认知储备能与认知功能障碍的新进展

认知储备能(CR)可以理解为不同个体预防认知功能障碍或痴呆发病的能力,有助于理解在认知功能障碍或痴呆发病过程中,认知功能下降的差异性。CR主要分为不可塑性认知储备假说和可塑性认知储备假说,除了脑容量、民族、遗传等不可调控CR外,生活方式、受教育程度、语言学习、移民以及收入等,均是后天能够影响CR的可调控因素。在充分认识CR性质的前提下,通过可增加CR的方法,可以在一定程度上预防认知功能障碍的发生或延缓此类疾病的进展。文中主要从CR的概念、分类、影响因素、评价方法等方面进行综述。     

轻型脑卒中后认知功能障碍的相关研究进展

脑卒中也被定义为由脑血流紊乱引起的脑功能障碍,是世界上第二大常见的死亡和成人残疾的原因.脑卒中不仅可以导致躯体功能障碍等各种神经系统症状和体征,而且还可以导致失语、失认、记忆力障碍、执行功能障碍、视空间障碍等认知功能障碍,严重者会发展成痴呆。近年来随着脑卒中的病死率下降,研究人员更加关注脑卒中后的认知功能障碍(post-stroke cognitive impairment, PSCI)。     

2型糖尿病致认知功能障碍的治疗

正糖尿病是一种以糖代谢紊乱为特征的综合征,常累及全身多系统,重症者可出现中枢神经系统并发症,导致认知障碍,目前已成为认知障碍的独立危险因素之一~([1])。认知功能障碍主要指由于各种不同的原因诱发的认知功能损害,主要表现为:学习、记忆、理解、执行等能力下降,可伴有不同程度的精神症状,严重者日常生活不能自理。根据损害程度不同,可从轻度认知障碍发展到痴呆。糖尿病引起的认知功能障碍患者常合并代谢紊乱,肠道菌群失调等多种疾病,早防早治     

精神分裂症认知功能障碍的研究进展

认知功能障碍严重影响精神分裂症患者的社会功能和生活质量，这一核心症状稳定、持 久地存在于精神分裂症的不同病程中。研究认知功能障碍的特征有助于疾病机制的探索，加深对疾病 发展进程的理解并提供有针对性的干预策略。现就精神分裂症认知功能障碍的特征及机制展开综述。     

认知功能障碍的诊断与治疗

1认知功能和认知功能障碍的概念何谓认知功能?何谓认知功能障碍(cognitive impairment,CI)?从心理学的角度来看,人类心理活动主要包括知、情、意三大要素,而“知”就是认知功能,它是人的心理活动中最主要和最活跃的一个要素。认知功能由多个认知域构成,包括定向力、注意、记忆、计算、分析、综合、理解、判断、结构能力、执行能力等等,如果其中某一个认知域发生障碍,就称为该认知域的障碍。如记忆障碍、计算障碍、定向障碍等,如为多个认知域发生障碍,则称为认知功能障碍。2正常(认知功能)老化与轻度认知功能障碍正常老化主要引起记忆衰退,…     

多发性硬化认知功能障碍研究进展

认知功能障碍是多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis, MS）的常见非运动症状，主要表现在信息处理、记忆力、注意力、执行力和视觉空间能力等多个认知域受损；目前尚未形成统一的针对MS认知功能障碍的诊断标准和神经心理学检测方法；MS认知功能障碍的影响因素包括人口学因素、疾病相关因素、共病及生活方式等；影像学上主要表现为局灶性白质损伤、皮质和深部灰质萎缩；疾病修正治疗和认知康复治疗对认知功能的改善有积极影响。神经科医师应注重MS认知功能障碍的早期评估和干预，以改善患者生活质量。     

帕金森病相关认知功能障碍

帕金森病认知功能障碍起病隐匿,是帕金森病常见非运动症状,包括帕金森病轻度认知损害和帕金森病痴呆,尤以执行功能障碍突出,亦可见视空间能力、记忆力和言语功能等认知域损害。主要危险因素包括男性、高龄、低受教育程度、严重运动症状、基线认知功能较差和白天过度嗜睡。主要病理改变是脑组织路易小体形成,也可见阿尔茨海默病样病理改变。脑脊液总α-突触核蛋白和β-淀粉样蛋白1~42水平降低作为生物学标志物的价值尚存争议。相关基因研究较少且无法获得肯定结论。PET显像发现多巴胺能通路和乙酰胆碱能通路均参与帕金森病认知功能障碍的发生;MRI研究发现皮质及皮质下结构萎缩与帕金森病认知功能障碍有关。嗅觉障碍可能是帕金森病认知功能障碍的预测因素之一。帕金森病痴呆与路易体痴呆具有共同的生物学特性,二者鉴别诊断困难。胆碱酯酶抑制剂和美金刚有助于改善临床症状,应注意个体化治疗。认知行为疗法具有潜在临床价值,尚待更多研究。     

白质疾患中认知障碍的研究进展

20世纪80年代以前一直认为大脑皮质支配高级神经功能。1980年代后，随着行为神经科学和神经影像学的进展，证明大脑白质的各种疾患均能引起不同程度的认知功能障碍。本简要回顾这段历史，并综述白质受损引起认知功能障碍的临床表现、发病原理及其他相关问题。     

认知储备的测量与研究进展

认知储备作为脑病理性损伤与脑功能障碍之间存在的缓冲,越来越受到关注,其评测是认知储备研究的关键。文中从受教育程度、职业成就、认知活动、智力等方面进行系统综述认知储备评测方法,探讨认知储备评测存在的问题和今后发展的方向。     

