外泌体在胃癌诊疗中的研究进展

胃癌的发病率和死亡率均较高,早诊早治极为关键,需要更加灵敏的诊断技术与精准的治疗手段,才能在胃癌早期及时发现并将其有效遏制。外泌体是细胞分泌的一种囊泡,其携带多种具有生物活性的小分子,如蛋白质、RNA、DNA等。外泌体可作为细胞间通讯的一种功能介质,传递多种生物信息并介导受体细胞的生物进程。在肿瘤中,外泌体不仅积极参与肿瘤微环境的信息传递,而且具有调节细胞免疫应答的能力。近年来外泌体在肿瘤领域的相关研究取得了一系列进展,其参与胃癌增殖、侵袭、复发和转移、耐药以及新生血管形成等方面的调控。外泌体在胃癌的早期诊断与精准治疗方面具有重要意义,值得深入探索。本文就外泌体在胃癌诊疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

外泌体在头颈部鳞癌中的研究进展

摘 要：外泌体是一种携带多种生物活性物质的膜性囊泡,在介导肿瘤细胞—肿瘤细胞及肿瘤细胞—肿瘤微环境之间信息传递过程扮演重要角色。外泌体通过多种途径参与肿瘤发生发展,其在临床诊断和治疗方面也具有重要研究价值。全文对外泌体与头颈部鳞癌恶性进展、肿瘤微环境、耐药的关系及其在头颈部鳞癌诊断与治疗中的研究进展进行综述,以期为寻找头颈部鳞癌诊治新靶点提供线索。     

外泌体在肺癌中的研究进展

目前肺癌是世界上发生率最高的癌症,因为其早期诊断率低,复发风险高,对治疗药物的耐药性,使得肺癌患者预后仍不理想,所以急需新的方法对肺癌进行早期诊断,实时监测和有效治疗。证据显示,肺癌微环境来源的外泌体对肿瘤的发生、发展起到至关重要的作用。来自肺癌微环境中的外泌体可被邻近或远处的靶细胞吸收,从而调节肿瘤行为或重塑肿瘤微环境。在本综述中,我们着重讨论外泌体在肺癌中的作用,比如其参与肺癌的发生、转移,促进肿瘤微环境中血管生成、上皮-间质转化、免疫调节以及参与肺癌治疗药物的耐药性。     

外泌体在胶质瘤中的研究进展

摘 要：胶质瘤是常见的原发性脑肿瘤,具有高侵袭性、高复发性、高致死率的特点。外泌体是由细胞分泌的功能性囊泡结构,普遍存在于生物体液中,其具有广泛的内容物,并参与了多种生理和病理过程,尤其是肿瘤的发生发展。外泌体可诱导受体细胞产生大量的生物学过程,与肿瘤的形成、发展、转移、浸润和耐药性等密切相关。外泌体在胶质瘤的诊断及治疗中的作用也日益受到重视,胶质瘤外泌体的特异性成分可作为诊断和预测生物标志物,外泌体也可作为运送抗癌药物的载体,经修饰的外泌体可以用于胶质瘤的免疫治疗。本文综述了外泌体在胶质瘤进展中的重要作用及其对诊断和新治疗策略发展的意义。     

外泌体在肺癌诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是直径30～150 nm的细胞外囊泡,由肿瘤细胞在内的多种细胞分泌,介导细胞与组织间或细胞间的物质运输和信号传递.近年来大量研究表明,肿瘤源性的外泌体参与肺癌发生、发展的过程,与肺癌临床治疗密切相关,且外泌体携带的miRNAs和蛋白质是肺癌诊断、预测和预后的生物标志物,可作为肺癌液体活检的原材料.因此,本文对近年...     

