芸香的生药学鉴别表征

芸香是国内外均使用的植物药，其药用价值近年颇受人们重视。本文系统地研究了芸香的生药性状，显微鉴别，理化鉴别特征，为鉴别真伪，制定药材质量标准提供依据。     

中药白鲜皮及其混淆品的形态组织学研究

为了明确生药白鲜皮的鉴别特征，以保证用药的安全和有效，用宏观与微观的方法对中药正品芸香料白鲜皮及其混淆品－－萝摩科鹅绒藤和豆科锦鸡儿的根皮进行了比较研究，结果表明这三种根皮在宏观上可根据外开、颜色和质地，在微观特征上可根据木栓细胞的形状、厚壁组织的类型及分布、分泌组织的有无及草酸钙结晶的类型来鉴别。     

基于性状客观化的五种芸香科中药鉴别研究

目的:依据客观化信息融合的方法,对五种芸香科中药性状"颜色"、"气"、"味"进行客观数值化并实现鉴别。方法:采用色彩色差计、电子鼻与电子舌技术,对五种芸香科中药性状"颜色"、"气"、"味"分别进行客观数值化,利用主成分分析(PCA)对其进行分析处理;将获取的原始数据信息进行综合,并加以归一化处理,依据PCA模型和聚类分析对其进行鉴别。结果:各样品在依据"颜色"、"气"、"味"及其综合数据建立的PCA模型中区分效果较好;利用聚类分析对综合数据进行分析,所得分类结果与PCA模型分析结果一致。结论:通过色彩色差计、电子鼻及电子舌技术能对五种芸香科中药性状"颜色"、"气"、"味"进行客观数值化,结合PCA模型和聚类分析模型可实现其鉴别区分。将多种客观化的性状信息数据进行融合、分析可用于中药的鉴别。     

北京地区海桐皮的使用现状及不同品种的鉴别要点

目前商品海桐皮品种很多,据统计全国主要有豆科植物刺桐、乔木刺桐;五加科植物刺楸;芸香科植物樗叶花椒和朵椒;木棉科植物木棉等4个科6种植物的树皮作为海桐皮使用.它们为不同科属植物,所含化学成分不同,功效也不同.如:刺楸性平、有小毒;朵椒性平,有去风湿、通络的功能.应注意鉴别使用.海桐皮未被2000年版<中国药典>收载,各地根据应用习惯,在<地方标准>中收载了不同品种的海桐皮.2000年版<北京市中药饮片标准>收载的海桐皮为芸香科植物樗叶花椒Zanthoxylumailanthoidessieb.etZucc和朵椒ZanthoxylummolleRehd的干燥树皮.故以上两种海桐皮为北京地区法定的使用品种.为了了解北京地区海桐皮的使用情况,作者分别收集了东城、西城、海淀、崇文、宣武、朝阳等不同城区的10所药房、药店使用和出售的海桐皮进行鉴定(包括性状鉴别、显微鉴别)、分类,确认8种为五加科植物刺楸Kalopanaxseptemlobus(Thb.)Koidz,2种为芸香科植物朵椒ZanthoxylummolleRehd的干燥树皮.现将两种海桐皮的鉴定结果及鉴别要点归纳如下(见表1),以供同行,特别是药房、药店使用时加以鉴别,正确使用.     

佛手与佛手瓜的比较鉴别

芸香科植物佛手具有舒肝理气,和胃止痛的功能,它的常见伪品为葫芦科植物佛手瓜,我们对佛手与佛手瓜的性状,显微,理化作了比较鉴别,希望对同行的工作有所帮助。     

毛果芸香碱临床应用的新进展

毛果芸香碱临床应用的新进展陈冠容（武汉市第四医院武汉４３００３３）毛果芸香碱（Ｐｉｌｏｃａｒｐｉｎｅ）属于拟胆碱药，主要作用于毒蕈碱Ｍ型受体，产生Ｍ样作用。１全身性作用毛果芸香碱具有刺激外分泌腺分泌的作用，从而引起出汗、流泪和唾液的分泌以及胃液和胰液...     

高压液相层析测定毛果芸香碱及其降解产物

毛果芸香碱是治疗青光眼等病的天然生物碱。但在大然毛果芸香碱和市售毛果芸香碱制剂中均存在无治疗作用的立体异构物——异毛果芸香碱。在市售制剂中有人发现降解产物毛果芸香酸和异毛果芸香酸。本文报道用一改良反相高压液相层析法测定毛果芸香碱、异毛果芸香碱及其降解产物。样品为市售的(USP)盐酸毛果芸香碱和盐酸异毛果芸香碱,以及由上述制剂用0.1N氢氢化钠水解而制得的毛果芸香酸和     

