不同季节鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配特征

2007 年11 月至2008 年10 月在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物保护区研究了鹅喉羚的昼间行为时间分配,共观察鹅喉羚有效个体1 917 只,采集行为数据时间319.5 h,将鹅喉羚的昼间行为分为采食、移动、警戒、休息和“其它”5 类。结果表明:春季雌性5 种行为分配时间所占比例分别为67.5%、2.5%、2.7%、25.9%、1.4%,雄性分别为63.5%、3.4%、4.3%、27.5%、1.3%; 夏季,雌性:43.7%、7.7%、5.6%、42.1%、1.0%; 雄性:51.9%、1.7%、3.1%、41.4%、1.9%; 秋季,雌性:66.3%、5.1%、4.3%、23.6%、0.7%;雄性:68.9%、6.0%、4.2%、20.7%、0.3%;冬季,雌性:68.0%、5.0%、7.0%、19.6%、0.4%;雄性:29.6%、20.6%、19.2%、29.3%、1.3%。采用卡方检验、秩和检验、方差分析比较同季节不同性别各自行为时间分配、同季节雌雄间行为时间分配、同性别不同季节的行为时间分配。结果表明:四季中雌雄各自5 种行为的时间分配均存在显著差异(P>0.05);比较两性间行为时间分配发现,在春夏季,雌雄间各行为时间分配无差异(P>0.05),秋季移动差异显著(P < 0. 05),而冬季5 种行为间均差异显著(P<0.05);季节因素对雌雄行为时间分配的影响显著。鹅喉羚以特定的行为时间分配模式适应季节更替或变化的生理周期,如温度、性别、水分状况、繁殖期、哺乳期等,满足能量及营养需求。     

道路对冷季卡拉麦里国家公园鹅喉羚行为和集群大小的影响

以卡拉麦里国家公园的鹅喉羚Gazella subgutturosa为研究对象,通过比较分析高速公路和铁路运营前后鹅喉羚冷季行为和集群数据,对道路交通工程及其叠加效应对鹅喉羚的行为模式和集群规模的影响进行了研究。Mann-Whitney U检验分析表明,与建设前相比,运营的高速公路和铁路显著影响了冷季鹅喉羚的行为：警戒行为显著增加、采食行为显著减少。广义线性模型分析结果表明,随着道路密度的增加,鹅喉羚单次警戒行为的时间也显著增加。路域范围内,冷季鹅喉羚集群大小在运营前后无显著差异,道路密度对其也无显著影响。本研究为干旱区交通基础设施建设与野生动物保护之间的协调发展提供了科学依据,具有重要的生态保护和管理实践意义。     

鹅喉羚的年龄鉴定

本文以鹅喉羚为材料,采用双重附贴磨片法及蚀刻法确定角磨片上显示的生长层与角鞘上凸“嵴”的关系,并以第一下门齿(I_1)作切片所显示的年轮线进行验证。证明其角鞘上的凸“嵴”数量多少并不表示年龄大小,在一龄内无凸“嵴”,二、三龄均包含有4—5个凸“嵴”,四龄后亦为2—3个凸“嵴”组成一龄,真正的年龄线是角表凸“嵴”之后有一粗糙微凹的环纹。实验结果可应用于野外生态学调查,用以判断种群年龄及结构。     

新疆卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚的社群结构

2005年11月至2007年5月,在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区对鹅喉羚的社群结构进行了初步研究.将其集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、亚成体群、独羚、雌雄混合群和不明群6种类型.共统计鹅喉羚564群,总计3186只.春季鹅喉羚以雄性群居多(45.7%);夏秋两季则以雌性群为主(52.9%和70.4%);冬季以混合群居多(60%).卡方独立性检验表明,四个季节间三种社群类型的百分比组成差异显著(x2=68.45,P<0.01),受繁殖周期和季节变化影响.鹅喉羚集群大小范围为1～95只,其中3只群出现最多(20.0%);2～5只的群占54.3%;6～10只的群占23.1%;11～20只的群占9.2%;>20只的群占2.3%.春夏秋冬四季平均群大小分别为(4.45±4.07;4.94±4.20;6.66±10.12;6.0±5.66),其中春季平均集群大小分别与秋季和冬季差异显著.     

