碳纤维增强复合材料螺旋铣孔切削力及加工质量研究

针对传统钻孔方法加工复合材料时易导致分层、撕裂等缺陷的问题,采用螺旋铣作为新的制孔技术,根据飞机装配现场的实际加工条件,构建以机器人为移动载体、螺旋铣孔终端执行器为加工单元、螺旋铣孔专用刀具为切削工具的加工系统,采用该加工系统对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)螺旋铣孔关键工艺参数进行正交试验,并讨论了刀具主轴转速、每齿进给量和轴向切削深度等工艺参数对切削力的影响规律;通过对加工缺陷的监测,探讨了切削力与CFRP分层、撕裂等缺陷之间的关系;最后对工艺参数进行优化,经试验验证,优化后轴向切削力较优化前降低26%以上,孔入口及出口处均无撕裂、毛刺,加工质量最优。     

冷却空气流向对CFRP制孔刀具磨损及孔质量的影响

在加工碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）时多用冷却工艺来提升加工质量。其中,空气冷却工艺因其方便性被广泛用于实际加工中。然而,目前尚缺少空气冷却方向对刀具磨损和加工质量的研究。文章通过控制冷却空气的方向,开展了干式切削、正向喷气和逆向吸气冷却条件下钻削CFRP材料的研究。获得了上述冷却条件对双顶角刀具第二主切削刃末端磨损的影响规律,发现气体冷却都能有效抑制刀具磨损,且在对出口温度影响相近的条件下,逆向冷却比正向冷却能够更好地抑制磨损。进而分析了冷却条件对钻削出口损伤的抑制效果,发现冷却、冷却方式对孔出口撕裂深度的抑制作用都较小,但逆向吸气冷却能够有效减小出口的毛刺高度,是一种有效提高制孔质量的冷却工艺。      

碳纤维蜂窝复合材料加工表面质量影响研究

为研究碳纤维蜂窝复合材料切削过程中切削宽度和切削方向对表面质量的影响,本文开展了高速切削碳纤维蜂窝实验,分析了切削过程中切削力的变化特征,获得了切削宽度和切削方向对切削力的影响规律。同时,观测了碳蜂窝典型表面缺陷形貌,分析了不同切削宽度和切削方向下表面缺陷的分布规律。进一步以蜂窝壁损伤面积占比作为表面质量的评价方法,定量研究了切削宽度和切削方向对于碳蜂窝表面质量的影响。实验结果表明：在碳纤维蜂窝复合材料加工过程中,减小切削宽度和改变切削方向可有效降低加工损伤。切削力随着切削宽度的增大呈现出增大的趋势;毛刺、撕裂、孔壁破损以及孔壁开胶等损伤现象也随着切削宽度的增大而增加。此外,碳纤维蜂窝复合材料的表面质量还与切削方向有关,相较于沿双层孔壁方向切削,当切削宽度分别为5、10及15 mm时,沿垂直于双层孔壁方向切削的损伤分别减小了22.5%、13.4%和8.7%。     

纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔加工技术研究进展

纤维增强复合材料具有优良的物理、化学和力学性能,在航空航天、汽车、新能源等高新技术领域应用广泛。相比传统钻铣刀具,磨料工具在纤维增强复合材料制孔时,加工后的分层、毛刺、撕裂及热损伤等缺陷更小,且磨料工具可以稳定加工硬度更高的纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料。首先,综述了纤维增强复合材料在磨削制孔过程中的切屑形成、磨削轴向力、磨削温度等磨削加工机制;其次,探讨了近年来国内外在纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔技术中的制孔加工缺陷及其评价方法;然后,分析了纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔质量及其影响因素;此外,综述了纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔刀具及其磨损机制等方面的研究现状;最后,对纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔加工技术研究进行了总结和展望。      

