Determination of eighty-two pesticides and application to screening pesticides in cannabis growing facilities

Determination of pesticides in cannabis facilities is increasingly important as medicinal and recreational uses of cannabis products expand rapidly. We report a method involving wipe sampling, liquid chromatography separation, and tandem mass spectrometry, which enables determination of 82 pesticides out of the 96 regulated by Health Canada. To demonstrate an application of the method, we sampled and measured pesticides in two cannabis growing facilities, representing a non-certified and a certified site. We detected 41 pesticides in surface wipe samples at the non-certified site and 6 at the certified site. This study provides the first evidence showing pesticide occurrence on common surfaces in cannabis growing facilities and points to a need for routine monitoring and strict control of pesticide use in cannabis facilities.     

新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术

近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持.     

城市污水中新兴微量有机污染物控制目标与再生处理技术

城市污水再生利用是缓解城市缺水问题和改善城市水环境质量的重要方法,其前提是水质安全保障.城市污水中近年来不断检出新兴微量有机污染物（trace organic contaminants,TOrCs）,如抗生素、全氟化合物、雌激素等,是再生水水质安全的重要威胁.针对城市污水再生深度处理需明确新兴TOrCs控制目标和处理技术的需求,系统比较了欧盟、美国、澳大利亚等再生水利用先行国家和地区在TOrCs控制目标、指南、规范、技术与工艺管理等方面的研究和实践进展.结果表明,由于TOrCs浓度低且种类多,TOrCs被分为高风险TOrCs和指示性TOrCs.美国加州地区和澳大利亚根据风险水平和检出水平分别提出了高风险TOrCs和指示性TOrCs种类清单和浓度限值,然而该清单中的TOrCs种类和浓度限值尚未列入强制标准或规范.针对再生水TOrCs风险控制需求,瑞士、美国加州等提出了多级屏障再生水处理工艺.瑞士提出,城市污水深度处理对卡马西平等药品类TOrCs去除率应大于80%,美国加州规定补充饮用水源的再生水深度处理应去除69%以上的1,4-二恶烷.此外,TOrCs控制高度依赖重源头控污（工业废水阻断）、单元协同、在线监控反馈与实时优化等全流程安全保障措施.随着我国再生水用量持续增加,用途不断拓展,亟需制定针对性强、现实可行的TOrCs控制指南和规范,包括明确高风险和指示性TOrCs,推动多级屏障再生水深度处理工艺,以TOrCs去除率为深度处理目标.      

不同国家农用地土壤环境标准比较与启示

农用地土壤环境质量影响农产品质量、人体健康和生态安全.经过十几年的修订,我国于2018年发布了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018).与国外发达国家相比,我国土壤污染防治依然处于起步阶段,当前有关农用地土壤环境标准相关的综述研究相对较少.本文系统梳理了国内外17个国家或地区的农用地土...     

Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety

Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.     

石油类污染物淡水短期水质基准研究及其对我国标准修订的意义

环境管理、应急处置和水质标准修订工作亟需石油类污染物淡水水质基准研究作为支撑. 本文筛选整理了大量本土物种毒性数据,利用SSD (物种敏感度分布法)和TPR (毒性百分数排序法)分析了5种典型石油类污染物(原油、苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的淡水水生生物急性毒理数据,获得了保护我国淡水水生生物的短期水质基准值. 通过综合对比分析,认为利用SSD获得的基准值可作为石油类污染物的短期水质基准推荐阈值,原油和BTEX(苯系物,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的短期水质基准值分别为0.065、2.000、2.340、1.295和1.595 mg/L. 结果表明:①原油的毒性远大于BTEX,这可能是由于毒性的联合作用使得石油的毒性变强. ② 绿水螅对原油最敏感,原因可能是水螅更容易通过摄食或直接摄取获得原油WAF(水溶性组分)的有毒成分;鱼类相较于其他物种对苯更为敏感,而对其他BTEX而言,最敏感物种为节肢动物,原因可能是鱼类和节肢动物器官分化程度以及试验时的龄期选择存在差异,鱼类更易在短时间内将苯代谢为有毒的代谢产物. ③ 不同BTEX的敏感物种虽存在一定差异,但基准值未有数量级的差异. 研究显示,我国现行地表水环境质量标准中石油类标准未单独针对保护水生生物制定,BTEX标准的保护目标是基于人体健康而非水生生物,研究结果对我国石油类污染物环境管理、突发油类污染物对水生生物的危害及风险评估以及淡水水生生物特别是本土物种保护的水质标准制修订工作具有重要的借鉴作用.      

Pollution level and human health risk assessment of some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nantong of Southeast China

Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.     

阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯降解规律及其分析方法

研究了阿特拉津（ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ）和溴氰菊酯（ｄｅｌｔａｍｅｔｈｒｉｎ０两类农药在环境介质中的降解行为，详细比较了两者降解性能之间存在的差异，并明确指出它们的降解产物都具有一定的毒性和更强的极性，通过对阿特拉津及其降解产物的研究实例，说明了在研究环境介质中残余微量农药的检测方法时，建立以农药家族及其降解产物为整体的系统分析方法是必要的。     

全球饮用水标准中消毒副产物管控指标对比与启示

饮用水水质安全是关乎千家万户的重大民生问题,其中消毒工艺是保障饮用水微生物安全不可或缺的重要措施,然而由消毒剂与前体物反应生成的DBPs（消毒副产物）被发现具有潜在的健康风险,如致癌及引起发育副作用等.随着对饮用水中DBPs的重视程度不断提高,世界上多个国家、地区或组织将DBPs指标纳入标准.为对我国饮用水水质标准中DBPs指标的制定和修订提出可参考的建议,比较了国内外饮用水和再生水饮用回用水质标准中的DBPs指标,包括DBPs种类、对应的浓度限值和监测要求等.结果表明:①我国饮用水水质标准中涵盖的DBPs种类较多,其中地方标准相较于国标而言对DBPs指标的要求更为严格,但较少考虑综合性指标（如总有机卤素）和高毒性含氮DBPs（如卤乙腈）;②国外多部饮用水水质标准或准则中包含一些无浓度限值规定但已知具有较高健康风险的DBPs,此举可指导有关部门进一步开展浓度调研和毒性试验,为未来水质标准的制定提供参考依据.研究显示,我国饮用水标准中DBPs指标需要考虑综合性指标的选取与管控以及高风险指标的甄别和筛查,另外还需因地制宜加强地方性标准的建设工作.      

Bioassay: A useful tool for evaluating reclaimed water safety

Wastewater reclamation and reuse has been proved to be an effective way to relieve the fresh water crisis. However, toxic contaminants remaining in reclaimed water could lead to potential risk for reuse, and the conventional water quality standards have difficulty guaranteeing the safety of reclaimed water. Bioassays can vividly reflect the integrated biological effects of multiple toxic substances in water as a whole, and could be a powerful tool for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water. Therefore, in this study, the advantages and disadvantages of using bioassays for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water were compared with those of conventional water quality standards. Although bioassays have been widely used to describe the toxic effects of reclaimed water and treatment efficiency of reclamation techniques, a single bioassay cannot reflect the complex toxicity of reclaimed water, and a battery of bioassays involving multiple biological effects or in vitro tests with specific toxicity mechanisms would be recommended. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the safety of reclaimed water based on bioassay results, various methods including potential toxicology, the toxicity unit classification system, and a potential eco-toxic effects probe are summarized as well. Especially, some integrated ranking methods based on a bioassay battery involving multiple toxicity effects are recommended as useful tools for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water, which will benefit the promotion and guarantee the rapid development of the reclamation and reuse of wastewater.     

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

城市化对湖泊和港湾环境的影响

全球经济的发展必然经历工业化和城市化。在城市化过程中 ,不可避免地产生工业和生活垃圾。这些垃圾不仅污染土地 ,也污染河流和湖泊 ,特别在湖泊和港湾中 ,由于水流速度变缓 ,污染物容易随着沉积物沉淀下来。又由于气候变化和人类活动 ,湖泊和港湾的沉积物会再次释放污染物而污染水体。这些污染物主要是过量的氮、磷、有毒有机物和重金属 ,由于经济和人文环境的不同 ,在不同地区污染程度有差异 ,目前在发展中国家较为严重。针对这些污染 ,人们用机械的、化学的和生物的方法来治理湖泊和港湾的污染 ,但根本上要从源头控制污染———减少污染物的排放     

泉州湾沉积物中有机氯农药含量及风险评估

参照美国EPA 8000系列方法及质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC),将泉州湾表层沉积物分为上(0～2 cm)、下(2～10 cm)2层,分析沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量特征.结果表明,OCPs含量由高至低依次为内湾、秀涂-石湖一线和外湾,吸附性强的硫丹硫酸盐、七氯环氧化合物倾向于在上层富集.残留有机氯农药的降解主要发生在厌氧环境下,上层降解程度大于下层.西南偏南向潮流造成来自江河的污染物长期滞留,降低了内湾自净化能力.对照Ingersoll风险评估标准,认为泉州湾上、下层沉积物中有机残留具有较高的生态风险性,会对该海域深水养殖和底栖食泥生物产生较大影响.      