新疆鹅喉羚的种群结构

１９９２年８～９月和１９９３年９月,作者在新疆北部鹅喉羚北疆亚种（ＧａｚｅｌｌａｓｕｂｇｕｔｔｒｏｓａＳａｉｒｅｎｓｉｓ）分布区（天山以北）设置１９条样带,总长８１８ｋｍ,观测点至动物的平均垂直距离２４８．３ｍ,面积４０５．８ｋｍ２的调查统计,见鹅喉羚６２群次,共２２１只。样带中动物的平均密度为０．７１±０．１７只／ｋｍ２。对能判别性别和成幼的１６条样带中的３７群次１１３只统计,雌：雄＝１：１．０５,成：幼＝２．４：１。对８条样带中的１６群次５０只统计,母：仔＝１：１．４。１９９３年２月和１０月,我们还在新疆南部鹅喉羚南疆亚种（Ｇ．ｓ．ｙａｒｋａｎｄｅｎｓｉｓ）分布区（天山以南）,设置８条样带,长２３０ｋｍ,平均垂直距离２９９ｍ,面积１１６ｋｍ２的调查统计,见鹅喉羚１７群次５１只,平均密度０．５７±０．２６只／ｋｍ２。     

环境因子对新疆鹅喉羚群体遗传多样性的影响

环境因素在物种进化和遗传变异过程中起着非常重要的作用。为探讨新疆鹅喉羚遗传多样性与环境因子的关系,本研究采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和直接测序的方法,测定了新疆鹅喉羚11个群体84份样本的线粒体DNA Cyt b基因（1140 bp）和D-loop区（1100 bp）序列,分析各群体遗传多样性及环境因子对遗传多样性的影响。结果显示新疆鹅喉羚具有较高的单倍型多样性,较低的核苷酸多样性,表明其遗传多样性处于较低水平。环境因子与群体遗传多样性的相关性分析结果表明,海拔、年均降水量、年均气温、人口数量是影响新疆鹅喉羚遗传多样性的主要环境因子,其中海拔是最关键的环境因子。本研究结论为新疆鹅喉羚群体有效合理的保护与管理提供理论依据。     

鹅喉羚的求偶交配行为

于2009~2010年研究了卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚Gazella subgutturosa的求偶交配行为。共记录4大类17种求偶交配行为。鹅喉羚的发情期分为2个阶段:发情准备期和高峰期。从发情准备期开始,雄羚开始沿雌羚每日移动路线建立领域并在整个白昼呆在领域内。高峰期持续时间较短,但雄羚整个高峰期始终停留在领域内。排泄物标记是鹅喉羚采用最多的领域标记方式,而角标记则持续时间更长。小跑是鹅喉羚圈雌时采用频率最高的步法,其次是走动和奔跑,走动步法持续时间最长,不同步法的组合使用是圈雌成功率和能量节约的最优化权衡。鹅喉羚的求偶交配过程可分为3个阶段,第一阶段为试探接近阶段,若雌羚已作好交配准备,则进入第二阶段,雄羚以直立行走或碎步行走接近雌羚,第三阶段为爬跨交配阶段。鹅喉羚的交配模式属于Dewsbury交配行为模式分类系统的第13类和Dixson分类系统的第14类。鹅喉羚成功交配后,并不存在个体配偶看护,而是通过守卫领域以提高总体配偶看护水平。     

卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚卧息地特征的季节变化

于2007年对卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区不同季节的鹅喉羚卧息地特征进行了研究。Mann-WhitneyU检验表明:春季鹅喉羚卧息地植物高度明显高于对照地(Z=2.27,P<0.05),驼绒藜密度、灌木盖度和地上生物量极显著高于对照地(Z=2.85,Z=3.29,Z=2.98,P<0.01);夏季鹅喉羚卧息地植物高度和单位面积地上生物量明显高于对照地(Z=2.06,Z=2.97,P<0.05);秋季鹅喉羚卧息地植物种数明显高于对照地(Z=2.52,P<0.05),灌木盖度和植物高度极显著高于对照地(Z=5.22,Z=4.58,P<0.01)。主成分分析表明,春夏秋3季影响鹅喉羚卧息地选择的主要环境因子是食物、隐蔽条件和环境温度。单因素方差分析表明,鹅喉羚卧息地特征在季节间有显著差异,以春季和夏季、春季和秋季最为明显。食物资源和环境温度的变化是导致鹅喉羚卧息地特征季节性变化的主要因素。鹅喉羚卧息地选择与其自身的体温调节有一定关系。     

蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜的食物重叠

采用粪样显微分析技术研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区及周边区域蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚及家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养有蹄类春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现：（1）蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭,但是,它们采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,各植物种类在食谱中所占的比例不同;（2）各个季节有蹄类动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0．8以上,最低为0．832（冬季鹅喉羚和家马）,最高达到0．986（秋季蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季家马和家羊）,五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0．3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争;冬季积雪深,食物短缺,荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区,家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类动物实施有效保护[动物学报54（6）：941-954,2008]。     

鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择

2007年夏季(6—8月)及冬季(11—2008年1月),在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区研究了鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)的卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方,36个对照样方;冬季测定了75个卧迹样方,75个对照样方。卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区的鹅喉羚夏季主要选择平滩、下坡位,海拔910 m以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、高隐蔽级、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息地; 而冬季鹅喉羚主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、900—1 000 m的高度范围、离道路501—1 000 m以及大于2 000 m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中等雪深(1.1—3 cm)、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息地。主成分分析表明,鹅喉羚夏季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅(Stipa spp.)密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔的影响。冬季鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度的影响。     

Vigilance behavior of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica: Effect of sex and position in the herd

The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages (a reduction in the risk of predation) and disadvantages (competition between members of the herd) of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. Peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions.     

Does vigilance always covary negatively with group size? Effects of foraging strategy

The possible effects of foraging strategy on the relationship between vigilance and group size were studied in three species of waders with different foraging strategies. I predict that (1) pause–travel species should show no relationship between scanning and group size, because these species scan for prey as well as for predators; (2) continuous-tactile foraging species should show a positive relationship between flock size and vigilance level, because in their large groups vigilance towards other birds could be used to avoid interference and aggression; and (3) continuous-visual searching species should show the general pattern of decreasing vigilance when group size increases as predicted by both the 'many eyes' and the 'predatory risk' hypotheses. Results support the predictions for the influence of foraging strategy on the relationship between vigilance level and group size. The mutual exclusion of foraging and scanning can determine the importance of the 'many eyes' hypothesis. Such exclusion seems to be determined by foraging strategy. The influence of foraging on scanning must be taken into account in future studies on the group-size effect. Electronic Publication     

集群数量和采食距离对储草期布氏田鼠警戒频次的影响

警戒行为是动物对环境中潜在危险做出的反应。为探究影响警戒行为的因素,作者在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区进行了集群数量和采食距离对储草期自由生活状态下布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)警戒频次影响的实验。通过标志重捕法和人工去除法设定3个集群数量梯度(11只、6只和3只),利用人工食物站设置4个采食距离梯度(5 m、10 m、20 m、30 m),共12个梯度组合,每个组合分别观察60次采食过程,共计观察720次,并记录采食过程中的警戒频次。对数据进行双因素方差分析,集群规模和采食距离对布氏田鼠警戒行为频次均有极显著影响(P0.01)。随着集群数量减小,布氏田鼠单次采食的警戒频次显著增加;采食距离越远,单次采食的警戒频次越高;集群数量和采食距离之间还存在极显著的交互作用(P0.01)。集群数量增大意味着采食距离的增加,为保证储草效率,布氏田鼠种群会在增加集群数量和减小采食距离之间权衡,最终集群数量维持在中等水平,支持了最优集群理论。     

