纺丝法制备多级SnO2纳米纤维及其气敏特性研究

为了提高SnO2的气敏性能,以PVP为有机溶剂,采用静电纺丝法制备了多级结构的SnO2纳米纤维,利用XRD,SEM和TEM等技术对材料的结构、形貌进行了表征,并制备了SnO2旁热式气敏元件.采用静态气体测试系统对SnO2元件进行了气敏测试.在工作温度300℃时,对0.5~50 ppm甲醛进行了气敏测试.测试结果表明:SnO2气敏元件对甲醛气体具有优异的响应灵敏度,快速的响应及响应恢复特性、较好的选择性.采用静电纺丝制备的多级结构SnO2纳米纤维对甲醛表现出良好的气敏特性.     

LaFeO_3纳米纤维的制备及其气敏特性研究

采用静电纺丝方法制备了LaFeO3纳米纤维,利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对其进行表征。所合成的LaFeO3纳米纤维材料作为敏感材料制作烧结型旁热式气敏元件,测试其气敏特性。结果表明,基于LaFeO3纳米纤维的气体传感器对于乙醇气体的最佳工作温度为200℃,对于浓度为500×10-6的乙醇气体,灵敏度为46,LaFeO3纳米纤维材料对乙醇具有快速的响应恢复速度。     

聚吡咯复合纳米纤维气敏材料的响应特性

采用静电纺丝法和气相聚合法制备了聚吡咯和聚偏氟乙烯复合纳米纤维气敏材料及气体传感器;研究对比了复合纳米纤维气敏材料与复合薄膜气敏材料对于400×10-6～3600×10-6氨气的室温响应特性。     

SnO2/NiO复合半导体纳米纤维的制备及气敏性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术结合化学沉淀法和高温煅烧处理, 制备了具有不同Sn含量的SnO₂/NiO复合半导体纳米纤维。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM), X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)对样品的形貌, 结构以及各元素含量进行表征。以乙醇为目标气体, 探究SnO₂/NiO纳米纤维的气体传感性质, 以及Sn含量对复合纳米纤维气敏性能的影响。研究结果表明, SnO₂/NiO复合纳米纤维具有三维网状结构, SnO₂复合对NiO纳米纤维的气敏性能具有明显的增强作用。随着SnO₂含量的增加, 复合纤维对乙醇气体的响应灵敏度增强, 其中响应最高的复合纳米纤维在最佳工作温度160 ℃条件下对体积分数为100×10^-6乙醇气体的响应灵敏度为13.4, 是NiO纳米纤维最大响应灵敏度的8.38倍。与市面常见的乙醇气体传感器MQ-3相比, SnO₂/NiO复合纳米纤维的最佳工作温度更低, 响应灵敏度更高, 具有一定的实际应用价值。     

静电纺丝法制备氧化物纳米纤维及其气敏特性

静电纺丝技术由于简单的装置和制备过程,以及所使用材料的多样和应用领域的广泛,被认为是制备纳米纤维材料最具发展潜力的方法.简述了静电纺丝技术和影响纺丝质量的相关因素;介绍了静电纺丝制备半导体氧化物纳米纤维的方法及纳米纤维在气体传感器领域的应用;比较了几种纳米纤维和纳米线纳米棒等气敏元件的敏感特性;最后分析了纳米纤维具有优...     

纳米ZnO气敏传感器研究进展

半导体金属氧化物气敏传感器被广泛应用于有毒性气体、可燃性气体等的检测.ZnO是一种重要的半导体气敏材料,特别是纳米ZnO,由于其粒子尺寸小,比表面积大,成为被广泛研究的气敏响应材料之一.简要介绍了纳米ZnO气敏传感器的气敏机理、主要特性,综述了通过新型纳米形貌、结构制备以及元素掺杂改性提升纳米ZnO气敏性能等方面的研究进展,并进一步指出了纳米ZnO气敏传感器研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向.     

La0.8Pb0.2Fe0.8Ni0.2O3纳米粉体的制备及其CO气敏性能研究

采用柠檬酸法制备了多晶La0.8Pb0.2Fe0.8Ni0.2O3,并对其结构、电导特性和CO气敏特性进行了研究.结果表明,该材料属正交晶系钙钛矿结构,显示了p型半导体导电特性,并且在工作温度120～340℃范围内对CO气体均具有较高灵敏度,显示出对CO气体的良好气敏性能.     