多齿铣刀侧铣加工多层CFRP铣削力的建模与仿真

由于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的层间结合强度较低,进行切削加工时在切削力的作用下容易出现分层和毛刺等质量缺陷。因此,通过对切削力的预测与控制可以有效提高加工质量。采用瞬时刚性力模型对多齿铣刀侧铣多层CFRP材料的加工过程进行铣削力建模与仿真,分析了多齿铣刀特有的几何结构对切削力的影响。试验中保持切削速度恒定,以不同进给速度分别对45°、0°、-45°和90°这4种典型纤维方向的单向CFRP进行侧铣加工,通过测得的切削力数据计算各自的铣削力系数。根据力学矢量叠加原理得到了多向CFRP铣削力系数的简化计算表达式,最后将计算结果代入铣削力模型得到了各时刻的铣削力仿真值。在同样的试验条件下对该多向CFRP进行侧铣加工验证试验,试验结果表明: 该模型能较好地预测铣削力,最大相对误差小于9%,平均相对误差小于5%,可为铣削参数优化和刀具结构优化提供理论基础。     

原位TiCP/Fe复合材料的二次加工特性

对原位TiC_P/Fe复合材料二次加工(热处理、焊接、切削加工)特性进行研究,并对其工业化生产应用做了大量的基础工作。结果表明:通过加热处理的方法可以消除原位TiC_P/Fe复合材料在铸造过程中带来的一些组织缺陷,改变基体组织使性能提高;TiC颗粒不宜通过加热处理给予改变;原位TiC_P/Fe复合材料在焊接过程中,TiC增强颗粒没有发生变化;焊缝处没有裂纹;可焊性较好;TiC陶瓷颗粒使TiC_P/Fe复合材料的切削加工的切削力增大;切削温度增高;对加工表面粗糙度影响不大;TiC_P/Fe复合材料可加工性与45#钢相似。     

Kevlar纤维增强复合材料激光-铣削组合加工试验及可行性分析

Kevlar增强复合材料(Kevlar fiber-reinforced plastic,KFRP)在武器装甲防护领域受到了强烈的关注和广泛的应用。在机械加工中极易产生拉毛、难以排屑、刀具磨损严重等问题,在激光加工中依然存在诸多难点。为同时规避KFRP机械加工缺陷和激光加工的短板问题,本文提出KFRP激光-铣削组合加工,分析KFRP激光-铣削组合加工工艺的可行性。试验表明,KFRP激光加工中存在明显的纤维炭化区、树脂熔融区,其中,在树脂熔融区,纤维基本未受损。激光加工的最大切缝宽度在0.5 mm以下,深度不超过2 mm,激光加工工艺参数对切缝宽度a的影响相对较小,但对切缝深度h、纤维炭化区宽度A、树脂熔融区宽度A_m影响显著。激光-铣削组合加工中,切屑呈大块状和絮状,当纤维烧蚀不完全时,容易出现抽丝现象。KFRP激光-铣削组合加工,不仅能有效的避免纤维拉毛现象,还能大幅度降低切削力和切削温度,从而提高加工质量,降低加工难度。      

基于划痕试验的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料制孔毛刺与撕裂缺陷形成机制

碳纤维/环氧树脂（C/EP）复合材料制孔毛刺和撕裂缺陷,对构件的装配精度影响较大。为了揭示C/EP复合材料制孔毛刺和撕裂缺陷的形成机制,采用微米划痕试验研究沿不同纤维方向切削加工时材料的破坏去除过程,并用FEI公司Quanta 200 环境扫描电镜对划切后的沟槽及切屑的形貌进行观察分析。结果表明：当划切方向与纤维方向垂直时,划切力最大,较易产生撕裂缺陷;当划切方向与纤维方向呈30°、45°和60°时,划痕左侧纤维受到压头挤压向左退让并弯曲,产生锯齿形断裂,否则形成毛刺;划痕右侧纤维为避让压头发生较大的弯曲变形,纤维断裂均匀,不容易形成毛刺。理论分析和划痕试验结果表明：制孔加工时,纤维方向与刀具旋转方向成钝角的区域容易产生毛刺缺陷,与刀具旋转方向成锐角的区域边缘光滑,与刀具旋转方向垂直的区域容易形成撕裂缺陷;出口缺陷与试验结果一致。     

