Wind buckling of tanks with conical roof considering shielding by another tank

Oil storage tanks are usually arranged in groups in tank farms, and this configuration may affect their buckling and postbuckling strength under wind loads. The assessment of wind action on tank structures is performed in this work by means of wind tunnel experiments to evaluate the pattern of pressure distribution for a tank which is shielded by another tank under various configurations and separation between them. The experimental results show significant changes in pressures due to shielding effects. In a second stage the structural response under the pressures previously evaluated is performed by finite element analysis using both linear bifurcation and geometrically nonlinear analysis. Results of two-tank interaction are compared with those of an isolated tank. Based on the results, it is concluded that the changes in wind pressures due to group effects induce changes in buckling loads and in the associated deflected patterns.     

Dynamics of wind-rail vehicle-bridge systems

An analytical model for dynamics of wind-vehicle-bridge (WVB) systems is presented in this paper in the time domain with wind, rail vehicles and bridge modeled as a coupled vibration system. The analytical model considers many special issues in a WVB system, which include fluid-solid interaction between wind and bridge, solid contact between vehicles and bridge, stochastic wind excitation on vehicles and bridge, time dependence of the system due to vehicle movement, and effect of bridge deck on vehicle wind load and vice versa. The models of wind, vehicles and bridge are presented with wind velocity fluctuations simulated using the simplified spectral representation method, with vehicles modeled as mass-spring-damper systems, and with bridge represented by a finite element model. The interactions between wind and bridge are similar to those considered in conventional buffeting analysis for long span bridges. In considering difficulties in measuring aerodynamic coefficients of moving vehicles on bridge deck, the cosine rule is adopted for the aerodynamic coefficients of moving vehicles to consider yaw angle effect, and expressions of wind forces on moving vehicles are then derived for engineering application. To include mutual effects of wind loads, aerodynamic parameters of vehicles and bridge deck are measured, respectively, using a composite section model test and a specially designed test device. The dynamic interaction between vehicle and bridge depends on both geometric and mechanical relationships between wheels of vehicles and rails on the bridge deck. The equations of motion of the coupled WVB system are derived and solved with a nonlinear iterative procedure. A cable-stayed bridge in China is finally selected as a numerical example to demonstrate dynamic interaction of the WVB system. The results show the validity of the present model as well as wind effects on the rail vehicles and the bridge.     

Validation of the computational fluid-structure interaction simulation at real-scale tests of a flexible 29 m umbrella in natural wind flow

The sensitivity of membrane structures to wind loads due to their flexibility and small inertial masses raises the question of their behavior under natural wind conditions. Particularly transient wind loads could lead to dynamic amplification of the structural response. The assessment of the dynamic response of membrane structures is complex due to their special load carrying behavior, their material properties, and their distinct structural interaction with flow induced effects. Computationally intensive fluid-structure interaction simulation could overcome simplifications and limitations of existing approaches, especially small scale wind tunnel tests, and allow the assessment of all relevant structural and fluid phenomena. This paper outlines a virtual design methodology for lightweight flexible membrane structures under the impact of fluctuating wind loads and provides results on the unique validation of the method at real-scale tests of a highly flexible 29 m umbrella.     

膜结构风振响应中的流固耦合效应研究进展

对膜结构风振响应中的流固耦合效应进行了探讨,介绍了解决该问题的两种思路:简化气弹模型方法和计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)数值模拟方法。简化气弹模型方法是先将流固耦合效应用附加质量和气动阻尼的形式来表达,再通过某些近似解析理论和气弹模型风洞试验来确定附加质量和气动阻尼的大小。计算流体力学数值模拟方法则是将计算流体力学技术和计算结构力学技术整合在一个有限元程序中,通过数值模拟得到结构流固耦合响应的全过程信息。基于这两种方法,开展了相应的理论推导、风洞试验和数值模拟工作,获得了关于风与膜结构相互作用机理的一些初步认识。最后提出了一种具有操作性的简化数值分析方法并给出了算例。研究结果表明:流固耦合效应对结构风振响应的影响在多数情况下是有利的,即考虑流固耦合效应的风振响应分析结果要比不考虑流固耦合时小30%左右,但也不排除在某些特殊情况下因出现气弹失稳而导致结构异常破坏的可能性。     

