帕金森病非运动症状波动的临床研究进展

帕金森病患者通常伴随多种非运动症状,随病程进展,大部分非运动症状可以呈现类似运动波动的变化,称之为非运动症状波动。非运动症状波动发生频率较高,是影响帕金森病患者生活质量的重要原因,临床诊治过程中应受到重视。文中从流行病学特点和临床表现、危险因素、发生机制、临床干预等方面对帕金森病非运动症状波动相关研究进行综述。     

吉林市区帕金森病非运动症状的临床对照研究

目的 通过对吉林市区帕金森非运动症状的调查,探索常见非运动症状类型及治疗方案,为吉林市区帕金森患者的流行病学调查及有效诊疗方案提供科学依据。方法 收集北华大学附属医院、吉林医药学院附属医院神经内科住院及门诊帕金森病患者共90例,以概率均等原则随机分到观察组和对照组中。应用统一的调查问卷对患者进行分类调查,选取最常见的2种非运动症状（焦虑、便秘）。给予观察组患者美多芭联合普拉克索治疗。对照组中帕金森病焦虑症状患者给予美多芭联合盐酸舍曲林治疗;帕金森病便秘患者给予美多芭联合乳果糖及莫沙必利治疗。两组均在治疗前后评估非运动症状量表。对所有的数据进行整理分析。结果 在给予对症治疗后,应用美多芭联合普拉克索治疗6个月后非运动症状焦虑、便秘均较前改善,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 美多芭联合普拉克索治疗能有效改善患者运动症状及部分非运动症状,尽可能地延缓PD疾病进展。     

126例帕金森病患者非运动症状发生率分析

目的分析帕金森病患者非运动症状发生率,探讨非运动症状的临床特征。方法采用"帕金森病非运动症状筛查量表"对126例帕金森病患者的非运动症状发生率进行排序,并比较不同Hoehn&Yahr分级组及病程组帕金森非运动症状项目数差异。结果帕金森病非运动症状总发生率97.6%,其中便秘的发生率最高为89.7%,其次为失眠(74.6%)及小便后仍频繁想要小便(71.4%)等,且发生非运动症状项目数随病程的延长及病情的加重而增加。结论便秘、失眠及小便障碍为最常见的非运动症状,病程越长、病情越重发生非运动症状的项目数越多。     

帕金森病非运动症状的特点与处理

帕金森病(PD)的非运动症状(NMS)包括神经精神、自主神经等方面的一系列复杂症状,随着运动症状的有效控制,PD的NMS显得更加突出。认识这些NMS将我们对PD的认识带入了新的阶段,准确诊断NMS并及早干预,对改善PD患者的生活质量有重要的意义。本文就目前国内外对PD的NMS认识现状和处理方法作一综述。     

帕金森病神经精神症状的研究进展

帕金森病是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,精神症状是帕金森病常见的非运动症状,主要包括抑郁、焦虑、淡漠、幻觉和冲动控制障碍。因精神症状对帕金森病患者的生活质量及预后常造成不良影响,本文就其主要精神症状的流行病学、临床表现、病理生理学机制及治疗的研究进展加以综述,以加强对帕金森病精神症状的识别。     

盐酸普拉克索改善帕金森病非运动症状疗效观察

目的观察盐酸普拉克索对帕金森病非运动症状的疗效。方法随机观察,46例接受普拉克索治疗的伴有非运动症状的原发性帕金森病患者,分别在服药剂量稳定不变后4周,评估用药前后患者非运动症状的变化。结果普拉克索治疗后帕金森病伴发的抑郁、疼痛、下肢痉挛、不宁腿综合征和睡眠障碍明显改善(P<0.05);而流涎、便秘、排尿障碍、性功能障碍、肢体发冷、认知障碍和嗅觉障碍等症状,用药前后没有发生明显变化(P>0.05);普拉克索治疗部分患者出现口干、头晕、体位性低血压、幻觉、嗜睡等不良反应。结论普拉克索能减轻部分帕金森病患者的非运动症状如抑郁、疼痛和双下肢不适等,但也可能加重某些帕金森病的非运动症状如口干、头晕和幻觉等。     

105例帕金森病非运动症状及“鸡尾酒疗法”临床分析

目的分析帕金森病患者接受单药治疗以及"鸡尾酒疗法"前后的非运动症状的出现率,评价单药治疗与"鸡尾酒疗法"对帕金森病非运动症状的有效性。方法 105例患者分别随机给予单药治疗或者"鸡尾酒疗法",通过治疗前后进行改良Hoehn-Yahr分级、按帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)的测定,判断单药治疗比较"鸡尾酒疗法"对帕金森病非运动症状的有效性。结果治疗半年前后,单药治疗与"鸡尾酒疗法"疗效有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 "鸡尾酒疗法"对于帕金森病的非运动症状的疗效优于单药治疗。     

帕金森病非运动症状研究现状

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种中枢神经系统退行性病变,临床上通常以静止性震颤、运动迟缓、齿轮样肌僵直、姿势反射障碍等运动障碍为主要临床表现。一直以来针对帕金森病的治疗方案是以改善患者的运动症状为主要目标,但PD患者通常还会出现感觉障碍(疼痛等)、睡眠障碍(日间过度睡眠等)、自主神经功能异常及精神神经症状(抑郁、躁狂及情感障碍)等,称之为非运动症状(non-motor symptoms,NMS)。有资料显示PD的某些非运动症状与年龄、疾病的严重程度密切相关,对患者生活质量的影响较运动症状更加明显。一些非运动症状,如嗅觉障碍、便秘、抑郁、快速眼动期睡眠行为紊乱(RBD)等,可在疾病早期甚至运动症状出现之前出现,可能对PD的早期诊断有所帮助。非运动症状对患者造成的负担可远远超过运动障碍对患者日常生活和幸福感的影响,深入了解非运动症状,对于PD的预防、治疗及远期预后具有积极意义。本文总结近年来文献并以上述非运动症状的病理、常见临床表现、常用的临床评估及治疗方案为阐述架构,展现近年来PDNMS的研究进展。为了提供一种可以量化的工具,研究者还发明了非运动症状评价量表(NMSS)作为PD非运动症状的临床评价,对严重程度和发作频率进行评估,包含9个方面:心血管、睡眠/疲劳、情绪/认知、感知障碍、注意力/记忆、胃肠道症状、泌尿系统症状、性功能及混合症状,可为临床评价非运动症状的严重程度及治疗提供帮助。     

帕金森病运动症状偏侧化的研究进展

帕金森病(PD)是一种以运动症状为主要表现的神经退行性疾病,常单侧起病,不同侧别的运动症状在疾病发展速度、非运动症状类型和治疗反应等方面存在差异。本文现围绕PD运动症状偏侧化的临床特点、潜在机制、影像表现及治疗差异等内容综述如下,以期为PD临床诊疗提供一定依据。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.