难加工材料高速切削力非线性特征规律的最大熵谱分析与小波分析

在切削速度范围157～1 000 m/min内，综合应用析因试验与速度单因素试验，对航空用难加工材料2Cr13马氏体不锈钢进行了高速干式铣削试验。在分析其切削力显著性影响因素的基础上，对切削力随机信号进行了现代谱分析与小波分析。研究结果表明，高速切削马氏体不锈钢材料时，切削速度和每齿进给量之间的交互作用对切削力有显著影响；铣削深度和每齿进给量之间的交互作用在切削力响应信号中表现为低频周期信号；低频周期信号与高频信号叠加后，其波形的振幅将会增大。     

基于径向基函数神经网络的CFRP切削力预测

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)加工中基体相极易因切削力过大而破坏,并迅速扩展至加工表面以下而形成损伤。为了准确预测其切削力并加以控制,基于实验切削力数据建立了人工神经网络切削力模型,预测了不同纤维角度、切削深度和刀具角度下加工CFRP的切削力变化规律,并完成了不同刀具角度及切削参数下典型纤维角度CFRP单向板的直角切削实验,对预测模型进行验证,其预测精度可达85%以上。结合成屑过程在线显微观测结果可知:纤维角度是影响CFRP切削力的主要因素, 0°~135°范围内,切屑形成方式为切断型和开裂后弯断型;切削力随纤维角度增大呈先减小后增大的趋势, 135°时最大,随切削深度增加,切削力总体呈增大趋势。      

基于超细晶硬质合金钻头的AFRP钻削性能

采用超细晶硬质合金钻头开展了芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料(Aramid Fiber Reinforce Polymer Composites,AFRP)的钻削实验,从钻削力、钻削温度、制孔质量、刀具磨损等方面对比分析了超细晶硬质合金钻头与普通硬质合金钻头的钻削性能。实验结果表明:芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料钻削过程中,钻削力随进给速度的增大而增大,随主轴转速的增大而减小,超细晶硬质合金钻头的钻削力比普通硬质合金钻头降低了40.6%以上;钻削温度随进给速度的增大而减小,随主轴转速的增大而增大,相对普通硬质合金钻头,采用超细晶硬质合金钻头的钻削温度降低了47~85℃;超细晶硬质合金钻头钻削产生的拉毛和热损伤明显少于普通硬质合金钻头;经过长时间的钻削,普通硬质合金钻头的橫刃和主切削刃出现了崩刃,后刀面出现了严重的磨料磨损;而超细晶硬质合金钻头由于高硬度和高耐磨性等特性,刀具的磨损相对较小,适合于芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料的高效低损伤加工。     

Development of a novel cooling system-assisted minimum quantity lubrication method for improvement of milling performance

This paper presents a novel lubrication method for milling processes that employs cooling system-assisted minimum quantity lubrication (CSMQL) using a thermoelectric cooling system. The CSMQL method improves the cooling effect in the cutting area and enhances processing quality, in addition to reducing energy consumption. Four different coolant strategies including CSMQL, dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and wet methods were compared in processing mill die steel (SKD11), which is widely used in industry. Different aspects of the milling performance (e.g. surface roughness, morphology, milling temperature, and milling forces) were investigated using these coolant strategies. The experimental results show that not only is the surface roughness of steel milled using CSMQL better than that of steel milled using dry and MQL methods, but CSMQL also produces fewer tool marks on the workpiece surface. In addition, it was found from observations of chip color that using the CSMQL method reduced the cutting temperature by 27% and the cutting force by 22%, compared with dry machining. In summary, the use of CSMQL can not only improve the surface roughness and reduce the cutting force and cutting temperature, but also promote processing quality. This study will help researchers develop more efficient cooling strategies in the future.     