热力效应作用下小区风环境风洞试验研究

温度作为影响城市舒适度的主要因素之一,对流场的作用机理到目前为止尚不明确。为揭示温度场对流场的影响规律,基于大尺寸风洞,对不同热力条件下的平均风进行试验研究,得出不同理查逊数R_b作用下的人行高度风速、相关测点顺风向速度和雷诺剪切应力分布并进行详细分析。以长沙市某小区为研究背景,探究了不同热力效应下人行高度风场的分布规律,获取了热力条件下典型测点的相关性系数,并利用超越概率的方法定量评估了热力效应下的小区人行高度风环境。结果表明:在-0.38<R_b<0范围内,空风洞流场随着热力效应增大,在近地面风速增长相对较大,且随着高度的增加其增幅逐渐减缓; 实际中小区人行高度风环境受温度影响整体较小,主要影响集中在风速比0.6以下,最大均方根为0.635,风速比在0.6以上时温度对风速影响效果相对较小; 热力效应对人行高度风场的相关性与舒适度影响较小,其最大影响值分别为8%和3.87%。     

Interference effects on wind loading of a row of closely spaced tall buildings

Interference effects on a row of square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity are investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Wind forces and moments on each building in the row are measured with the base balance under different wind incidence angles and different separation distances between buildings. As a result of sheltering, inner buildings inside the row are found to experience much reduced wind load components acting along direction of the row (x) at most wind angles, as compared to the isolated building situation. However, these load components may exhibit phenomena of upwind-acting force and even negative drag force. Increase in x-direction wind loads is observed on the upwind edge building when wind blows at an oblique angle to the row. Other interference effects on y-direction wind loads and torsion are described. Pressure measurements on building walls and numerical computation of wind flow are carried out at some flow cases to explore the interference mechanisms. At wind angle around 30° to the row, wind is visualized to flow through the narrow building gaps at high speeds, resulting in highly negative pressure on associated building walls. This negative pressure and the single-wake behavior of flow over the row of buildings provide explanations for the observed interference effects. Interference on fluctuating wind loads is also investigated. Across-wind load fluctuations are much smaller than the isolated building case with the disappearance of vortex shedding peak in the load spectra. Buildings in a row thus do not exhibit resonant across-wind response at reduced velocities around 10 as an isolated square-plan tall building.     

任意排列两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰机理研究

风致干扰效应是高层建筑群抗风设计中的常见难点问题之一。采用刚性模型测压试验,研究了均匀层流和两种大气边界层风场条件下任意排列两方形断面高层建筑的风致干扰效应,通过平均和脉动基底弯矩系数的干扰因子、风力系数、风压系数分布以及风荷载功率谱的研究,解释了其风致干扰效应的机理。结果表明,任意排列的两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰中,至少存在横风向静力干扰、顺风向静力干扰和横风向动力干扰三个值得注意的干扰区域。 窄道形成的加速效应使受扰结构上形成指向施扰建筑横风向平均吸力和阻塞形成的受扰建筑的横风向平均推力;遮挡效应使得受扰建筑承受指向位于上游的施扰建筑的顺风向风力;漩涡叠加增强位于尾流区受扰建筑上的横风向脉动荷载。不同风场的试验结果表明,提高来流的紊流度有助于减弱上述干扰效应。     