群体规模对越冬灰鹤警戒行为的影响

2005年1—3月,在云南丽江拉市海就群体规模对越冬灰鹤(Grusgrus)警戒行为的影响进行了研究。用扫描取样记录群体的规模和警戒个体的数量、用焦点取样记录群体中个体警戒行为的频次和持续时间,结果显示灰鹤群体和个体的警戒力均随群体规模增加而降低,但集群个体数超过30只后,群体警戒力便不会再下降(P>0.05)、成体的警戒持续时间也会增加(P<0.01);当群体规模超过50只后,成体的警戒频次也会上升(P<0.05)。推测亚成体维持低警戒的群体规模上限值要高于成体,单从警戒行为分析,20—30只个体的集群可能代表越冬灰鹤的最适群体大小。     

Group size effects on foraging and vigilance in migratory Tibetan antelope

Large group sizes have been hypothesized to decrease predation risk and increase food competition. We investigated group size effects on vigilance and foraging behaviour during the migratory period in female Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni, in the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai Province, China. During June to August, adult female antelope and yearling females gather in large migratory groups and cross the Qinghai-Tibet highway to calving grounds within the Nature Reserve and return to Qumalai county after calving. Large groups of antelope aggregate in the migratory corridor where they compete for limited food resources and attract the attention of mammalian and avian predators and scavengers. We restricted our sampling to groups of less than 30 antelopes and thus limit our inference accordingly. Focal-animal sampling was used to record the behaviour of the free-ranging antelope except for those with lambs. Tibetan antelope spent more time foraging in larger groups but frequency of foraging bouts was not affected by group size. Conversely, the time spent vigilant and frequency of vigilance bouts decreased with increased group size. We suggest that these results are best explained by competition for food and risk of predation.     

藏原羚产仔期社群结构与昼间行为规律

在1996年、1999年和2003年夏季,对四川省西北部石渠县的藏原羚社群结构和昼间行为进行了调查研究。藏原羚的社群规模主要表现为集成2—8头的小群体(占77．9％),很少集成9头以上的大群。藏原羚的社群类型可分为3类,即雄性群(43．3％)、雌性群(33．3％)和母子群(23．3％)。藏原羚的雌雄性比为100：174,雌幼数量比是100：44,成幼数量比是100：16。在藏原羚的各种行为中,用于取食的时间最多(37％),其次为移动行为(25％)、站立凝视行为(19％)和卧息行为(18％)。藏原羚产仔期的昼间行为规律以上午(08：00．10：00)和下午(14：00～17：00)活动为主,中午(11：00～14：00)主要是休息,有两个取食和移动高峰、一个卧息高峰。取食与移动呈显的正相关,反映了藏原羚边走边吃的特性;取食和移动与卧息之间则表现极显的负相关。站立凝视行为没有明显的高峰期,整个观察时间内,藏原羚表现出高度的警惕性。他们通常在山的中上坡取食和移动,在中下坡卧息,且雌雄性间行为上存在一定的差异性。     

Visibility, group size, vigilance, and drinking behavior in coati (Nasua narica) and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): experimental evidence

I studied the role of visibility on the vigilance behavior of coatis Nasua narica and white-faced capuchins Cebus capucinus in a dry tropical forest in Costa Rica. Vigilance and drinking behavior were observed at a waterhole where the water surface was 2–3 m below ground level for 5 days. Then I provided an artificial water pan of similar size adjacent to the natural waterhole, but level with the ground, and observed the same behaviors. Animals drinking at the natural waterhole had to descend below ground where they could not see above ground, while those drinking from the experimental pan could see approaching predators. Variations in drinking and vigilance behavior were accounted for by site (natural vs. experimental water source) and group size, with site contributing most significantly to variations. Both coatis and capuchins decreased their time to wait at the forest edge before emerging to drink, had more drinking bouts, had longer bout lengths, and decreased their vigilance behavior when they drank at the ground-level waterhole compared to the one below the surface, where their visibility was obscured. For both species, total drinking time increased, and vigilance decreased, with group size. This study demonstrated experimentally that visibility and group size influence drinking and vigilance behaviors. Received: 9 February 2000 / Received in revised form: 3 November 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000     

Factors affecting vigilance in springbok: importance of vegetative cover, location in herd, and herd size