Tool wear in cryogenic turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Though titanium alloys are being increasingly sought in a wide variety of engineering and biomedical applications, their manufacturability, especially machining and grinding imposes lot of constraints. Rapid tool wear encountered in machining of titanium alloys is a challenge that needs to be overcome. Cryogenic machining with liquid nitrogen as coolant is being investigated by researchers to reduce the cutting zone temperatures and enhance the tool life. The effects of cryogenic cooling have been studied on growth and nature tool wear in the present investigation while turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy bars with microcrystalline uncoated carbide inserts under dry, wet and cryogenic cooling environments in the cutting velocity range of 70-100 m/min. Cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jets enabled substantial improvement in tool life through reduction in adhesion-dissolution-diffusion tool wear through control of machining temperature desirably at the cutting zone.     

Cryogenic turning of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy with modified cutting tool inserts

Productivity in the machining of titanium alloys is adversely affected by rapid tool wear as a consequence of high cutting zone temperature. Conventional cutting fluids are ineffective in controlling the cutting temperature in the cutting zone. In this research work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of liquid nitrogen when it is applied to the rake surface, and the main and auxiliary flank surfaces through holes made in the cutting tool insert during the turning of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The cryogenic results of the cutting temperature, cutting forces, surface roughness and tool wear of the modified cutting tool insert have been compared with those of wet machining. It has been observed that in the cryogenic cooling method, the cutting temperature was reduced by 61–66% and the surface roughness was reduced to a maximum of 36% over wet machining. The cutting force was decreased by 35–42% and the flank wear was reduced by 27–39% in cryogenic cooling over that of wet machining. Cryogenic cooling enabled a substantial reduction in the geometry of tool wear through the control of the tool wear mechanisms. The application of liquid nitrogen to the heat generation zones through holes made in the cutting tool insert was considered to be more effective over conventional machining.     

Thrust force model for ultrasonic-assisted micro drilling of DD6 superalloy

As a typical refractory material, the DD6 nickel-based single-crystal superalloy has important applications in the aviation industry. Ultrasonic-assisted drilling is an advanced machining method that significantly improves machining of refractory materials. The drilling thrust force influences the hole surface quality, burr height, and bit wear. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the thrust force during ultrasonic-assisted drilling. However, there are few reports on the modeling of the thrust force in the ultrasonic-assisted drilling of micro-holes. A thrust force prediction model for ultrasonic-assisted micro-drilling is proposed in this study. Based on the basic cutting principle, the dynamic cutting speed, dynamic cutting thickness, and acoustic softening effect caused by ultrasonic vibrations are factored into this model. Through model calibration, the specific friction force and specific normal force coefficients were determined. The model was verified through ultrasonic-assisted drilling experiments conducted at different feed rates, spindle speeds, frequencies, and amplitudes. The maximum and minimum errors of the average thrust force were 10.5% and 2.3%, respectively. This model accurately predicts the thrust force based on the parameters used for ultrasonic-assisted micro-hole drilling and can assist in the analysis and modeling of DD6 superalloy processing.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-021-00381-y     

Experimental studies on the cryogenic machining of biodegradable ZK60 Mg alloy using micro-textured tools

Reducing the contact area between the cutting tool rake surface and chip promotes the machining performance of the work material and increases the tool life. Magnesium alloys are ductile-lightweight materials that form continuous chips during machining. The present investigation discusses the orthogonal turning of ZK60 magnesium alloy with linearly textured cutting inserts under both dry and liquid nitrogen (LN₂) cooling conditions. Linear grooves that are parallel and perpendicular to chip flow direction were created using Nd-YAG laser on the tungsten carbide cutting inserts. The effect of texturing combined with the application of LN₂ cooling is studied by evaluating the machining temperature and forces, microhardness, surface roughness and tool wear. Textured tools considerably minimize the liaison area of the chip with the rake plane compared to non-textured tools, which resulted in favorable effects in machinability. In case of cryogenic machining, textured tools substantially minimize the friction by the coupled effect of micro-pool lubrication and the formation of thin-film lubrication between the tool–chip/tool–work interfaces. Parallel-textured tools aided with cryogenic cooling exhibit superior performance during machining among the different types of tools employed in the present investigation.     

