陕西长安和曲江人工林地土壤含水量对比研究

根据长安地区苹果林地及曲江地区梧桐林地和杨树林地土壤含水量测定,研究了0-6 m土壤含水量的变化和土壤干层的恢复.结果表明,在丰水年之后长安地区人工林地土壤含水量与正常年份土壤含水量有明显不同,12 a苹果林地2-4 m土层含水量平均11.77%,14 a苹果林地平均15.27%;曲江地区丰水年之后12 a杨树林地2-4 m平均含水量18.53%,14 a梧桐林地2-4 m平均含水量17.24%,干层完全消失.这表明在降水量增加的条件下,黄土高原南部土壤干层中的水分完全可以恢复.长安与曲江地区丰水年之后经过约2年半的时间,人工林土层水分恢复深度可达到6 m左右.不同树种含水量差异较大,苹果林地干层带水分恢复比梧桐、杨树林明显低.     

毛乌素沙地西南缘不同植被下的土壤水分时空变化研究

在一个生长季内通过对毛乌素沙地不同植被下土壤水分的连续观测,研究毛乌素沙地不同植被下的土壤水分时空动态变化规律。结果表明:各样地土壤含水量生长期末低于生长期初,按时间变化可划分为3个时期,土壤水分积累期（4-6月）、土壤水分消耗期（7-9月）、土壤水分稳定期（10月至次年3月）。在空间上,各样地土壤含水量均随深度的增加而增加,整个土壤剖面自上而下按水分变化规律可划分为4层:土壤水分速变层、活跃层、过渡层和稳定层。土壤水分活跃层的深度与根系分布层密切相关,深根系的植物其水分活跃层分布较深。固定沙丘不同部位的土壤含水量及其变化规律不同,土壤含水量从大到小依次为坡脚>坡腰>坡顶。     

毛乌素沙地西南缘不同植被下的土壤水分时空变化研究

在一个生长季内通过对毛乌素沙地不同植被下的土壤水分的连续观测,研究毛乌素沙地不同植被下的土壤水分时空动态变化规律。结果表明：各样地土壤含水量生长期末低于生长期初,按时间变化可划分为三个时期,土壤水分积累期（4～6月）、土壤水分消耗期（7～9月）、土壤水分稳定期（10月至次年3月）。在空间上,各样地土壤含水量均随深度的增加而有所增加,整个土壤剖面自上而下按水分变化规律可划分为四层：土壤水分速变层、活跃层、过渡层和稳定层。土壤水分活跃层的深度与根系分布层密切相关,深根系的植物其水分活跃层分布较深。固定沙丘不同部位的土壤含水量及其变化规律不同,土壤含水量从大到小依次为：坡脚〉坡腰〉坡顶。     

半干旱区人工林生长与水分生态研究

对黄土高原半干旱区5种主要造林树种生长状况及土壤水分变化规律进行了研究分析,比较了5种人工林的生长与水分适应性。结果表明:(1)不同人工林生长受坡向、坡位等立地因子影响;几种主要人工林总体生长水平,乔木林山杏>小叶杨,灌木林山桃>沙棘>柠条;(2)不同立地条件下,土壤含水率变化特点为阳坡<半阳坡<半阴坡;不同立地土壤含水率呈现出相同的变化趋势,即随坡位上升土壤水分呈下降趋势,0~200 cm为主要的水分利用层,200 cm以下土壤含水率均为逐渐上升,说明植物根系对水分的吸收在逐渐减弱;(3)不同人工林土壤平均含水率为8%左右,表现出土壤干旱的特点。不同人工林对土壤水分的利用可分为2种情况,山杏、沙棘和柠条,属于对水分利用强度大的树种,而小叶杨和山桃属于水分利用强度较低的树种,水分利用强度由大到小为:柠条>沙棘>山杏>小叶杨>山桃。     

甘肃半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区人工植被土壤水分研究

在2007-2008年期间,通过对定西市巉口林场不同人工林及当地的主要退耕还林模式和农田的土壤水分进行定点定期监测,研究分析了生长季节的土壤储水量、土壤水分亏缺量、变化量及土壤水分的垂直变化.研究结果显示:阳坡柠条林和阳坡侧柏林0-200 cm的土壤含水量曲线呈现出"<"形状,形成明显浅层土壤干层.隔坡林带土壤储水量无论是季节变化还是垂直变化,均高于其他人工植被类型,说明隔坡林带土壤水分利用的叠加效应明显.此研究将为该地区在植被恢复过程中,综合考虑生态系统水分利用效率,采用合理的群落密度,合理控制群落生产力,保持植物蒸腾耗水和土壤水分补偿之间的水分平衡,维持群落的持续稳产、高产,充分发挥其生态和经济效益提供了科学依据.     

