). After the final treatment, passive avoidance and performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) were assessed. and the activity of cortical and hippocampal ChAT and AchE were detected after the final behavior test. RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rg1 (5, 10 mg.kg-1, i.p.) significantly ameliorated the learning and memory impairment induced by beta-AP(25-35). Rg1 (5, 10 mg.kg-1) decreased the latencies and swim distances of mice to reach a hidden platform and improved the corresponding changes in search strategies occurred in the Morris water maze, and Rg1 (10 mg.kg-1, i.p.), increased step-through latencies also. Biochemical analysis showed that Rg1 (5, 10 mg.kg-1, i.p.), prevented the cortical and hippocampal ChAT activity decline induced by beta-AP(25-35), and showed inhibition of the activity of AchE, although beta-AP(25-35) showed no effect on the cortical and hippocampal AchE activity. CONCLUSION: These data showed that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly improved the learning and memory impairment induced by beta-AP(25-35), and this effect could be attributed to its inhibition of AchE and increase of ChAT activity.     

Effects of apamin on memory processing of hippocampal-lesioned mice

We investigated the effects of acute i.p. injections of the Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel blocker, apamin, on water maze spatial navigation and radial arm maze performance in mice with partial hippocampal-lesions. In the radial arm maze, apamin 0.06 and 0.2 mg/kg dose-dependently reversed the lesion-induced defect. In the water maze, apamin 0.2 mg/kg alleviated the defect, but a lower dose 0.06 mg/kg was ineffective. At a higher dose, 0.4 mg/kg, apamin impaired the water maze performance. These results suggest that Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel blockers can alleviate the spatial reference memory and working memory impairment induced by partial hippocampal lesions.     

Effects of THA on passive avoidance retention performance of intact, nucleus basalis, frontal cortex and nucleus basalis + frontal cortex-lesioned rats.

Unilateral quisqualic acid lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) produced marked choline acetyltransferase depletion (-67% ipsilateral to lesion) and impaired passive avoidance (PA) retention at 24 hours. Pretraining injections of tacrine (THA: 1, 3 and 5 mg/kg), an anticholinesterase, failed to facilitate PA retention in intact rats. However, the retention performance of NBM-lesioned rats was improved by pretraining administration of THA at 3 mg/kg but not at either 1 or 5 mg/kg. Frontal cortex lesioning did not impair PA retention, and THA at 3 mg/kg had no effect on the PA retention of frontal cortex-lesioned rats. THA at 3 mg/kg failed to improve retention performance of NBM + frontal cortex-lesioned rats. After 10 days of chronic treatment with THA, NBM lesion-induced PA retention deficits were partially restored at both 3- and 5-mg/kg doses. The results suggest that 1) the insult to cholinergic neurons in the NBM may be involved in the PA memory consolidation deficit induced by nonselective quisqualic acid lesioning; 2) the beneficial effects of THA on NBM lesion-induced PA retention deficit occur in a narrow dose range; 3) the alleviating effects of THA on NBM lesion-induced PA memory deficits are blocked by frontal cortex lesions; and 4) the dose-response window for THA-induced PA retention performance improvement is broadened by repeated treatment.     

Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸对大鼠八臂迷宫工作记忆的作用(英文)

目的:研究一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂N_ω-硝基-L-精氨酸(NNA)对大鼠空间工作记忆的作用.方法:采用八臂迷宫延迟插板的程序.结果:腹腔注射NNA 100 mg kg~(-1)对大鼠八臂迷宫选择的准确性没有显著影响,只能增加反应的潜伏期.东莨菪碱0.25 mg kg~(-1)使大鼠延迟后的错误选择显著增加.脑室内注射NNA(10,50,100 nmo1/1 μL)没有影响准确性.结论:急性NNA给予对大鼠空间工作记忆的形成和使用没有显著影响.     

Amelioration of specific working memory deficits by methylphenidate in a case of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cognitive neuroscience has provided an extensive literature on the neuroanatomy and psychopharmacology of working memory. However, while it has been shown that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) have deficits in working memory, relatively little is known about working memory functions in adults diagnosed with AD/HD. Furthermore, it remains to be seen whether methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is used in the treatment of childhood AD/HD can improve performance deficits in adult AD/HD patients. We have used three paradigms of spatial working memory validated in cortical lesion patients, and psychopharmacological and neuroimaging studies, in order to examine the effects of methylphenidate administration in a case of an adult diagnosed with AD/HD. In the AD/HD patient at baseline testing, performance on a test of spatial recognition memory and on a task of self-ordered spatial working memory was shown to be impaired. Importantly, the impairments on the self-ordered spatial working memory task were ameliorated by an acute oral dose of methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg). These findings provide insights into the possible neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates of the action of methylphenidate in AD/HD and suggest a useful methodology for further research into this potentially debilitating disorder.     