WO_(3)敏感电极的制备及其性能研究北大核心CSCD

迈向微型化、集成化及具有高选择性和灵敏度的固体电解质气体传感器已成为未来的发展趋势。文章采用磁控溅射法成功制备了WO_(3)气体传感器敏感电极材料,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段研究了WO_(3)的结构、成分和形貌并测试了该气体传感器对NO_(2)的气敏性能。XRD结果表明,当退火温度大于400℃时,WO_(3)出现(200)衍射峰,且该衍射峰随退火温度增加而显著增强,表明WO_(3)结晶质量增加。SEM测试结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,薄膜的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。当退火温度达到500℃时,采用谢乐公式计算其晶粒尺寸达到23 nm。EDS结果表明,退火温度对薄膜的成分也有较大影响,O:W原子比例呈现增大趋势,由2.7增加到3.2,这与XPS结果相符合。通过高温气敏性能测试表明,所制得的WO_(3)敏感电极对NO_(2)表现出了明显的气体响应。本研究为制备微型化、高选择性和灵敏性的固体电解质气体传感器提供了一定的研究基础。     

SnO_2复合薄膜甲烷气敏传感器研究进展

甲烷是具有稳定四面体分子结构的碳氢化合物,其键能大、分解困难且活性低,是煤矿安全生产的主要障碍及一种温室气体。SnO2半导体薄膜制备工艺简单、成本低廉、性能稳定,是甲烷传感器研发的主流气敏材料。科技人员进行了很多相关研究以提高传感器的性能,如新气敏材料的研究、催化剂/添加剂的使用、气敏机理的探索、传感器结构改进及气敏膜的表面修饰改性等。本文从气敏膜制备与改性、传感器结构设计及气敏机理研究三个方面,综述了近年来SnO2复合薄膜甲烷传感器的研究进展,结果表明:①应开发复合型金属氧化物半导体及高分子气敏材料,以提高灵敏度、选择性与稳定性;②研发微型智能传感器是未来发展的主要方向,而自组装技术应可用于制备金属氧化物半导体薄膜气体传感器微纳阵列;③气敏机理应与实验测试、材料设计及器件制备进行对照研究。     

α-MoO3纳米棒的制备及其NOx气敏研究

利用水热法制备了正交相三氧化钼(α-MoO_3)纳米棒,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等研究分析了其微观形貌及结构,并测试了α-MoO_3纳米棒气敏元件对体积分数不同的氮氧化物(NO_x)的气敏性能。结果表明:α-MoO_3纳米棒气敏元件对NO_x气体显示出良好的气敏性能。在200℃的工作温度下,该气敏元件对体积分数20×10~(-6)的NO_2气体的响应值可达23,同时气敏元件具有良好的气体选择性。     

Synthesis and characterization of NiO nanoparticles by sol–gel method

Nickel oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized in the presence of agarose polysaccharide by sol–gel method. The structure, morphology, optical and magnetic properties of the product was examined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectrophotometer and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The result of thermogravimetric analysis of the precursor product showed that the proper calcination temperature was 400 °C. X-ray diffraction result revealed that the obtained product was nickel oxide with face-centered cubic structure. TEM image demonstrated that the nickel oxide nanoparticles have spherical shape with size around 3 nm. Analysis of FTIR spectra confirmed the composition of product. The optical absorption band gap of the NiO nanoparticles was estimated to be 3.51 eV. Magnetic measurement showed that the nickel oxide nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at 300 K. Moreover, the nanoparticles show ferromagnetic interactions at 4.2 K owing to the existence of uncompensated moments on the surface of the nanoparticles.     