Vigilance in vertebrates is often inversely related to group size. We present evidence that distance to bushes and location within the herd are also critical factors in vigilance in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia, where they are the preferred prey of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Most springbok feed in heterospecific herds, both by grazing on grass and browsing on bushes. We studied 1245 animals; variations in vigilance (time alert) were explained by location within the herd, distance to bushes and roads, number of springbok in each herd, and gender and age. Vigilance time decreased with increasing herd size, with increasing distance to bushes and roads, and with density. Springbok on the edge of herds devoted significantly more time to vigilance than did those in other locations, and vigilance in edge animals decreased with group size. Adults were more vigilant than young, and males were more vigilant than females. Position within the herd, and distance from bushes, were the most important variables influencing vigilance. Location in the herd and gender/age affected both browsing and grazing springbok, although other factors accounted for the differences in vigilance between browsing and grazing springbok: 1) group size was not significant for browsers, but it was for grazers, and 2) distances to bushes and road were not significant for browsers, but they were for grazers. These data relate to the risk from predators and the benefits from other group members. Springbok in bushes cannot see all members of the herd, cannot derive early warning from many group members, and are more at risk from predators because the latter can hide in the bushes. Received: 17 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 30 August 1999 / Accepted: 29 November 1999     

SEASON OF BIRTH AND SMOKING: FINDINGS FROM THE NORTHERN FINLAND 1966 BIRTH COHORT

A season of birth effect in addictive disorders has scarcely been studied. As smoking is known to be a highly addictive behavior, we examined whether there exists an association between season of birth and smoking habits among the general population in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC, n?=?8,319). The birth month of each cohort member was categorized into one of the four seasons: spring (March–May), summer (June–August), autumn (September–November), or winter (December–February). Smoking habits of the cohort members were assessed by a postal questionnaire at the age of 31 yrs. Those who reported that they regularly smoked 11 or more cigarettes/day were regarded as heavy smokers. The association between season of birth and smoking was assessed with a logistic regression analysis: first, after controlling for early pregnancy-related and perinatal characteristics (Model 1) and second, after controlling for cohort members' hospital-treated psychiatric disorders, suicide attempts, adult educational level, and marital status (Model 2). Compared to males born in winter, the likelihood for heavy daily smoking was significantly increased, up to 1.3-fold, among males born in the autumn in both logistic regression models. However, among females the likelihood for heavy smoking was statistically significantly elevated among those born during any season other than winter. Season of birth may modify the development of dopaminergic or other neurotransmitter systems divergently among males and females. Altered expression of dopaminergic genes due to environmental climatic factors could explain the association between season of birth and heavy smoking. (Author correspondence: kaisa.riala@oulu.fi).     

四川省石渠县藏原羚秋季取食行为特征

20 0 3年 8～ 10月 ,用固定观察和扫描取样法对四川石渠县藏原羚 (Procaprapicticaudata)的取食行为进行了研究。设置 4 0个 2 0m× 2 0m的样地 ,测量藏原羚的 13个取食生境因子。利用单个样本的Kolmogorov Smirnovtest检验 ,呈正态分布的用参数检验 ,否则用非参数检验。结果显示 :(1)藏原羚主要以集群的形式取食 ,集群大小为 6 8头 (n =4 9) ,最大群为 34头 ;雄性群具有小集群的倾向 (即除存在独雄外 ,2～ 3头一群的群体数占 33 33% ,n =9) ,母子群也以小集群为主 ,两母子为一群的集群占 5 3% (n =15 ) ,但是没有发现<4头的雌性群。 (2 )藏原羚的取食时间以晨昏为主 ,取食高峰在早晨 (8:0 0～ 9:0 0 )和傍晚 (17:0 0～ 18:0 0 ) ,两者各占该时间段全部活动的 5 4 %以上。 (3)藏原羚更喜欢选择蒿草属、火绒草属和棘豆属中数种营养高的植物为食 ,比例高达 80 %以上。 (4) 13个生境因子的聚类和主成分分析表明 :前 4个主成分累积贡献率达到 71% ,能够反映藏原羚主要的取食生境特征 ;影响藏原羚取食生境选择的主要因子分为植物营养度 (特定的植被类型和中等的植被高度 )、干扰度 (隐蔽条件好、人为和动物干扰小 )、水源 (离水源较近和避风性良好 )3个方面。