药物中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐鉴别方法的改进

药物中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐的鉴别,药典法[1]不明显。本文根据高锰酸钾和亚硝酸盐的反应原理,对其进行改进。现介绍如下:1　实验材料所用试剂均为分析纯。对照液:分别取硝酸钠、亚硝酸钠05ｇ,各加水使溶解成100ｍＬ,分别配成硝酸钠对照液及亚硝酸钠对照液。硝酸毛果芸香碱供试液:取硝酸毛果芸香碱(市售)05ｇ,加水使溶解成100ｍＬ。硝酸毛果芸香碱滴眼液(武汉武警制药厂,981109)。苯扎溴铵消毒液[2](医院制剂,990707)。稀戊二醛溶液(市售品)。本品不含亚硝酸钠,但用于器械消毒时加05%亚硝酸钠溶液。2　方法与结果取对照液和供试液各1ｍＬ,分别置…     

旋光法测定硝酸毛果芸香碱含量

旋光法测定硝酸毛果芸香碱含量０６３０００唐山市人民医院许仁甫滦县人民医院张源测定硝酸毛果芸香碱的含量中国药典采用非水滴定法，操作时受温度影响较大。根据硝酸毛果芸香碱具有旋光性的特点，改用旋光法测定其含量，结果满意。１仪器和方法ＷＺＺ－１自动指示旋光仪...     

0.1%硝酸毛果芸香碱注射液的制备及临床应用

０．１％硝酸毛果芸香碱注射液的制备及临床应用王宝树（江西省吉安地区人民医院吉安３４３０００）我院配制的硝酸毛果芸香碱注射液，对白内障手术，起到较好的效果。现报告如下：１处方硝酸毛果芸香碱１．０ｇ，氯化钠８．８６ｇ，注射用水加至１０００ｍｌ。２制法取硝...     

莳萝化学成分和药理作用研究进展

莳萝Anethum graveolens为伞形科莳萝属单种植物,其干燥果实为传统中药.莳萝主要含有挥发油、黄酮、香豆素及葡萄糖苷等成分,具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗胃溃疡、降胆固醇、降血糖等作用.莳萝及其精油能缓解疼痛、刺激食欲、促进消化、减轻气胀及预防动脉硬化等.对莳萝的化学成分和药理作用进行综述,以期为莳萝深入研究和开发利...     

新疆曼陀罗子对大鼠组织匀浆单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

目的观察新疆曼陀罗子（生品、提取物）及其代表制剂镇痛艾比西帕丸对大鼠抗氧化指标的影响。方法选用SD大鼠,随机分为空白对照组（0．5％羟甲基纤维素钠）、曼陀罗子提取物组（每蚝含生药1．55,3．10,6．20g）、曼陀罗子生品组（每kg含生药3．1g）、曼陀罗子代表制剂镇痛艾比西帕丸组（成品组,每kg含生药2g）,每100g体重1mL连续灌胃大鼠90d,分别观察在给药90d和停药15d后大鼠肝、脑、肾组织匀浆单胺氧化酶（MAO）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（TChE）指标。结果与对照组比较,给药组对大鼠肝、脑、肾组织匀浆MAO、TCHE影响虽有统计学差异,但其差异没有剂量和时间规律性。结论在规定的时间和剂量范围内,新疆曼陀罗子及其代表制剂镇痛艾比西帕丸对大鼠肝、脑、肾组织匀浆MAO及TChE无明显影响。     

Accumulation of biologically active furanocoumarins in agitated cultures of Ruta graveolens L. and Ruta graveolens ssp. divaricata (Tenore) Gams

This study was designed to investigate the dynamics of accumulation of linear furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, imperatorin) and their biogenetic precursor, umbelliferone, in agitated cultures of Ruta graveolens L. and Ruta graveolens ssp. divaricata (Tenore) Gams during 6-week growth cycles. The metabolites under study were almost exclusively accumulated in the cultured biomass. The total content of all metabolites increased 4.8- and 2.0-fold, in R. graveolens and R. graveolens ssp. divaricata cultures, respectively. Xanthotoxin and bergapten, which are the most important therapeutic compounds, were the dominating metabolites in cultures of both plants. The maximum content of xanthotoxin (25.0 mg/100 g dry wt.) and bergapten (18.4 mg/100 g dry wt) and the maximum content of all metabolites (64.0 mg/100 g dry wt) in R. graveolens ssp. divaricata callus obtained on the 35th culture day were relatively low. However, maximum contents of xanthotoxin (136.8 mg/100 g dry wt), bergapten (210.4 mg/100 g dry wt.) and isopimpinellin (96.7 mg/100 g dry wt), and total content of all metabolites in R. graveolens shoots (520.8 mg/100 g dry wt) obtained on the 42nd culture day are interesting from a practical point of view.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定旱芹中东莨菪内酯和滨蒿内酯含量

目的建立同时测定旱芹中东莨菪内酯和滨蒿内酯含量的高效液相色谱法,并考察旱芹中这2种成分的含量与产地、采收期的关系,为旱芹药材的质量控制提供依据。方法色谱柱：Diamonsil C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（32∶68,v/v）,流速：1.0mL.min-1;检测波长：340nm,柱温：35℃。结果东莨菪内酯和滨蒿内酯的浓度分别在0.510 0～10.20μg.mL-1（r=0.999 4）、0.537 5～10.75μg.mL-1（r=0.999 2）与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（n=6）,平均回收率（n=9）分别为95.1%、96.4%。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可作为旱芹中香豆素类成分的质量控制方法。     