精神分裂症认知功能障碍浅析

在 70年代初 ,Gallhofer就首先提出 ,精神分裂症除了阳性症状和阴性症状外 ,还存在认知功能障碍。近年来 ,随着对非典型抗精神病药物的深入研究和神经影像学普遍应用于临床 ,精神分裂症患者的认知功能才逐渐受到关注 ,并认为认知功能是该病的核心症状之一。1　关于认知功能障碍的概述[1～ 5]认知功能主要反映大脑额叶和颞叶功能。其特点为患者病前智能、学习及工作正常 ,但起病以后 ,认知功能突然下降 ,且在随后的病程中 ,其认知功能如同“静态的脑病”一样 ,并不呈进行性发展。目前 ,关于认能障碍的原因并不十分明了 ,多数学者认为可能与…     

Active cognitive lifestyle associates with cognitive recovery and a reduced risk of cognitive decline

Education and lifestyle factors linked with complex mental activity are thought to affect the progression of cognitive decline. Collectively, these factors can be combined to create a cognitive reserve or cognitive lifestyle score. This study tested the association between cognitive lifestyle score and cognitive change in a population-based cohort of older persons from five sites across England and Wales. Data came from 13,004 participants of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study who were aged 65 years and over. Cognition was assessed at multiple waves over 16 years using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Subjects were grouped into four cognitive states (no impairment, slight impairment, moderate impairment, severe impairment) and cognitive lifestyle score was assessed as a composite measure of education, mid-life occupation, and current social engagement. A multi-state model was used to test the effect of cognitive lifestyle score on cognitive transitions. Hazard ratios for cognitive lifestyle score showed significant differences between those in the upper compared to the lower tertile with a more active cognitive lifestyle associating with: a decreased risk of moving from no to slight impairment (0.58, 95% CI (0.45, 0.74)); recovery from a slightly impaired state back to a non-impaired state (2.93 (1.35, 6.38)); but an increased mortality risk from a severely impaired state (1.28 (1.12, 1.45)). An active cognitive lifestyle is associated with a more favorable cognitive trajectory in older persons. Future studies would ideally incorporate neuroradiological and neuropathological data to determine if there is causal evidence for these associations.     

Multiple cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVE: To determine if more widespread cognitive deficits are present in a narrowly defined group of patients with the amnestic form of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: From a larger sample of patients clinically diagnosed as meeting the criteria of Petersen et al. for amnestic MCI, we selected 22 subjects who had Clinical Dementia Rating scores of zero on all domains besides memory and orientation. These MCI subjects with presumably isolated memory impairments were compared to 35 age-matched normal controls and 33 very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULT: In addition to the expected deficits in episodic memory, the amnestic MCI group performed less well than the controls but better than the AD group on design fluency, category fluency, a set shifting task and the Stroop interference condition. Over half the amnestic MCI group (vs. none of the normal controls) scored at least 1 standard deviation below control means on 4 or more of the nonmemory cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated memory impairment may be fairly uncommon in clinically diagnosed amnestic MCI patients, even when the criteria for amnestic MCI are fairly narrow. Additional cognitive impairments are likely to include fluency and executive functioning. These more diffuse deficits argue for comprehensive cognitive assessments, even when the patient and family are reporting only memory decline, and are consistent with the increase in attention paid to the heterogeneity of MCI.     

Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically present with motor symptoms, but non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms, are usually also present, when looked for carefully. The objective of this paper is to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive review of two undecided issues about cognitive impairment in PD patients without dementia: the concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and the concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR). Empirical findings support the value of the concept of MCI in this population, from the early untreated stages onwards. Further studies are needed to establish 1) the clinical-neuroimaging characteristics of MCI subtypes in PD, in comparison to those MCI subtypes in patients without PD; 2) whether different types of MCI in PD are associated with different rates of cognitive decline during the progression of the disease. Preliminary empirical evidence also shows that education might exert a protective effect on cognitive decline in PD and that less educated subjects are at increased risk for developing dementia, lending support to the CR hypothesis, in this population as well. Further studies are necessary to investigate how CR modulates cognitive decline in PD and other frontal-subcortical disorders, e.g. by identifying possible differential effects of CR on different cognitive domains.     

MMSE和MoCA在不同类型轻度认知障碍筛查中的应用

目的探讨简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)在遗忘型轻度认知障碍(a MCI)和轻度血管性认知障碍(m VCI)患者中的应用。方法从2012年3月至2015年3月本科收治的年龄60~80岁近200例患者中筛选出a MCI组42例,m VCI组50例,采用分组对照研究,所有患者经过临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评估与接受Mo CA量表中文版和MMSE量表进行认知功能评估。Mo CA与MMSE的评估间隔1h以上,在同一天进行。结果两组患者性别构成比、年龄及受教育程度间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MMSE量表测评两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组间MMSE分项比较,除a MCI组延迟回忆得分低于m VCI组(P<0.05)外,其余各分项得分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。m VCI组患者Mo CA总分较a MCI组水平低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间Mo CA分项比较,m VCI组视空间执行功能、注意力与计算各项得分低于a MCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。a MCI组延迟回忆得分低于m VCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。余各分项得分两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。m VCI组患者在交替连线、立方体画图及指针得分均低于a MCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示MMSE与Mo CA评分呈正相关关系,a MCI患者中相关系数为0.861,m VCI患者中相关系数为0.762,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 m VCI患者存在包括视空间执行功能、注意力及计算力等多个领域认知功能的损害,与a MCI患者相比,执行功能受损更明显。Mo CA是筛查a MCI及m VCI的一个简便、有效的工具,敏感性高于MMSE,尤其适于对m VCI患者的早期筛查。