Grafted NiO on natural olivine for dry reforming of methane

Natural olivine is used for gasification of biomass in a fluidised bed. Characterisations by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopies (SEM and TEM) have proved the presence of a (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ structure (Mg/Fe ratio: 9/1) with a rather broad distribution in elemental composition. Temperature programmed reduction has revealed equally the presence of iron oxides outside of this structure. The nature of free iron oxides can be both modified by increasing the temperature of calcination and confirmed by measurements of magnetism.The introduction of nickel oxide upon natural olivine is obtained by impregnation with a nitrate salt. The type of interaction of nickel oxide with olivine is different depending upon the preparation method and the calcination temperature. For calcination at 1100 °C, the effects of the amount of NiO and the number of impregnation have been studied. At a high temperature of calcination (1400 °C), NiO is integrated into the olivine structure and the amount of free iron increases. Integrated NiO on olivine is non-reducible, resulting in an inactive catalyst. At lower calcination temperatures grafted NiO is formed, a species which is reduced under catalytic test conditions without aggregation of particles. A single impregnation of nickel (5.5 wt% of NiO) gives a stable catalyst activated directly under reaction conditions (CH₄+CO₂) yielding 96% CO and 76% H₂. Catalysts with lower amounts of NiO or a double impregnation of nickel salt lead to a less stable system.Analysis reveals that no change in olivine structure nor size of nickel deposit occurs under test conditions. Equally there are no carbon deposits formed on these catalysts. A model of the evolution of each catalytic system arising from the different preparation methods is proposed. The observed deactivation of such catalysts is attributed to the increase in the amount of free iron, which favours the oxidative properties of the catalytic system.     

Effect of Au and NiO catalysts on the NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sensing properties of nanocrystalline SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Nanocrystalline tin dioxide has been synthesized, and its surface has been modified with Au and NiO. Their distributions in the nanocrystalline tin dioxide have been examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The NO₂ sensing properties of the materials have been studied in the range 100–1000 ppb. Both gold and nickel enhance the NO₂ response of SnO₂. Codoping with Au and NiO markedly enhances its sensing response and, in addition, lowers the peak response temperature. The observed effect of NO₂ concentration in dry air on the sensing response of the SnO₂〈Au, NiO〉 nanocomposite can be understood in terms of the sequence of processes that take place on the SnO₂ surface upon nitrogen dioxide adsorption in the presence of chemisorbed oxygen.     

Improved formaldehyde gas sensing properties of well-controlled Au nanoparticle-decorated In_2O_3 nanofibers integrated on low power MEMS platform

Approaches for the fabrication of a low power-operable formaldehyde(HCHO) gas sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity were performed by the utilization of an effective micro-structured platform with a micro-heater to reach high temperature with low heating power as well as by the integration of indium oxide(In_2O_3) nanofibers decorated with well-dispersed Au nanoparticles as a sensing material.Homogeneous In_2O_3 nanofibers with the large specific surface area were prepared by the electrospinning following by calcination process. Au nanoparticles with the well-controlled size as a catalyst were synthesized on the surface of In_2O_3 nanofibers. The Au-decorated In_2O_3 nanofibers were reliably integrated as sensing materials on the bridge-type micro-platform including micro-heaters and micro-electrodes.The micro-platform designed to maintain high temperature with low power consumption was fabricated by a microelectromechanical system(MEMS) technique. The micro-platform gas sensor consisting with Au-In_2O_3 nanofibers were fabricated effectively to detect HCHO gases with high sensitivity and selectivity. The HCHO gas sensing behaviors were schematically studied as a function of the gas concentration,the size of the adsorbed Au nanoparticles, the applied power to raise the temperature of a sensing part and the kind of target gases.     

ZIF-67修饰WO3纳米片的制备及其气敏性能

金属氧化物半导体气敏传感器在有毒有害气体检测领域逐渐表现出巨大的应用前景,但是金属氧化物半导体传感器通常在检测时受环境湿度影响较大,这极大地限制了其应用。本文采用水热法成功在陶瓷管表面原位生长WO₃纳米片,并以此为基底,在其表面生长ZIF-67多孔材料,通过调控W和Co的比例制备了不同比例的ZIF-67/WO₃复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、FTIR和比表面积测试仪(BET)等方法对所制备的材料进行物相和形貌表征。针对其不同比例的复合材料的气敏性能进行了研究。结果表明:W∶Co摩尔比为 1∶1的ZIF-67/WO₃(1∶1)复合材料性能最好,在220℃对三乙胺表现出优异的选择性,对体积分数为100×10?6的三乙胺的响应值可达140.34,响应和恢复时间分别为9 s和7 s。研究了空气相对湿度(RH)对ZIF-67/WO₃(1∶1)传感器的影响,结果表明,在高达75%RH环境下该材料仍能保持较好的响应值,相对于纯WO₃气敏材料具有较好的抗湿性能。      