黄土沟壑区砂石覆盖果园土壤剖面水分分布

以黄土高原沟壑区砂石覆盖苹果园为研究对象,对600 cm范围内土壤剖面水分含量的时间分异和空间分布状况进行了研究.结果表明:600 cm土层范围内,一周年内可划分为冬季增墒期和夏季失墒期两个阶段;土壤剖面水分空间分布随土壤深度的增加呈现波动性变化且稳定性不同,土壤含水量变化幅度随土层深度增加而变小,据此可将600 cm范围内的土壤剖面划分为速变层、相对稳定层、缓变层和稳定层;土壤水分在不同层次上的分布差异,8月土壤剖面不同层次含水量差异最大.11月次之,5月再次之.1月土壤不同层次含水量差异最小.综合看来,除土壤表层因砂石覆盖水分增加外,土壤剖面含水量随土壤深度的增加而减少且趋于稳定,水分下渗能力减弱;冬季土壤含水量多且分布均匀,夏季土壤水分减少且主要集中在上层,此时土壤不同层次水分含量差异大.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工植被土壤水分状况

采用烘干法及WP4水势仪对黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工林下土壤重量含水量及水势进行测定,从土壤水分数量和能量两方面分析该区土壤水分时空分布和动态变化特征,并且通过实测数据对不同树种土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,旨在为该区今后植被建设及生态用水提供理论参考。结果表明,各树种在0-300 cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而逐渐降低,并趋于稳定。0-30 cm土层土壤含水量变化剧烈,30 cm以下土层土壤含水量逐渐降低,并趋于稳定在3.00%~5.00%。土壤水分受降雨量及其分配影响显著,观测期内土壤储水量盈余26.7 mm。土壤水势与土壤含水量变化规律一致,土壤水分特征曲线拟合结果较好。在丰水年,降雨只对浅层土壤水分起到补给作用,深层土壤水分亏缺严重,存在土壤干层。在特殊降水年份对该区土壤水分进行研究具有重要意义。     

黄土高原小流域坝地水分时空分布特征

为有效认识黄土高原淤地坝坝地土壤水分时空分布特征,通过对王茂沟小流域2号坝坝地土壤水分长期监测,分析了坝地土壤水分的统计特征。结果表明:(1)坝地各层土壤水分均表现为中等变异,表层土壤含水量的极差较大,0~2.40m土层土壤平均含水量变化范围为9.92%~23.70%,随深度的增加,土壤平均含水量表现为先减小后增大的趋势;(2)坝地土壤水分具有明显的分层现象,多数监测点的土壤水分在时间上属于中等变异,表层土壤水分变化剧烈,随着深度的增加变异系数开始变小,水分变化程度减弱;根据变异系数的大小,坝地土壤水分可以划分为4个层次:水分剧变层(0~0.20m),水分活跃层(0.20~0.60m),水分次活跃层(0.60~1.40 m),水分相对稳定层(1.40 m以下);(3)坝前各层土壤含水量均明显高于坝中和坝后,在0~0.40 m坝地的含水量明显高于坡地,0.40~1.40 m坡地含水量高于坝地,1.40m以下坝地含水量高于坡地,且坝地各层土壤含水量随时间的变异系数均小于坡地。     

鄂东南花岗岩崩岗崩壁土壤水分特征研究

针对鄂东南地区崩岗崩壁不同层次的土壤水分特征进行研究,旨在区分各层次土壤水分与崩岗侵蚀的联系。结果表明,崩壁不同层次的土壤性质存在差异,同时土壤水分特征曲线有一定的变化规律,表土层和红土层持水能力强于斑纹层和碎屑层,土壤水分特征曲线用Gardner模型拟合有较好效果。利用TDR对崩壁水分含量进行测定发现,表土层的含水量从上到下呈现逐渐增大的趋势,红土层至碎屑层含水量逐渐变小。崩壁纵剖面由里到外逐渐减小,且表层土壤水平方向上的土壤含水量变化量要大于剖面底层。     

陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果园的土壤水分动态研究

掌握土壤水分特征是实现果园科学管理、有限雨水资源合理高效利用、保证果树高产优质的关键。以陕北米脂山地6年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,于2015年4月—2016年6月采用FDR、中子水分仪和烘干法相结合的土壤水分监测方法,分析了山地苹果园的土壤水分总体特征、单株不同位点的水分动态以及不同旱作措施(秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜垄沟集雨、有机肥覆盖)的土壤水分环境效应。结果表明:陕北山地果园时段干旱严重,最严重的为苹果树新梢生长和幼果发育期;春季土壤干旱程度取决于上年入冬前土壤储水量高低。果园0~60 cm土层(根系分布集中层)水分随降雨量而变化,表现为较一致的季节变化特征;土壤水分的变化滞后于降雨变化,且降雨对土壤水分的影响随土层加深而减弱,100 cm深土层受降雨影响减弱,土壤剖面200 cm以下土层土壤含水量保持相对稳定。6年生山地苹果园土壤已经出现干化现象,且在90~300 cm存在明显的低湿层,土壤体积含水量常年处在12%以下。苹果树单株尺度范围内,土壤含水量随距树干距离增加单调递增;土壤水分的平均值处在距树干105 cm处;沿行向距树干不同距离位点的土壤含水量显著高于沿株向距树干等距离位点的含水量(P0.05)。秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜垄沟集雨和有机肥覆盖措施相较于空白对照(不覆盖、不灌溉)均能有效改善土壤水分环境,缓解果树生育期内水分供需矛盾,其中起垄覆膜垄沟集雨措施的保墒效果最佳,建议陕北黄土丘陵区山地雨养苹果园采用起垄覆膜垄沟集雨的保墒措施。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。