Late Neogene loess deposition in southern Tarim Basin: tectonic and palaeoenvironmental implications

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the late Cainozoic resulted in a thick apron of molassic sediments along the northern piedmonts of the Kunlun and Altyn Mountains in the southern Tarim Basin. Early Neogene sediments are characterised by sandstone, siltstone and red mudstone, representing floodplain to distal alluvial fan environments. The Early Pliocene Artux Formation consists of medium-grained sandstone and sandy mudstone with thin layers of fine pebbly gritstone. The Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Xiyu Formation is dominated by pebble to boulder conglomerate typical of alluvial fan debris flow deposits. Sedimentological investigation, together with grain size and chemical analyses of siltstone bands intercalated with sandstone and conglomerate in the Xiyu and Artux Formations, point to an aeolian origin, suggesting desertic conditions in the Tarim Basin by the Early Pliocene. The onset of aeolian sedimentation in the southern Tarim Basin coincided with uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau inferred from the lithofacies change from fine-grained mudstone and sandstone to coarse clasts. Tibetan Plateau uplift resulted in the shift of sedimentary environments northwards into the southern Tarim Basin, and could well have triggered the onset of full aridity in the Taklimakan region as a whole.     

FORMATION AND EUOLUTION OF TETHYS IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

FORMATION AND EUOLUTION OF TETHYS IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU     

青藏高原东缘晚新生代大邑砾岩的 物源分析与水系变迁*

成都盆地晚新生代碎屑沉积物的快速堆积是青藏高原东缘强烈隆升的产物,同时为青藏高原东缘晚新生代的隆升提供了强有力的证据。文章以盆地底部的大邑砾岩作为研究切入点,详细研究了它的物源区,以深化对青藏高原东缘晚新生代隆升过程的理解。通过砾石成分统计、砂岩薄片鉴定、重矿物分析以及古流向恢复等方面的研究表明,成都盆地北部和南部的大邑砾岩分别受不同的物源区和河流所控制。其中北部的大邑砾岩受控于出口在都江堰南约4km处向南流的河流所控制,其物源区为玉堂镇以西、汶川-茂汶断裂以东的流域范围内。而南部的大邑砾岩则主要受向东流的古青衣江的控制,其物源区即为现代青衣江流域。大邑砾岩的物源分析表明晚新生代期间岷江和青衣江都曾发生河流改道。     

ESR DATING OF THE CENOZOIC STRATA AT LAOJUNMIAO SECTION, YUMEN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR UPLIFT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU

ESR DATING OF THE CENOZOIC STRATA AT LAOJUNMIAO SECTION, YUMEN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR UPLIFT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU     

构造、气候与砾岩* ——以积石山和临夏盆地为例

探讨构造、气候与砾岩的关系对于研究青藏高原隆升的时间和方式具有重要意义。裂变径迹热年代学表明积石山地区于8MaB.P.开始构造变形,与碎屑颗粒裂变径迹结果和生长地层结果一致,而明显早于积石砾岩出现的时间(3.6MaB.P.)。通过区分岩体隆升与地面隆升之间的差别,文章提出一种新的模型,以解释隆升、气候和砾岩之间的关系。积石山岩体于8MaB.P.开始隆升,隆升初期,尽管岩体隆升1500~2000m,但是由于积石山上覆的新生代地层易于剥蚀,在花岗岩基底被剥露到地表之前,地表只有少量隆升或没有隆升。随着沉积地层被剥蚀殆尽,基岩暴露于地表,地面隆升速率加快。约3.6MaB.P.,积石山隆升约200~900m,造成了地形雨和发源于积石山的横向河流的出现,这些横向河流把积石山的花岗岩搬运到盆地中沉积下来,形成积石砾岩。     

青藏高原北缘晚新生代的差异性隆起特征

在青藏高原的研究中,一个涉及高原隆升过程和机理的重要科学问题就是高原差异性隆升问题。文中初步研究了晚新生代以来青藏高原北缘的这种差异性隆升特征。研究表明,高原北缘山系隆升变化的差异性是很明显的。自23.7 Ma以来西昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山平均剥蚀率分别有4次阶梯式、谷—峰—谷—峰—谷式和二次阶梯式的变化形式。在3.6 Ma BP以前,青藏高原北缘山系的差异性隆升总体上呈现出东高西低的地貌特征;在3.6～1.7 Ma青藏运动发生期间,高原北缘山系的差异性隆升特征是西强东弱;在0.6 Ma以来,高原北缘山系的隆升差异性呈现出西强—中弱—东次强的特征。自1.7 Ma以来青藏高原北缘西昆仑山褶皱带平均缩短应变为38％,阿尔金山褶皱带平均缩短应变为8％,祁连山褶皱带平均缩短应变为15％。这和它们的高度在此期间的差异特征极为相似。     