Research on ultrasonic-assisted drilling in micro-hole machining of the DD6 superalloy

The DD6 nickel-based superalloy exhibits remarkably high temperature properties; therefore, it is employed as a crucial structural material in the aviation industry. Nevertheless, this material is difficult to process. Ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) combines the characteristics of vibration processing technology and conventional drilling technology, significantly improving the machinability of difficult-to-machine materials. Thus, UAD experiments were performed on micro-hole machining of DD6 superalloy in this study. The effects of amplitude, frequency, spindle speed, and feed rate on thrust force, machining quality, and drill bit wear were studied; thereafter, a comparison was drawn between these effects and those of conventional drilling (CD). The experimental results reveal that the thrust force decreases with an increase in spindle speed or a decrease in feed rate for both UAD and CD. UAD can significantly reduce the thrust force. With the same processing parameters, the greater the amplitude, the greater the reduction of the thrust force. The surface roughness of the hole wall produced by UAD is lower than that of CD. Compared with CD, UAD reduces the burr height, improves machining accuracy, and reduces drill bit wear.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-020-00301-6     

Environment Friendly Machining of Ni–Cr–Co Based Super Alloy using Different Sustainable Techniques

In order to eradicate the use of mineral based cutting fluid, the machining of Ni–Cr–Co based Nimonic 90 alloy was conducted using environment friendly sustainable techniques. In this work, uncoated tungsten carbide inserts were employed for the machining under dry (untreated and cryogenically treated), MQL, and cryogenic cutting modes. The influence of all these techniques was examined by considering tool wear, surface finish, chip contact length, chip thickness, and chip morphology. It was found that the cryogenically treated tools outperformed the untreated tools at 40 m/min. At cutting speed of 80 m/min, MQL and direct cooling with liquid nitrogen brought down the flank wear by 50% in comparison to dry machining. Similarly at higher cutting speed, MQL and cryogenic cooling techniques provided the significant improvement in terms of nose wear, crater wear area, and chip thickness value. However, both dry and MQL modes outperformed the cryogenic cooling machining in terms of surface roughness value at all the cutting speeds. Overall cryotreated tools was able to provide satisfactory results at lower speed (40 m/min). Whereas both MQL and cryogenic cooling methods provided the significantly improved results at higher cutting speeds (60 and 80 m/min) over dry machining.     

Experimental investigations on cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen in the end milling of hardened steel

Milling of hardened steel generates excessive heat during the chip formation process, which increases the temperature of cutting tool and accelerates tool wear. Application of conventional cutting fluid in milling process may not effectively control the heat generation also it has inherent health and environmental problems. To minimize health hazard and environmental problems caused by using conventional cutting fluid, a cryogenic cooling set up is developed to cool tool–chip interface using liquid nitrogen (LN₂). This paper presents results on the effect of LN₂ as a coolant on machinability of hardened AISI H13 tool steel for varying cutting speed in the range of 75–125 m/min during end milling with PVD TiAlN coated carbide inserts at a constant feed rate. The results show that machining with LN₂ lowers cutting temperature, tool flank wear, surface roughness and cutting forces as compared with dry and wet machining. With LN₂ cooling, it has been found that the cutting temperature was reduced by 57–60% and 37–42%; the tool flank wear was reduced by 29–34% and 10–12%; the surface roughness was decreased by 33–40% and 25–29% compared to dry and wet machining. The cutting forces also decreased moderately compared to dry and wet machining. This can be attributed to the fact that LN₂ machining provides better cooling and lubrication through substantial reduction in the cutting zone temperature.