Grafted NiO on natural olivine for dry reforming of methane

Natural olivine is used for gasification of biomass in a fluidised bed. Characterisations by X-raydiffraction and electron microscopies (SEM and TEM) have proved the presence of a (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ structure (Mg/Fe ratio: 9/1) with a rather broad distribution in elemental composition. Temperature programmed reduction has revealed equally the presence of iron oxides outside of this structure. The nature of free iron oxides can be both modified by increasing the temperature of calcination and confirmed by measurements of magnetism.

The introduction of nickel oxide upon natural olivine is obtained by impregnation with a nitrate salt. The type of interaction of nickel oxide with olivine is different depending upon the preparationmethod and the calcination temperature. For calcination at 1100 ºC, the effects of the amount ofNiO and the number of impregnation have been studied. At a high temperature of calcination (1400 ºC), NiO is integrated into the olivine structure and the amount of free iron increases. Integrated NiO on olivine is non-reducible, resulting in an inactive catalyst. At lower calcination temperatures grafted NiO is formed, a species which is reduced under catalytic test conditions without aggregation of particles. A single impregnation of nickel (5.5 wt% of NiO) gives a stable catalyst activated directly under reaction conditions (CH₄ + CO₂) yielding 96% CO and 76% H₂. Catalysts with lower amounts of NiO or a double impregnation of nickel salt lead to a less stable system.

Analysis reveals that no change in olivine structure nor size of nickel deposit occurs under test conditions. Equally there are no carbon deposits formed on these catalysts. A model of the evolution of each catalytic system arising from the different preparation methods is proposed. The observed deactivation of such catalysts is attributed to the increase in the amount of free iron, which favours the oxidative properties of the catalytic system.     

Fabrication of ZIF-8 encapsulated ZnO microrods with enhanced sensing properties for H<Subscript>2</Subscript> detection

As one of the most typical fault characteristic gases in transformer oil, the content of H₂ is an important criterion for judging the operation state of power transformers; while online monitoring of such species through gas sensing technology could effectively detect latent faults and avoid accidents. Zinc oxide is a popular sensing material in recent years with limited sensitivity, selectivity and stability for gas detection, while zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), one kind of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) materials, possesses adjustable porosity, huge specific surface areas and good thermal stability, so it could perfectly remedy those defects. This paper studied gas-sensing properties of ZnO rods encapsulated by ZIF-8 (ZnO@ZIF-8) for H₂. The morphologies, structures, and composition were characterized in detail by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy disperse spectroscopy. H₂ gas sensing properties of pure ZnO and ZnO@ZIF-8 composites were implemented based on gas sensing platform. Results suggested that the ZnO@ZIF-8 showed better sensitivity, selectivity and stability than pure ZnO rods, and meanwhile possessed lower optimum operating temperature upon H₂ detection. Meanwhile the gas-sensing mechanism was analyzed comprehensively from three aspects of sensitivity, selectivity and stability. Our aim of this work is to propose a novel core–shell material with enhanced performance for H₂ sensing and provide a new idea for developing high-performance materials to detect fault characteristic gases.     

Ethanol gas sensing properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-doped ZnO thick film resistors

The characterization and ethanol gas sensing properties of pure and doped ZnO thick films were investigated. Thick films of pure zinc oxide were prepared by the screen printing technique. Pure zinc oxide was almost insensitive to ethanol. Thick films of Al₂O₃ (1 wt%) doped ZnO were observed to be highly sensitive to ethanol vapours at 300°C. Aluminium oxide grains dispersed around ZnO grains would result into the barrier height among the grains. Upon exposure of ethanol vapours, the barrier height would decrease greatly leading to drastic increase in conductance. It is reported that the surface misfits, calcination temperature and operating temperature can affect the microstructure and gas sensing performance of the sensor. The efforts are, therefore, made to create surface misfits by doping Al₂O₃ into zinc oxide and to study the sensing performance. The quick response and fast recovery are the main features of this sensor. The effects of microstructure and additive concentration on the gas response, selectivity, response time and recovery time of the sensor in the presence of ethanol vapours were studied and discussed.