水质基准鱼类受试生物筛选

敏感受试生物的筛选是水质基准研究的关键环节,鱼类是水质基准重要的保护对象,各国在水质基准制定中都要求利用鱼类毒性数据. 依据地理分布及毒性数据丰度,筛选出我国以鲤科鱼类为主的17种本土代表性鱼类. 参照美国水质基准数据筛选原则,从ECOTOX等数据库中搜集相关毒性数据,筛选出对本土代表性鱼类毒性最大的污染物,主要包括重金属、氯酚类、分子氨及农药等,并分析污染物的物种敏感度分布,依据累积概率对鱼类的物种敏感性(累积概率<15%)进行分类. 结果表明:有10种本土代表性鱼类对污染物敏感,包括鲤科的鲤鱼(其对氰戊菊酯、福美双敏感,对二者的累积概率分别为12.50%、14.29%,下同)、草鱼(三唑磷,9.09%)、鲢鱼(甲氰菊酯,12.50%)、鳙鱼(镉,7.14%;敌敌畏,13.63%)和鲫鱼(无机汞,11.76%),以及非鲤科的泥鳅(敌敌畏,9.09%)、黄颡鱼(敌敌畏,4.55%;氧化乐果,14.29%)、黄鳝(氯氰菊酯,8.33%)、鲻鱼(硫丹,8.33%;氰戊菊酯,6.25%)和鳜鱼(分子氨,9.09%). 上述物种可作为相应污染物水质基准研究的本土敏感受试鱼类.      

五种底栖动物对优控污染物的敏感性评价

参照美国水生生物基准技术指南以及欧盟、美国和中国优控污染物名录,搜集、筛选了伸展摇蚊、日本沼虾、河蚬、霍甫水丝蚓和泥鳅等5种代表性淡水底栖动物的优控污染物生物毒性数据,通过数据分析,筛选出对淡水底栖动物毒性最大的10种优控污染物,主要包括有机氯农药和重金属两大类.对筛选得到的10种优控污染物的物种敏感度分布进行了分析,结果表明伸展摇蚊与泥鳅对有机氯农药较为敏感,具有作为相关农药污染的指示生物以及水质基准研究的受试生物的潜力.     

Biochar: A review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications

Biochar is produced from the pyrolysis of carbon-rich plant- and animal-residues under low oxygen and high temperature conditions and has been increasingly used for its positive role in soil compartmentalization through activities such as carbon sequestration and improving soil quality. Biochar is also considered a unique adsorbent due to its high specific surface area and highly carbonaceous nature. Therefore, soil amendments with small amounts of biochar could result in higher adsorption and, consequently, decrease the bioavailability of contaminants to microbial communities, plants, earthworms, and other organisms in the soil. However, the mechanisms affecting the environmental fate and behavior of organic contaminants, especially pesticides in biochar-amended soil, are not well understood. The purpose of this work is to review the role of biochar in primary processes, such as adsorption–desorption and leaching of pesticides. Biochar has demonstrable effects on the fate and effects of pesticides and has been shown to affect the degradation and bioavailability of pesticides for living organisms. Moreover, some key aspects of agricultural and environmental applications of biochar are highlighted.     

山东博山地下水污染的数学模拟

在分析研究区的水文地质特征和地下水污染情况的基础上，用模糊数学方法进行地下水水质评价，用趋势面分析和Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法模拟地下水中污染物的空间分布，用灰色系统方法和对流－弥散方程的特征有限元解模拟地下水中污染物随时间的分布并且进行污染的预测，对各种方法的特点和应用条件进行了分析，表明和数学模拟方法进行地下水污染的定量研究是可行的。     

污染场地修复药剂安全利用问题及对策

我国污染场地修复过程中常采用固化/稳定化、淋洗或化学氧化/还原等修复技术,通过改变污染物赋存形态、降低污染物浓度或消除污染物的方式控制环境风险.在这些技术应用过程中,修复药剂对土壤和地下水环境的潜在风险已经引起关注.目前我国《土壤污染防治法》明确提出:相关部门应筛选评估并公布土壤中重点控制的有毒有害物质名录、禁止在土壤中使用重金属超标的降阻产品、修复活动不得造成新的危害、加强肥料等产品的登记并组织开展安全性评价、修复方案中应包括地下水污染防治等内容.但目前还没有制定针对修复药剂安全性的相应标准或技术规范.修复药剂可能会造成土壤理化性质、土壤微生物活性及数量的改变,破坏土壤生态系统或二次污染土壤,还会迁移进入地下水,造成水质恶化并引发风险;本文阐述了污染场地修复中常用修复药剂的修复机理及存在的问题,梳理了现有修复药剂评价和管控方法,提出了基于土壤性质、微生物和地下水安全的修复药剂安全评价及管控建议,为场地修复中修复药剂安全利用及风险管控提供参考.      

珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征

参照美国ＥＰＡ８０００系列方法及质量保证和质量控制，对江三角洲河流和珠江口的表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药进行了分析。结果表明，珠江广州河段及澳门内港的ＰＡＨｓ和有机氯农药含量最高；进入狮子洋水道后，污染物的含量显著减少；珠江口西岩污染物的含量高于东岸；西江表层沉积物中优控制ＰＡＨｓ的含量相对较高。对多环芳烃的来源也作了初步探讨。     

畜牧业生产对生态环境的污染及其防治

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