碳钢焊缝在混凝土孔隙液中的优先腐蚀行为与亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂作用效果

通过8通道耦合阵列多电极系统以及腐蚀试片的浸泡实验研究了碳钢焊缝在模拟混凝土孔隙液中的腐蚀行为以及亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂的作用效果。通过测量开路电位、耦合电位以及电偶电流观测焊缝区域(Weld metal)、热影响区域(Heat affected zone)与母材区域(Base metal)之间的电偶腐蚀以及亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂对焊缝部位的作用效果。耦合阵列多电极系统以及腐蚀试片的浸泡实验结果共同表明,在含有Cl-的模拟混凝土孔隙液中,Q235的WM及其附近区域会发生优先腐蚀。同时,亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂能够明显减小不同区域之间的电偶电流,从而减小焊缝处的局部腐蚀风险。     

大庆油田某水处理系统管道内腐蚀穿孔原因分析

为了查明大庆油田某水处理系统管道内腐蚀穿孔失效的原因,通过水质分析、材质成分分析、开路电位测试、腐蚀形貌分析、腐蚀产物分析等方法对其进行了研究。结果表明:焊接高温破坏管道内防腐蚀层以及管内介质具有轻度腐蚀性,是内腐蚀失效的主要原因;弯头与焊缝、直管材质成分不同而引起的电偶腐蚀,加速了焊接接头附近焊缝和直管的腐蚀,引起穿孔。     

超级13Cr和P110油管钢在NaCl溶液中电偶腐蚀行为的研究

采用电化学方法研究了超级13Cr-P110钢偶对在NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,测试了开路电位、电偶电流和电偶电位,采用SEM、EDS和XRD分别对腐蚀形貌和产物进行了表征。结果表明,超级13Cr和P110钢在NaCl溶液中存在明显的电位差,两者偶接时超级13Cr作为阴极被保护,而P110钢作为阳极被加速腐蚀,该电偶对产生的电偶电流密度会形成严重的电偶腐蚀,随着Sc/Sa的增大,电偶电流明显增大,阳极的腐蚀程度加重,腐蚀产物为氧化物,腐蚀破坏的形式由腐蚀产物疏松转变为腐蚀膜层开裂形成的片层状脱落。     

镁/钢激光-电弧复合焊接接头的腐蚀行为

采用激光-电弧复合填丝对接焊方法获得了成形及力学性能良好的AZ31B镁合金/Q235钢板焊接接头;利用金相显微镜和电子探针观察焊接接头组织和元素分布状态,通过浸泡腐蚀试验和电化学试验研究了焊接接头不同区域(镁母材、焊缝、钢母材)的腐蚀行为。结果表明:AZ31B母材存在各向异性的腐蚀现象;焊缝与钢母材之间发生电偶腐蚀,邻近界面处的焊缝腐蚀严重,而界面处富集Al、Mn元素,腐蚀倾向较小;焊缝中存在较多钢飞溅,钢飞溅周围的区域比焊缝其他位置的腐蚀更为严重,焊接过程中产生的钢飞溅对焊缝的耐蚀性是不利的;焊缝中的β相一方面作为屏障层阻碍基体的腐蚀,另一方面作为电偶腐蚀中的阴极增加焊缝基体的腐蚀敏感性。     

塔河油田某伴生气管线螺旋焊缝失效原因分析

由于伴生气的存在,塔河油田某管线螺旋焊缝开裂。为了阐明管道螺旋焊缝的失效原因,为今后的管道腐蚀控制工作提供指导,分别对伴生气管道螺旋焊缝开裂处、远离焊缝处、缺陷两端材料表面进行宏观形貌观察,通过荧光光谱仪对材料成分进行分析,使用扫描电镜和X射线能谱观察及分析了开裂处的微观形貌及所含元素,并对伴生气管线螺旋焊缝开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：伴生气管线的破裂是管线内伴生气中高含量的H₂S所引起的氢致开裂（HIC）和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSCC）共同作用的结果。破口的中部（即最宽处）是开裂的始点。     