风扬沙环境下风沙流场风洞试验研究

通过风沙风洞试验模拟风吹床面沙环境,对不同风洞控制风速和不同沙尘粒径条件下风沙流场内沙浓度垂向分布特性比较得知:沙浓度的大小分布与沙粒径、控制风速以及高度均相关;同种粒径沙供沙床面情况下,风速越大,相同位置处的沙浓度越大,沙浓度随风速的增大而增大,随高度的增加呈指数递减;同一高度位置在相同风速下,粗沙、细沙、混合沙的沙浓度依次增大。获得床面供沙风速剖面只在高于沙床面约0.3m的范围内发生变化,相比于净风,有沙床面此高度范围内的风速小于净风速。在沙粒跃移层内,三种粒径沙对风速都有明显的削弱作用,对湍流强度却有明显的增强作用,且其显著程度与各自沙浓度的垂向分布特征有直接关系,都随着沙浓度的变化同时增大或减小。     

Large eddy simulation of wind effects on a long-span complex roof structure

This paper presents a combined study of numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests for the determinations of wind effects on a long-span complex roof of the Shenzhen New Railway Station Building. The main objective of this study is to present an effective approach for the estimations of wind effects on a complex roof by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A new inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach was applied to simulate inflow boundary conditions of a turbulent flow field. A new one-equation dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) model was adopted for the large eddy simulations (LES) of wind effects on the station building. The wind-induced pressures on the roof and turbulent flow fields around the station building were thus calculated based upon the DSRFG approach and the new SGS model integrated with the FLUENT software. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire station building were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine the mean, fluctuating, and peak pressure coefficient distributions. The numerically predicted results were found to be consistent with the wind tunnel test data. The comparative study demonstrated that the recommended inflow turbulence generation technique and the new SGS model as well as the associated numerical treatments are useful tools for structural engineers to assess wind effects on long-span complex roofs and irregularly shaped buildings at the design stage.     

Numerical simulation of the airflow-rivulet interaction associated with the rain-wind induced vibration phenomenon

Rain-wind induced vibration is an aeroelastic phenomenon that occurs on the inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges. The vibrations are believed to be caused by a complicated non-linear interaction between rivulets of rain water that run down the cables and the wind loading on the cables due to the unsteady aerodynamic flow field. Recent research at the University of Strathclyde has been to develop a numerical method to simulate the influence of the external air flow on the rivulet dynamics and vice versa, the results of which can be used to assess the importance of the water rivulets on the instability. The numerical approach for the first time couples a Discrete Vortex Method solver to determine the external flow field and unsteady aerodynamic loading, and a pseudo-spectral solver based on lubrication theory to model the evolution and growth of the water rivulets on the cable surface under external loading. The results of the coupled model are used to assess the effects of various loading combinations, and importantly are consistent with previous full scale and experimental observations of rain-wind induced vibration, providing new information about the underlying physical mechanisms of the instability.     

湍流边界层中低矮建筑绕流大涡模拟

通过对平板湍流边界层进行大涡模拟,采用拟周期边界条件维持湍流边界层厚度稳定,提取速度和压力时程作为低矮建筑绕流模拟之脉动入流边界条件,研究脉动入流下的低矮建筑绕流特性。研究结果表明：入流边界特性对网格变化适应性良好,其平均速度剖面、湍流强度、流速频谱特性基本符合空旷地貌风场特性;脉动入流下,建筑表面的平均风压系数、脉动风压系数的计算结果与风洞试验结果基本吻合。受雷诺数及湍流强度的影响,流动分离区负压与试验值存在一定差别;屋盖上分离区风压时程具有非高斯概率特性,尤以气流分离较剧烈的屋盖迎风边缘及屋盖两侧风压的非高斯特性明显,该特征与风洞试验基本一致;受非高斯特性的影响,建议峰值因子g取4.5~5.5。     

The fluid mechanics of natural ventilation—displacement ventilation by buoyancy-driven flows assisted by wind