柴达木路乐河地区新生代碎屑组分变化及其对构造隆升的指示

碎屑组分变化是反映盆地物源演化历程的重要物质表现。路乐河地区作为柴达木盆地的重要组成部分,沉积地层记载着印度-欧亚板块碰撞以来青藏高原北缘造山带的构造隆升过程。高长石组分含量、物源方向及毗邻山脉岩性对比揭示,路乐河物源主要受南祁连和赛什腾山控制,其碎屑组分变化对毗邻造山带构造活动具有很好的耦合性。新生代53.5~2.9Ma期间,路乐河地区存在3次物源转换事件,发生时间依次同印度-欧亚板块碰撞及高原内部构造隆升事件相吻合。其中早期50.1~46.6Ma,南祁连山的快速抬升是对大陆初始碰撞的远程响应;44.5Ma,高原以垂向增生和推覆构造发育为特点,赛北断裂高速剥露,致使路乐河地区物源发生转变;渐新世末期(22.6Ma),青藏高原准同时整体隆升,赛什腾山和南祁连山协同为路乐河地区供给沉积物。所获认识为深入了解高原隆升演化和板块碰撞远程效应提供新的沉积依据。     

青藏高原的隆升与环境变化

基于青藏高原及其周边地带地球深部结构、构造和大陆动力学的研究，探讨了冈瓦纳古陆解体后，印度板块北进与欧亚板块碰撞作用的后效。由于印度板块中、上地壳与地幔盖层物质挤入，南北双向挤压力系以及复杂深层动力过程的作用，深部物质被分异、调整，致使地壳缩短增厚，深部物质侧向流展，导致青藏高原整体隆升。随着青藏高原的隆起，形成了特异的深部结构与深层过程。这不仅极大地改变了古亚洲的地貌景观和自然环境，使青藏高原进入冰冻圈，而且造成高原及其周边地域剧烈的水热活动和特异的地震活动，强烈地改变了该区人文气候、生物区系和生态环境，从而构成中—新生代以来东亚乃至全球系统最为壮观的地球科学事件之一。     

Cenozoic Exhumation and Thrusting in the Northern Qilian Shan, Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from Sedimentological and Apatite Fission-Track Data

Abstract: The Qilian Shan lies along the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To constrain its deformation history, we conducted integrated research on Mesozoic–Cenozoic stratigraphic sections in the Jiuxi Basin immediately north of the mountain range. Paleocurrent measurements, sandstone compositional data, and facies analysis of Cenozoic stratigraphic sections suggest that the Jiuxi Basin received sediments from the Altyn Tagh Range in the northwest, initially in the Oligocene (~33 Ma), depositing the Huoshaogou Formation in the northern part of the basin. Later, the source area of the Jiuxi Basin changed to the Qilian Shan in the south during Late Oligocene (~27 Ma), which led to the deposition of the Baiyanghe Formation. We suggest that uplift of the northern Qilian Shan induced by thrusting began no later than the Late Oligocene. Fission-track analysis of apatite from the Qilian Shan yields further information about the deformation history of the northern Qilain Shan and the Jiuxi Basin. It shows that a period of rapid cooling, interpreted as exhumation, initiated in the Oligocene. We suggest that this exhumation marked the initial uplift of the Qilian Shan resulting from the India–Asia collision.     

临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物群演替与青藏高原隆升背景

临夏盆地的晚新生代沉积中富含哺乳动物化石,以晚渐新世巨犀动物群、中中新世铲齿象动物群、晚中新世三趾马动物群和早更新世真马动物群的化石最为丰富。晚新生代是青藏高原快速隆升的时期,临夏盆地的4个主要哺乳动物群在构造剧烈变化的背景下发生了显著的更替。通过对不同动物群所代表的生态特征的分析,恢复了临夏盆地晚新生代以来的气候环境演变过程:晚渐新世以温暖湿润的森林环境为主,间杂有一些开阔地带;中中新世的森林更加茂密,水体更加丰富;晚中新世演变为炎热半干旱的稀树草原环境,季节性变化加强;早更新世气候寒冷而干燥,并伴有显著的海拔升高。青藏高原在晚渐新世的隆升幅度还不足以阻挡大型哺乳动物在高原南北的交流,但到中中新世已成为明显的障碍,至晚中新世对动物迁徙的阻碍作用更加突出,而临夏盆地在早更新世已经达到相当大的高度,产生了一个高原或高山的动物群     