A bioassay using Artemia salina for detecting phototoxicity of plant coumarins

Artemia salina (brine shrimp) has been successfully used for toxicity testing, and a screening test for phototoxicity has been developed based on this method. The ability of the method to test the phototoxic potential of seven known compounds was investigated. Athamantin (an angular furanocoumarin) and umbelliferone (a simple coumarin) showed no phototoxicity, while linear furanocoumarins exhibited phototoxic activity in the following order: psoralen > bergapten > peucedanin > xanthotoxin. The applicability of this method was also tested in screening the phototoxicity of plant material. Six plants from Apiaceae [Aegopodium podagraria L., Anethum graveolens L., Angelica archangelica L., Levisticum officinalis Koch, Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill) A. W. Hill., and Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench] and one from Rutaceae (Ruta graveolens L.) were selected, all of them known to contain furanocoumarins. Extracts from leaves collected at different times during the growth period were used in the screening. Our results were in accordance with the furanocoumarin content of these plants and with the results of other phototoxicity tests. The Artemia salina method proved to be rapid, simple and inexpensive, and is therefore ideal in the initial biological screening of large numbers of samples for simultaneous detection of both toxicity and phototoxicity.     

RP-HPLC法测定云香十五味丸中栀子苷的含量

目的:建立测定云香十五味丸中栀子苷含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为水-乙腈(85:15),流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长为238nm。结果:栀子苷的进样量在0.784～3.920μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均加样回收率为99.3%,RSD=1.0%(n=9)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于云香十五味丸中栀子苷的质量控制。     

Pelargonium Oil and Methyl Hexaneamine (MHA): Analytical Approaches Supporting the Absence of MHA in Authenticated Pelargonium graveolens Plant Material and Oil

Methylhexaneamine (MHA) has been marketed in dietary supplements based on arguments that it is a constituent of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) leaves, stems, roots or oil, and therefore qualifies as a dietary ingredient. The purpose of this study is to determine whether P. graveolens plant material (authenticated) or its oil contains detectable quantities of MHA. Two analytical methods were developed for the analysis of MHA in P. graveolens using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results were further confirmed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty commercial volatile oils, three authenticated volatile oils and authenticated P. graveolens leaves and stems (young and mature, and fresh and dried) were analyzed for MHA content. In addition, three dietary supplements containing MHA that alleged P. graveolens as the source are analyzed for their MHA content. The data show that none of the authenticated P. graveolens essential oils or plant material, nor any commercial volatile oil of Pelargonium (geranium oil) contain MHA at detectable levels (limit of detection: 10 ppb). The dietary supplements that contained MHA as one of their ingredients (allegedly from geranium or geranium stems) contained large amounts of MHA. The amounts of MHA measured are incompatible with the use of reasonable amounts of P. graveolens extract or concentrate, suggesting that MHA was of synthetic origin.     

Anethofuran, carvone, and limonene: potential cancer chemopreventive agents from dill weed oil and caraway oil.

Bioassay-directed fractionation of dill weed oil and caraway oil, respectively, from the plants Anethum graveolens L. and Carum carvi L. (Umbelliferae) has led to the isolation of three monoterpenes, anethofuran (1), carvone (2), and limonene (3). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis. These compounds induced the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase in several mouse target tissues. The alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone system in carvone appeared to be critical for the high enzyme-inducing activity.     

萹蓄中萹蓄甙的含量测定

本文介绍了萹蓄草用80%乙醇提取后,以薄层色谱法分离出篇蓄甙,用库伦滴定法或紫外分光法进行定量。本法操作简单,需样量少,重现性好。测定生药的变异系数约为2%。     

Molecular authentication of the animal crude drug Sailonggu (bone of Myospalax baileyi)

Two pairs of allele-specific diagnostic primers (SL1L/SL1H and SL2L/SL2H) for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Sailonggu (bone of plateau zokor, Myospalax baileyi) from its substitutes were designed based on complete sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes of the original animals of Myospalacinae, bamboo rat Rhizomys sinensis and black lipped pika Ochotona curzoniae. Total DNA was extracted from crude drug samples and original animals. Allele-specific diagnostic PCRs were performed using these primers with the total DNA as a template annealing at 65 degrees C. Positive amplifications were obtained from all DNA templates of Sailonggu and M. baileyi, whereas negative amplifications resulted from those of other zokors, the bamboo rat and black lipped pika. These results indicate that Sailonggu samples can be definitely distinguished from their substitutes by diagnostic PCR, and no incorrect discrimination was found under the same reaction conditions. Each of the two diagnostic primer pairs can be used to distinguish crude drug Sailonggu from its substitutes or adulterants. The three Sailonggu samples studied were diagnosed as genuine Sailonggu. In addition, the results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis are congruent with that of the allele-specific diagnostic PCR.