This paper describes the fluid mechanics of natural ventilation by the combined effects of buoyancy and wind. Attention is restricted to transient draining flows in a space containing buoyant fluid, when the wind and buoyancy forces reinforce one another. The flows have been studied theoretically and the results compared with small-scale laboratory experiments. Connections between the enclosure and the surrounding fluid are with high-level and low-level openings on both windward and leeward faces. Dense fluid enters through windward openings at low levels and displaces the lighter fluid within the enclosure through high-level, leeward openings. A strong, stable stratification develops in this case and a displacement flow is maintained for a range of Froude numbers. The rate at which the enclosure drains increases as the wind-induced pressure drop between the inlet and outlet is increased and as the density difference between the exterior and interior environment is increased. A major result of this work is the identification of the form of the nonlinear relationship between the buoyancy and wind effects. It is shown that there is a Pythagorean relationship between the combined buoyancy and wind-driven velocity and the velocities which are produced by buoyancy and wind forces acting in isolation. This study has particular relevance to understanding and predicting the air flow in a building which is night cooled by natural ventilation, and to the flushing of gas from a building after a leak.     

Calculation of wind-driven cross ventilation in buildings with large openings

A simplified macroscopic method is commonly used for wind-driven ventilation analysis of buildings with small openings. Consequently, it is reasonable to question if and under what conditions will this method provide accurate results in predicting ventilation flow rates in buildings with large openings. We investigate a single-zone cubic building with two equal large openings using a computational fluid dynamics approach. We analyzed the driving forces and the ventilation flow rates due to wind as a function of the geometry, size and relative location of the two openings. The ventilation flow rates are found to be affected by both wind flows around and through the building when the two openings are relatively large. The simplified macroscopic method can provide reasonable engineering accuracy (i.e., less than 10% error) when the porosity of the building envelope does not exceed a critical value. This critical value is not a constant; instead it depends significantly on the degree of alignment between the wind direction and the character of the dominant stream tube associated with the flow through the room. We found that the simplified macroscopic method fails to provide acceptable accuracy when this stream tube is truly dominant and parallel to the wind direction. The effects of wall thickness and aspect ratio of openings are also investigated.     

Facade flame height ejected from an opening of fire compartment under external wind

This paper presents an experimental study and analysis on the facade flame height ejected from an opening of fire compartment under external wind. Experiments are carried out in a reduced-scale model consisting of a cubic fire compartment with a vertical facade wall. An opening is designed at the center of one sidewall of the fire compartment at the facade side and subjected to external wind (normal to the opening) provided by a wind tunnel. The facade flame heights are measured by a CCD camera for five different openings at various fuel supply heat release rates and wind speeds. It is found that the facade flame height decreases with increasing external wind speed. A scaling analysis is performed to interpret this behavior based on the change of air entrainment into the flame from both the facing-facade and parallel-facade directions caused by the external wind flow. A global model incorporating the external wind speed, the two characteristic length scales of the opening as well as the dimensionless excess heat release rate is developed for describing the facade flame height of various conditions. The proposed model correlates the experimental data well.     

考虑流动分离时薄膜结构的气弹稳定分析

研究均匀的理想来流作用下，小垂度矩形双曲抛物面薄膜结构的气弹失稳临界风速；考虑气流在薄膜结构前缘的分离形成漩涡，在风与薄膜结构之间以及尾流中引入无限薄的漩涡层；考虑风与结构之间存在的流固耦合作用，应用流体力学中的势流理论和空气动力学中的升力面理论确定作用于薄膜表面的气动力，从而建立起薄膜结构的气弹动力耦合作用方程。由于此耦合作用方程为带有积分的微分方程，很难得到解析解，利用Bubnov-Galerkin近似方法将其转化为一常系数二阶微分方程，根据Routh-Hurwitz稳定性准则确定薄膜的失稳临界风速。由临界风速公式可以看出，临界风速与膜材参数、薄膜结构的几何尺寸和形状以及两个方向上的预张力有关。最后，对临界风速的影响因素进行参数分析，得到一些结论。     

2D and 3D numerical simulation of the wind-rotor/nacelle interaction in an atmospheric boundary layer