外泌体源性miRNA在泌尿系统肿瘤诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是存在于尿液、精液、血浆、血清、唾液等几乎所有体液的细胞外囊泡,含有丰富的miRNA,且外泌体中的miRNA可以反映来源细胞的miRNA表达情况。近年来,关于外泌体源性的miRNA作为泌尿系统肿瘤诊断标志物的研究发现,其在早期诊断、分级分期以及预后预测方面,尤其在早期诊断方面表现出了巨大的应用潜力,但在治疗效果评估方面的研究还比较有限。本文基于目前的研究进展,综述外泌体源性miRNA在泌尿系统肿瘤（膀胱癌、肾癌和前列腺癌）诊断中的应用。     

外泌体在乳腺癌耐药方面的研究进展

摘 要：外泌体是从正常细胞和肿瘤细胞中释放出来的膜源性小泡,可介导细胞间的物质交换和信息交流。越来越多的研究表明,外泌体在乳腺癌耐药过程中发挥重要作用,并且可作为预测、监测疗效的候选标志物以及逆转耐药的潜在靶点或载体。全文对外泌体在乳腺癌耐药方面及其在乳腺癌诊疗中的临床应用研究进展进行总结。     

外泌体在胰腺癌中的研究进展

胰腺癌是消化系统较致命的恶性肿瘤之一,病死率极高,预后极差,这主要是因为胰腺癌早期诊断困难、局部侵袭和早期转移等,且缺乏有效的治疗手段。外泌体可由多种细胞分泌,主要由蛋白质、核酸和相关脂类构成。外泌体在肿瘤细胞和微环境间的通讯中起着至关重要的作用,主要促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移,刺激新生血管生成,激活基质中的成纤维细胞,抑制宿主的免疫反应。本文就外泌体在胰腺癌细胞增殖转移、胰腺癌诊断及对化疗耐药中的作用进行综述,为早期诊断和治疗胰腺癌提供思考和借鉴。     

外泌体在胃癌转移中作用机制的研究进展

胃癌是发病率高且进展较快的消化道恶性肿瘤之一。随着手术、化疗、靶向治疗等多种治疗方法的不断进步,胃癌患者的5年生存率较过去有所改善,但由于胃癌早期缺乏有效的诊断方法,多数患者在确诊时往往已发生转移,预后较差。因此,对胃癌转移机制的探寻始终是胃癌研究领域的热点之一。外泌体是一种可以传递蛋白质、核酸等多种分子、实现细胞间信息交流的胞外囊泡。外泌体运载的分子参与了胃癌的转移过程,并且可能成为诊断胃癌的新型分子标志物,为胃癌的精准治疗提供了新方向。本文就外泌体在胃癌转移中的作用及机制进行综述。     

外泌体在肿瘤生物治疗中的研究进展

外泌体是各种细胞分泌的具有脂质双分子层膜结构囊泡状物质,广泛分布于机体组织中,同时也存在于肿瘤的微环境中,其对肿瘤的发生发展具有重要作用.由于细胞来源不同,外泌体在肿瘤的产生和进展中可发挥正向或负向调节作用.虽然目前对于这种截然相反现象的产生机制知之甚少,但是将具有抗肿瘤作用的外泌体应用于肿瘤治疗已经取得较大进展.本文就外泌体在肿瘤生物治疗研究中的进展作一综述,为外泌体作为抗肿瘤治疗的潜在载体及策略提供新的思路.     

外泌体在非小细胞肺癌获得性耐药中的研究进展

外泌体是细胞通过旁分泌释放的一种囊泡状结构，在其脂质双层膜结构内包裹大量生物活性物质。研究表明非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）外泌体参与细胞及微环境的改变，诱导NSCLC细胞对化疗药物获得性耐药。研究外泌体对于肺癌获得性耐药的分子机制、早期诊断、新型药物载体设计等方面具有独特的应用价值。本综述主要介绍近年来外泌体与NSCLC耐药的研究进展。     

exosomes在胃癌中作用机制的研究进展

exosomes是一种大小为30～100 nm的囊泡状小体,能被多种细胞分泌,存在于各种体液中。exosomes作为一种全新的细胞间信息传递系统,广泛参与肿瘤的发生、发展。胃癌来源的exosomes通过运输miRNA、细胞因子等关键物质,影响靶细胞内PI3K／Akt、MAPK／ERK等信号转导通路,参与胃癌细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、免疫逃逸等过程。现就近年来exosomes在胃癌中作用机制的研究进行综述。     