人参皂苷Rg_1对β-淀粉样肽(25-35)侧脑室注射所致小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用及其机制

目的　观察人参皂苷Rg1对 β 淀粉样肽 [β AP ,(2 5 - 35 ) ]所致小鼠拟阿尔茨海默 (AD)学习记忆功能障碍的改善作用及其作用机制。方法　小鼠侧脑室注射凝聚态 β AP 4nmol,次日 ,ipRg15和 10mg·kg-1,10d后 ,测试各组被动回避、空间学习记忆能力 ,及皮层、海马组织胆碱乙酰转移酶 (ChAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AchE)活性变化。结果人参皂苷Rg1可明显改善 β AP所致小鼠被动回避、空间学习记忆能力及皮层海马组织ChAT活性的下降。β AP对小鼠AchE活性无显著性影响 ,但与对照、模型组相比 ,Rg1明显抑制AchE活性。结论　Rg1对 β AP(2 5 - 35 )所致的小鼠学习记忆障碍有显著改善作用 ,其对胆碱能系统的影响是Rg1重要作用机制之一。     

Huperzine A ameliorates the impaired memory of aged rat in the Morris water maze performance

AIM: To determine the memory-improving properties of huperzine A in aged rats with memory impairments naturally occurring or induced by scopolamine. METHODS: Morris water maze was used to investigate the effects of huperzine A on the acquisition and memory impairments. RESULTS: During 7-day acquisition trials, aged rats took longer latency to find the platform. Huperzine A (0.1-0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) could significantly reduce the latency. In the probe trials on the eighth day, huperzine A (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly increased the time in the quadrant where plateform had disappeared in aged rats. In the acute experiment, scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly impaired spatial memory in the trained aged rats. Huperzine A (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly reversed the memory deficits induced by scopolamine. CONCLUSION: Huperzine A ameliorates the impaired memory naturally occurring or induced by scopolamine in aged rats.     

Effects of T-82, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor,on impaired learning and memory in passive avoidance task in rats

Effects of 2-[2-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-9-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]quinolin-1-one hemifumarate (T-82), a new quinoline derivative, on drug- and basal forebrain lesion-induced amnesia models were examined in rats. Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and cycloheximide (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) shortened the step-through latency in the passive avoidance task. T-82 significantly ameliorated amnesia induced by scopolamine or cycloheximide at the dose of 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, p.o., and 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. Basal forebrain lesions with ibotenic acid shortened the step-through latency in passive avoidance task. An acute (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) or subacute (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, p.o., for 7 days) treatment of T-82 significantly reversed the shortened latency. These results suggest that T-82 may ameliorate the impairment of memory induced by acetylcholinergic dysfunction.     

Combination of a novel antidementia drug FK960 with donepezil synergistically improves memory deficits in rats

FK960 [N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-p-fluorobenzamide monohydrate] is a novel antidementia drug which has been demonstrated to have potential cognitive-improving actions through enhancement of somatostatin release. Since the mechanism of action is different from cholinesterase inhibitors (CEIs), FK960 might be more efficacious at alleviating cognitive deficiencies than CEIs alone, particularly when used in combination therapies with CEIs. We examined the ability of FK960 and donepezil, a CEI, to improve memory deficits in three rat models of dementia: scopolamine-treated rats, rats received with bilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) lesions, and aged rats using the passive avoidance task. FK960 (0.1-10 mg/kg ip) significantly ameliorated the memory deficits in all three models. Donepezil (0.032-3.2 mg/kg ip) significantly improved the deficits induced by both scopolamine or by NBM lesion, but no significant effect was observed in the aged rat model. To determine whether concomitant treatment would be more effective, we coadministered FK960 and donepezil in NBM-lesioned rats using the same task. Concurrent administration of FK960 and donepezil at dosages that were suboptimal when the compounds were administered alone (FK960, 0.1 mg/kg; donepezil, 0.1 mg/kg) significantly improved memory impairment in the animals. Furthermore, coadministration of FK960 and donepezil at optimal dosages for both (FK960, 1 mg/kg; donepezil, 0.32 mg/kg) produced marked amelioration of memory deficits that was more efficacious than when either compound was administered individually. These results demonstrate that FK960 is more efficacious than CEIs in improving memory deficits, and that FK960 has synergistic efficacy when combined with CEIs.     

石杉碱甲改善老年大鼠水迷宫操作记忆障碍(英文)

目的:测试石杉碱甲对自然衰老及东莨菪碱导致的空间记忆缺损的作用。方法:采用大鼠的水迷宫操作,检测石杉碱甲对获得及记忆的作用。结果:连续7天获得试验期间,皮下注射石杉碱甲0.1-0.2mg/kg能明显缩短老年大鼠找到平台的潜伏期。在第8天撤去平台的记忆测试,石杉碱甲0.1,0.2与0.4 mg/kg明显延长老年大鼠在该平台区的游泳时间。单次腹腔注射东莨菪碱0.1mg/kg明显损害已训练达标老年大鼠的空间记忆。皮下注射石杉碱甲0.4 mg/kg明显翻转东莨菪碱产生的记忆损害作用。结论:石杉碱甲能改善老年大鼠自然衰老或东莨菪碱产生的记忆障碍。