Two-dimensional axisymmetric and three-dimensional steady turbulent flow computations around two horizontal-axis wind turbines (Nordex N80 and Jeumont J48) are carried out to investigate the wind-rotor/nacelle interaction and quantify its effects on the wind speed at the nacelle anemometry. The actuator disk concept has been used to model the action of the blades. For both turbines, the geometry of the nacelle was reproduced as faithfully as possible. The terrain was represented by an appropriate law of the wall to account for roughness with particular attention paid to the boundary conditions in order to reproduce the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. The calculated velocity field in the vicinity of the nacelle exhibits good agreement with available experimental data. The results also show that for a complex nacelle geometry, like that of the N80, a three-dimensional calculation is necessary to obtain a good prediction of the velocity field in the near wake. The hub height effect is evaluated for the J48 by raising the nacelle from a height of 36 to 60 m. No significant impact is noted on the ratio nacelle wind speed/freestream wind speed.     

深圳平安国际金融大厦风致响应大涡模拟分析

运用一种新的湍流脉动流场产生方法模拟了三种风场的湍流边界条件,采用一种新的大涡模拟的亚格子模型,基于Linux系统下软件平台Fluent 6.3的并行计算技术,对深圳平安国际金融大厦进行了全尺寸、高雷诺数（高达10×10⁸量级）的数值风洞模拟。计算了三种风场下建筑表面平均、脉动风压及风荷载时程数据。利用惯性风荷载（IWL）法得到三种风场下深圳平安金融大厦的基底等效静风荷载以及结构顶部峰值加速度响应。分析了不同的湍流来流对结构风压系数、风荷载及加速度响应的影响。分析结果表明：三种来流风场条件下,深圳平安金融大厦周围风场相差较大,来流的湍流强度越高,建筑物前方的脉动风速越高;顺风向等效风荷载主要受平均风速控制,横风向等效风荷载主要受脉动风控制;湍流强度越大,横风向等效风荷载越大;中国规范建议的湍流流场下,深圳平安金融大厦10年重现期顺风向、横风向峰值加速度响应满足居住者舒适度要求。     

无站台柱雨蓬结构平均风荷载研究

以某火车站无站台柱雨蓬改造工程为例,通过风洞模拟实验对雨蓬结构的平均风荷载规律进行了研究。讨论了在无周围建筑物影响和典型风向角下,各雨蓬单元的平均风压分布特点,特别对各雨蓬单元之间的风荷载相互干扰现象和机理进行了探讨和分析。结果表明,由于雨蓬单元间的相互干扰,各单元平均风荷载有很大的差别。有关结果可以为类似工程的平均风荷载设计提供指导和参考。     

Wind tunnel simulation on re-circulation of air-cooled condensers of a power plant

The criteria as well as the methods and measurements of wind tunnel simulation on wind effects on air-cooled condensers in a power plant were discussed. The parameter of re-circulation was suggested to describe the wind effects on the efficiency of the condenser. The result of practical project models shows that great wind effects of both wind speed and the angle of the incident flow on the efficiency of the condenser. It is recommended that in the initial stage of a new or an extension power plant, which is equipped with an air-cooled system, the wind tunnel simulation is necessary and helpful. Combined with the local wind climate data, a more reasonable, economic and safety schematic design of a power plant could be achieved.     

The Breakage of Float Glass with Four-Edge Shading Under the Combined Effect of Wind Loading and Thermal Loading

The glass breakage in high-rise building fires may be significantly influenced by both the compartment fire and the environmental wind. In this work, float glass panes supported by the frame with a dimension of 600 × 600 × 6 mm³ were employed to study the glass breakage under the combination of wind and fire effects. The first breaking time, glass temperature, crack patterns, and fallout were obtained. With an increase of wind speed, the average value of temperature difference between the mean temperature at the heated exposed side and that at the ambient shaded side decreased gradually when crack initiated. The average time to first crack was maximum without wind loading and decreased gradually as the wind speed increased. Comparing with the glass breakage only under thermal radiation, the combination of environmental wind accelerated the glass breaking. The present results suggest that the wind effect should be considered for building fire protection in the window glass design.