青藏高原2.8Ma来的环境演化及其对构造事件响应

本文根据青藏高原中部错鄂湖深钻研究的最新成果,结合东部若尔盖盆地湖泊沉积物记录,探讨了青藏高原2.8Ma以来的环境演化过程和高原构造隆升运动对环境演化的影响。初步研究显示:大约2.8MaBP错鄂湖构造成盆;2.6MaBP左右孢粉组合、粒度特征、岩性变化等均记录了一次强烈的构造隆升运动;2.6Ma~0.8Ma时段,高原可能处于一种整体隆升过程中的相对夷平阶段;若尔盖古湖揭示了0.9MaBP来的3次构造隆升运动,反映了高原环境演变的三个阶段;和黄土底界相当的错鄂湖沉积记录显示并未干旱的特征;黄土旺盛堆积时期(L₁₅、L₉、L₆)高原湖泊记录的气候特征为偏湿气候。      

青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流 下切深度和下切速率的约束*

文章利用数字高程剖面将青藏高原东缘分为4个大尺度地貌单元,即青藏高原地貌区、龙门山高山地貌区、山前冲积平原区(成都盆地)和四川盆地东部隆起区。根据数字高程剖面中的最高海拔高程点剖面与最低海拔高程点剖面之间的高差,定量计算了该地区河流下切深度;结合成都盆地岷江最古老冲积扇沉积物提供的青藏高原东缘河流形成的时间(3.6MaB.P.),定量计算了河流下切速率为1.29mm/a;在约束局部侵蚀基准面和气候变化对河流下切速率控制作用的基础上,建立了青藏高原东缘河流下切速率与表面隆升速率之间的定量关系,结果表明河流下切速率约为表面隆升速率的4倍。基于龙门山在表面隆升速率和下切速率等方面均大于青藏高原内部,认为青藏高原东缘的边缘山脉是剥蚀隆升和构造隆升两者叠加的产物。     

阿尔金-祁连山晚新生代隆升-剥露过程——来自岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学的制约

阿尔金-祁连山位于青藏高原北缘, 其新生代的隆升-剥露过程记录了高原变形和向北扩展的历史, 对探讨高原隆升动力学具有重要意义。本文采用岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析, 利用岩屑的统计特征限定阿尔金-祁连山新生代的隆升-剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果表明, 阿尔金-祁连山地区存在4个阶段的抬升冷却: 21.1~19.4 Ma、13.5~10.5 Ma、9.0~7.3 Ma、4.3~3.8 Ma。其中, 4.3~3.8 Ma抬升冷却事件仅体现在祁连山地区, 9.0~7.3 Ma抬升冷却事件在区内普遍存在, 且9.0~7.3 Ma隆升-剥露造就了现代阿尔金-祁连山的地貌。区域资料分析表明, 9~7 Ma(或者8~6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘、东缘, 甚至整个中国西部地区发生了大规模、区域性的抬升, 中国现今"西高"的构造地貌形态可能于当时开始形成。阿尔金-祁连山地区4期抬升冷却事件与青藏高原的隆升阶段有很好的对应关系, 应该是对印度-欧亚板块碰撞的响应。     

西昆仑山前晚新生代磨拉石时代及意义

西昆仑山前柯克亚剖面晚新生代沉积记录了昆仑山乃至整个青藏高原的隆升过程.古地磁研究结果显示,西昆仑山前磨拉石形成于中新世晚期-上新世早中期,反映西昆仑山-青藏高原在中新世晚期有一次快速的隆升过程.孢粉记录结合区域地质资料分析表明,柯克亚剖面上部厚层砾岩的形成时代应为上新世早中期,而整个磨拉石开始沉积的时代应更早,为中新世晚期.沉积记录和气候变化显示了青藏高原在中新世晚期发生了显著的构造隆升事件.      