汽轮机抽汽疏水管焊缝开裂原因分析

某电厂汽轮机二级抽汽疏水管在运行过程中于焊缝处发生开裂。采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法对疏水管焊缝开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该疏水管直管和弯管对接焊后未进行去应力焊后热处理,焊缝处残余应力较高;在焊接残余应力、工作应力及氯离子的共同作用下,疏水管焊缝内壁萌生裂纹,裂纹由管内壁向外壁不断扩展,最终导致疏水管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

飞机多金属耦合在溶液状态与大气状态下的腐蚀行为对比及当量折算研究

本研究改进了薄液膜测厚装置与电化学测量装置,搭建了溶液电化学测量平台,得到了飞机材料体系中7050铝合金、Aermet100高强钢、1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢和QA110-4-4铜合金极化曲线及由它们构成的四电极体系中各电极表面的电偶电流;分别构建基于二次电流分布和壳电流分布的Comsol仿真模型,得到了溶液状态下和100μm液膜下四电极体系的电位和电流密度分布;将四种金属放入溶液状态和大气状态下得到的腐蚀形貌与仿真得到的电位分布进行了对比分析,并对四电极体系中各电极表面进行局部电流密度的面积分,计算得到各电极表面的电偶电流,与测试得到的电流值进行了比较。结果表明:四电极体系中各电极表面电偶电流仿真值与测量值误差在10%以内,液膜状态下多电极表面电位分布区间要远远大于溶液状态下,对比分析腐蚀形貌与仿真电位分布,可以看出仿真得到的表面电位分布高于自腐蚀电位的电极且均出现不同程度的腐蚀损伤,而对低于自腐蚀电位的电极表面腐蚀不明显,证明了模型对电位分布预测的准确性;Aermet100钢在溶液和100μm液膜下出现极性反转现象,在液膜状态下Aermet100钢与7050铝合金作为多电极体系阳极,存在一定竞争关系,使得液膜状态下铝合金腐蚀坑数量和表面电偶电流要小于溶液状态下,铜合金和不锈钢在四电极体系中无论液膜状态还是溶液状态均充当阴极,极性不发生改变。根据腐蚀损伤等效原则,分别计算了溶液状态和液膜状态下不同面积比7050铝合金和Aermet100高强钢的折算系数,这对飞机环境适应性考核广泛采用的加速环境谱中折算系数的选取有一定的参考价值。     

加氢裂化换热器焊缝开裂失效分析

某换热器管子与管板之间发生焊缝开裂.通过对管板和管子的焊缝渗透检测、化学成分分析、拉伸试验、硬度测试、金相组织检查和用扫描电镜对断口进行观察和能谱的成分测定.结果表明,换热器焊缝开裂的原因是由于在湿硫化氢环境中和焊接残余应力的共同作用下,产生了应力腐蚀开裂.     

压铸镁合金在防冻液中的电偶腐蚀规律研究

研究了压铸AZ91D镁合金分别与A3钢、H62黄铜、LF21铝合金及356号铸铝偶接后在80 ℃汽车防冻液中的电偶腐蚀行为及规律.自然腐蚀电位、电偶电位和电偶电流的测量结果表明,压铸AZ91D镁合金在与上述4种材料构成的电偶对中始终是阳极,且电偶腐蚀的阳极过程在该体系中受到较大的阻滞.电偶腐蚀效应的分析结果表明AZ91D与4种材料偶接后其阳极溶解速度较其未偶接前上升不超过1个数量级,且4种电偶对的电偶腐蚀效应存在如下相对关系:γ356号铸铝＜γLF21＜γH62＜γA3.     