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for gastrointestinal cancer

Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, a series of malignant conditions originating from the digestive system, include gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. GI cancers have been regarded as the leading cancer-related cause of death in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective treatment strategies for GI malignancies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a type of distinct non-hematopoietic stem cells and an important component of the tumor microenvironment, play important roles in regulating GI cancer development and progression through multiple mechanisms, such as secreting cytokines and direct interactions. Currently, studies are focusing on the anti-cancer effect of MSCs on GI malignancies. However, the effects and functional mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes on GI cancer are less studied. MSC-derived exosomes can regulate GI tumor growth, drug response, metastasis, and invasion through transplanting proteins and miRNA to tumor cells to activate the specific signal pathway. Besides, the MSC-derived exosomes are also seen as an important drug delivery system and have shown potential in anti-cancer treatment. This study aims to summarize the effect and biological functions of MSC-derived exosomes on the development of GI cancers and discuss their possible clinical applications for the treatment of GI malignancies.     

Exosomes as potential diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer

BACKGROUNDLiver cancer is the fourth most significant cause of cancer-related death. Lack of early diagnosis strategy and a scarcity of efficient therapy constitute the main reasons for its lethality. Exosomes, which contain various bioactive molecules, are characterized by high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high transport efficiency. As a result, exosomes have become a research hotspot and present significant potential for cancer diagnosis biomarkers, biotherapeutics, therapy targets, drug carriers and therapeutic agents.AIMTo explore the potential of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.METHODSWe conducted a systematic literature search via PubMed and Web of Science. The following keywords were used: "exosomal biomarkers", "exosomal therapy", "exosomal therapy", and "liver cancer" or "HCC". The duplicate data were deleted by EndNote software. Literature search focused on full-texts and references of each article were carefully checked. One author (Xiao-Cui Wei) screened the literature that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) Detection of exosomes or their contents in clinical samples (body fluid or tissue); or (2) Exosomes served as drug carriers or therapeutic factors. Two authors (Xiao-Cui Wei and Li-Juan Liu) independently reviewed all retained literature and analyzed the information.RESULTSA total of 1295 studies were identified using the systematic literature search. Of these, 835 duplicate studies were removed. A further 402 irrelevant studies were excluded due to being irrelevant, including other diseases, review articles, the literature containing neither clinical samples nor animal experiments, exosome-independent studies, methods for detecting exosomes, or articles in Chinese. Finally, 58 published papers were retained and analyzed in the study. It showed a list of potential exosomal biomarkers that were upregulated in the blood samples of patients with liver cancer. Those downregulated in exosomes might serve as possible biotherapeutics. Some exosomes derived from cells in vitro were used for cytology or animal experiments to explore the mechanism of these exosome contents in disease. These contents might serve as potential targets for liver cancer. Additionally, we also discussed that exosomes serve as drug carriers or therapeutic factors.CONCLUSIONExosomes might serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic biotargets in liver cancer and have the potential to act as drug carriers and self-treatment factors for liver cancer patients.     

结肠癌全身辅助化疗的进展

Ⅲ期结肠癌的术后辅助化疗具有明显的生存效益,主要采用以5-FU为基础的全身化疗方案,包括5-FU/Lev、Mayo(FU/LV)方案、持续小剂量灌注(PVI)5-FU、口服氟尿嘧啶类抗癌药(UFT、Xeloda)等;5-FU合用草酸铂可以进一步提高疗效,与依立替康合用的疗效有待于进一步研究。Ⅱ期结肠癌术后辅助化疗的生存效益目前尚有争议,对高危Ⅱ期肠癌患者也应考虑行术后辅助化疗。本文综述了近年来结肠癌术后辅助化疗的进展。     

外泌体环状RNA在前列腺癌中的研究现状

环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)是一种具有共价闭环结构的非编码RNA,可在肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、侵袭和耐药等多种生物学过程中发挥重要的调控作用。外泌体是一种细胞外囊泡,参与细胞间的物质运输和信息传递,能够携带脂质、蛋白质和核酸等多种生物活性分子。外泌体中circRNA富集且稳定存在,外泌体来源的circRNA在泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、病情进展及预后评估中发挥重要作用。本文就circRNA的生物学特性和功能及外泌体circRNA在前列腺癌中的研究现状进行综述。     