Cenozoic tectonics and landform evolution in the Qilian Mountains and adjacent areas

ABSTRACT

The formation of the Qilian mountains and the evolution of adjacent basins were controlled by the uplift and northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. In a field survey conducted on the main Cenozoic basin sediments in the Qilian Mountains and adjacent areas, fission track age data of apatite obtained previously were analyzed. Cenozoic tectonics and landform evolution in the area where the Qilian Mountains now stand and its response to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau were studied. In the Oligocene Epoch, the Tibetan Plateau was initially uplifted and extended northeastward, forming the Guide-Xining-Lanzhou-Linxia foreland basin on the northern margin of the western Qinling Mountains, and the foreland basin in the area where the Qilian Mountains now stand received widespread sediments. In the Miocene, influenced by the enhanced uplift and northeastward thrust of the Tibetan Plateau, a stage of intracontinental squeezing orogeny and foreland basin splitting began in the area where the Qilian Mountains now stand. In the Pliocene Epoch, the Qilian Mountains were continuously uplifted, the basins shrank, large lake basins disappeared gradually, and large-area red-clay-type aeolian sediments appeared. During the Quaternary Period, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau accelerated, causing a rapid rise in the altitude of the Qilian Mountains. Global climate change occurred and mountain glaciers began to develop. Quaternary moraine deposits appeared for the first time in the area, and very thick loess sediments appeared in the Longzhong area, east of the area where the Qilian Mountains now stand, forming the famous Loess Plateau.     

有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论*

青藏高原晚新生代的扩展和隆升对周边环境演变产生重大影响,确定扩展和隆升的起始年代是一个重要的科学问题。近年来在六盘山、积石山和祁连山及其相邻盆地的研究表明,青藏高原东北缘晚新生代(5~10MaB.P. 或约8MaB.P. )发生了准同期、影响深远的构造变形,导致了沉积盆地的消亡和山脉的隆起。青藏高原北缘的阿尔金山和东缘的岷山、龙门山及川滇高原也在该时段发生了构造活动的加速和构造隆升。所有这些准同期的事件反映了约8MaB.P. 前后青藏高原向周边的扩展,扩展的方式是通过一系列逆冲断裂、褶皱变形、左旋走滑及其伴随的山脉隆起和盆地消亡而实现的。该时期青藏高原的扩展导致了周边的环境变化,奠定了今日环境的格局。     

THE GROWTH MODE OF ALTUN FAULT AND IT'S DYNAMICS

THE GROWTH MODE OF ALTUN FAULT AND IT'S DYNAMICS     

近1000年来青藏高原南部和北部 大气尘埃载荷变化的冰芯记录*

依据青藏高原目前所取得冰芯的尘埃分析结果,初步分析了近1000年来青藏高原南北大气尘埃载荷的时空变化特征。研究表明,高原南部达索普冰芯记录的高尘埃含量时期为1270s~1380s和1870s~1990s,而北部马兰冰芯记录的高尘埃含量时期为1130s~1550s和1770s~1940s。近1000年来青藏高原南北冰芯中尘埃含量呈现不同程度的增加总趋势,这可能指示了环境的变干趋势。青藏高原冰芯记录还反映出,高原北部地区大气中的尘埃载荷明显高于南部地区;高原北部地区大气尘埃载荷春季最大,而南部地区非季风季节最大。另外,通过对高原南北冰芯中尘埃含量记录与δ¹⁸ O记录之间相关关系分析,揭示出大气尘埃载荷变化与气温变化之间关系在高原北部地区呈显著负相关,而在南部地区却呈显著正相关。这说明青藏高原南北气候环境变化的差异性。     

过去600万年黄土高原夏季风周期的阶段性演化及其强迫因子初探

运用小波分析与传统谱分析技术相结合的手段,对甘肃省西峰的一套黄土-古土壤-红粘土记录过去6Ma夏季风气候代用指标的时间序列进行了周期谱演化分析,初步探讨了晚新生代以来黄土高原风尘记录所反映的周期演化特征.结果表明,轨道尺度的周期随时间演化,在北半球大冰期来临前后具有不同的响应特征.在3.1MaB.P.之前,主导周期以41000a和21000a为主,可视为对轨道要素变化的响应;3.1MaB.P.之后,0.1Ma的周期分阶段地趋于主导地位.其中,3.1MaB.P.,1.2MaB.P.和0.6MaB.P.准0.1Ma周期的出现可以同现有资料所反映的青藏高原加速隆升相对应,可能指示了气候演变中的构造影响.过去6Ma东亚夏季风记录中的准0.1Ma周期除与轨道要素变化的非线性响应有关外,很可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升效应有关.     

LATE CENOZOIC LITHOLOGY AND MAGNETIC POLARITY STRATIGRAPHY IN THE JIUXI BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR TECTONIC EVENTS OF THE WEST QILIAN MT

LATE CENOZOIC LITHOLOGY AND MAGNETIC POLARITY STRATIGRAPHY IN THE JIUXI BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR TECTONIC EVENTS OF THE WEST QILIAN MTtheNationalKeyProjectforBasicResearchandCASProjectforTibetanResearchProject (KZ951 A1 2 0 4 ,KZ95T 0 6 )