汽油滤清器泄漏原因分析

汽油滤清器在整车进行24个循环试验后发生泄漏。利用宏观分析、金相检验和扫描电镜及能谱分析等手段对汽油滤清器泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明,缝隙腐蚀和电偶腐蚀是造成汽油滤清器罐体早期泄漏的主要原因。汽油滤清器罐体与支架在最初阶段由于接触区域存在缝隙,发生了缝隙腐蚀,致使汽油滤清器罐体铝发生点蚀、支架镀层局部脱落;镀层脱落后,滤清器罐体铝与支架基体由于电极电位的不同进而发生了电偶腐蚀,加速了滤清器罐体腐蚀的进程,导致汽油滤清器发生泄漏。     

20钢管焊缝开裂分析

通过对焊管理化检测及断口分析，确认了焊缝开裂是由于钢中存在着大量的MnS夹杂物，在高频焊接时，又在焊缝区，熔合区和热影响区形成了较多球状MnS夹杂和大块状铁的氧化物及硫氧复合型夹杂物，并在热应力作用下产生了微裂纹。在上述因素下，钢管在压扁试验时即产生开裂。     

Failure investigation of 321 stainless steel pipe to flange weld joint

Failure investigation was conducted on a refinery pipe-to-flange weld joint that suffered cracking. Both the pipe and flange are made of AISI 321 stainless steel. The flange was circumferentially welded to the pipe which is seam welded. The investigation revealed that both the circumferential and seam welds were in sound conditions, namely no evidences of sensitization, lack of weld penetration, and voids or porosities. Thus, welding practices were not suspected to be the cause of failure. The failure of the weld joint was found to have started at the δ-ferrite phase in the flange material and propagated through the circumferential and seam welds. The failure mode was concluded to be chloride stress corrosion cracking synergized by the presence of H₂S. The presence of corrosive compounds in the refinery stream and the residual stresses at the weld joint triggered active anodic dissolution of the δ-ferrite precipitates, resulting in cracking of the material.     

矩形脉动真空灭菌器内腔开裂原因

某医院矩形脉动真空灭菌器内腔发生开裂事故,通过宏观分析、金相检验和光谱分析等方法,结合工作介质,对内腔开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:灭菌器内腔与加强筋不连续焊接处存在焊接残余应力,且靠近内腔弯折处存在局部应力集中现象;灭菌器内腔的工作介质中含有氯离子,而氯离子水溶液是300系列不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂的敏感介质。灭菌器内腔在焊接残余应力、含氯离子介质等因素的综合作用下发生起始于靠近内腔弯折的焊接起始处的应力腐蚀开裂。     

Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel pipes for Methyl-Methacrylate process plants

In a Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) plant, tree-like transgranular cracks were found near the weld of a pipe that had been used for transferring MMA material at 110 °C and 0.77 kg/cm². The pipe was made of ASTM A312 TP304 stainless steel.In this study, it was shown that the failure was due to the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) caused by the chloride that remained in the pipe. Corrosion pitting occurred on the inside surface of the pipe. The stress corrosion cracking started from the pits and grew out through the thickness. Concentrated chloride was found in the deposit stuck to the pipe in addition to the pre-process MMA materials. Many work-hardened grains were observed in the area of SCC, providing the evidence of high residual stress due to welding, which could serve as the driving force for the SCC. Recommendations are made for preventing further failure due to SCC in such cases.     

不锈钢管道在海水中的腐蚀研究

采用失重分析和电偶腐蚀测试等方法研究了气田立管采用的316L／625复合管材料在海水中的腐蚀情况，结果表明，复合管316L不锈钢和625合金在10℃海水中浸泡3个月后，平均腐蚀速率均低于0．01mm／a，而焊接接头处的腐蚀速率较大，为0．015mm／a，电偶腐蚀对316L不锈钢的影响不大，电偶腐蚀系数不超过130％。     

乙二醇不锈钢蒸发器开裂原因分析

采用金相分析、断口微观分析以及腐蚀产物能谱分析等方法，对某石化公司乙二醇不锈钢蒸发器开裂原因进行了分析和研究。结果表明，由于材料在焊接过程中，焊接热影响区的组织受到敏化，铬的碳化物沿晶界呈网状析出，造成该区域贫铬，从而在应力与腐蚀介质的共同作用下，导致设备发生了晶问应力腐蚀开裂。     

Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement cracking of welded weathering steel and carbon steel in a simulated acid rain environment

Abstract

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement cracking (HEC) characteristics of welded weathering steel and carbon steel were investigated in aerated acid chloride solution. The electrochemical properties of welded steels were investigated by polarisation and galvanic corrosion tests. Neither weathering steel nor carbon steel showed passive behaviour in this acid chloride solution. The results indicated that weathering steel had better corrosion resistance than carbon steel. Galvanic corrosion between the weldment and the base metal was not observed in the case of weathering steel because the base metal was anodic to the weldment. However, the carbon steel was susceptible to galvanic corrosion because the weldment acts as an anode. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted at a constant strain rate of 7.87 × 10⁷ s^-1 at corrosion potential, and at potentiostatically controlled anodic and cathodic potentials, to investigate the SCC and HEC properties in acid chloride solution. The welded weathering steel and carbon steel were susceptible to both anodic dissolution SCC and hydrogen evolution HEC. However, weathering steel showed less susceptibility of SCC and HEC than carbon steel at anodic potential because of Cr and Cu compounds in the rust layer, which retarded anodic dissolution, and at cathodic potential due to the presence of Cr, Cu, and Ni in alloy elements, which inhibit the reduction of hydrogen ions. SEM fractographs of both steels revealed a quasicleavage fracture in the embrittled region at applied anodic and cathodic potentials.     

紫铜管与低碳钢管焊接件开裂分析

某紫铜管与低碳钢管焊接件焊接后在焊接接头靠近紫铜管侧出现了大量开裂现象,通过对开裂部位紫铜管部分进行宏观分析、化学成分分析、扫描电镜断口观察及金相检验,对焊接件的开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:紫铜管原材料中氧含量超标以及焊接温度过高共同引起晶界弱化,致使在焊接接头处叠加了较大的组织应力和热应力,当叠加应力大于材料的承受能力时就会引起晶界破裂,导致焊接件开裂。最后在分析的基础上提出了改进措施。     

Cracking analysis on joint lug of aluminum alloy framework of an airplane

An aluminum alloy joint lug of the framework of an airplane was found to have a crack near the bolt hole after serving for a period. To find out the failure mode and cause, macro and micro observation, microstructure examination, EDS analysis, chemical composition analysis and dimensional check were carried out. The results show that the failure mode of the joint lug is stress corrosion cracking under the co-effect of tensile stress and corrosive environment. The cracking of the surface anodic oxidation film near the bolt hole and the exposure of part of the bolt hole inner surface to air are the main causes for the stress corrosion cracking. In addition, the outer diameter of the steel sleeve inside the bolt hole exceeded the design requirement, which resulted in greater tensile stress near the bolt hole and promoted the stress corrosion cracking. The manufacturing procedure should be adjusted to avoid the cracking of anodic oxidation film, the uncovered part of the inner surface of the bolt hole should be covered, and the outer diameter of the steel inside the bolt hole should be controlled properly to meet the design requirement, so that stress corrosion cracking near the bolt hole can be avoided.     

Failure analysis of an A333Gr6 pipeline after exposure to a hydrogen sulfide environment

The analysis of an A333Gr6 pipeline failure was conducted after exposure to high H₂S partial pressure for several hours. Chemical composition, metallurgical structure, steel pipe hardness, and the welding joint near the broken position were studied. The chemical compositions of corrosion products inside the steel pipe were also analyzed. Results show that corrosion products consist of Fe₃O₄ and FeOOH without ferrous sulfide. Stress analysis was obtained through the finite element analysis method. The failure analysis and calculation results show that spontaneous ferrous sulfide combustion in a high H₂S environment leads to high temperature and pressure in the pipe, resulting in pipeline breakage.