Mucinous histology of colon cancer predicts poor outcomes with FOLFOX regimen in metastatic colon cancer

Abstract

Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA) of colorectal cancer seems associated with reduced responsiveness to chemotherapy. The overexpression of markers of resistance to fluorouracil and oxaliplatin has recently been demonstrated. We revised the outcomes of metastatic MA of the colon treated with FOLFOX. From January 2002 to December 2009, we treated 198 patients with metastatic colon cancer, of which 21 (10·6%) had diagnosis of MA and were compared with 42 control patients with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA). In MA group, three patients [14%; inhibitory concentration 95: ±7·5%] reached partial response, and in NMA group, two patients obtained complete response and 16 obtained partial response with an overall response rate of 43% (inhibitory concentration 95: ±7·6%) with a significant statistical difference (P?=?0·027). Median progression-free survival for MA group was 4 months with respect to 8 months for NMA (P?=?0·0001); regarding overall survival, we registered a median of 8 months with respect to 18 months for MA and NMA (P?=?0·001). In multivariate analysis, MA histology, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 2, more than two metastatic sites, and peritoneal metastatic involvement resulted in negative independent prognostic factors. Also in our study, MA is connected to poor prognosis and reduced activity of chemotherapy. In the absence of randomised studies, it may be convenient to analyse this subgroup of patients within the large trials carried out on colorectal cancer.     

Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed fatal cancer in both women and men worldwide. CRC ranked second in mortality and third in incidence in 2020. It is difficult to diagnose CRC at an early stage as there are no clinical symptoms. Despite advances in molecular biology, only a limited number of biomarkers have been translated into routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. In the last decades, systems biology approaches at the omics level have gained importance. Over the years, several biomarkers for CRC have been discovered in terms of disease diagnosis and prognosis. On the other hand, a few drugs are being developed and used in clinics for the treatment of CRC. However, the development of new drugs is very costly and time-consuming as the research and development takes about 10 years and more than $1 billion. Therefore, drug repositioning (DR) could save time and money by establishing new indications for existing drugs. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC from the systems biology perspective and insights into DR approaches for the prevention or treatment of CRC.     

Loss of lamin A/C expression in stage II and III colon cancer is associated with disease recurrence

Aim of the study

Loss of the nuclear lamina protein lamin A/C (LMNA) has been observed in several human malignancies. The present study aimed to investigate associations between LMNA expression and clinical outcome in colon cancer patients.

Patients and methods

Clinicopathological data and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues were collected from 370 stage II and III colon cancer patients. Tissue microarrays were constructed, stained for lamin A/C and evaluated microscopically. Microsatellite instability status was determined for 318 tumours.

Results

Low levels of LMNA expression were observed in 17.8% of colon tumours, with disease recurrence occurring in 45.5% of stage II and III colon cancer patients with LMNA-low expressing tumours compared to 29.6% of patients with LMNA-high expressing tumours (p = 0.01). For stage II patients, disease recurrence was observed for 35.7% of LMNA-low compared to 20.3% of LMNA-high expressing tumours (p = 0.03). Microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours exhibited more frequently low LMNA expression than microsatellite instable (MSI) tumours (21% versus 9.8%; p = 0.05). Interestingly, disease recurrence among LMNA-low and LMNA-high expressing MSS tumours varied significantly for stage III patients who had not received adjuvant chemotherapy (100% versus 37.8%; p < 0.01) while no such difference was observed for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (46.7% versus 46.0%; p = 0.96).

Conclusion

These data indicate that low expression of LMNA is associated with an increased disease recurrence in stage II and III colon cancer patients, and suggest that these patients in particular may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer in idiopathic leukopenia

Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy. Surgical resection is the primary treatment modality and the outcome is closely related to the extent of the disease at presentation. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin is the standard therapy for resected node-positive disease. This therapy can cause myelosuppression. We present a case of colon cancer with idiopathic leukopenia who tolerated chemotherapy without worsening of leukopenia.