钛合金表面高硬度微弧氧化膜的制备和耐磨性研究

目的 在钛合金表面制备高硬度、高耐磨的微弧氧化膜,并研究其摩擦磨损性能。方法 采用较高浓度的铝酸盐电解液在钛合金表面制备了微弧氧化膜,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能量色散谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）,对膜层的微观形貌和组成进行表征。采用辉光放电光谱仪（GDOES）分析膜层厚度方向的元素变化情况。利用显微硬度计测试膜层硬度,利用摩擦试验机测试膜层的摩擦磨损性能,并通过三维轮廓仪分析磨痕轮廓。结果 膜层主要由Al2TiO5和γ-Al2O3相构成,有少量的金红石型TiO2相;随着铝酸盐浓度的增大,微弧氧化膜的表面形貌和元素分布更均匀、一致,内部的孔隙和微裂纹更少。膜层硬度较Ti6Al4V基材有大幅提升,且随铝酸盐浓度的增大而升高,最高可达1140HV。膜层在稳定摩擦阶段的摩擦系数介于0.55~0.65之间,随着铝酸盐浓度的升高,磨痕深度减小且磨损率降低。结论 高浓度铝酸盐电解液中制备的微弧氧化膜具有较高的硬度,在滑动干摩擦条件下表现出优异的耐磨性。     

石墨含量对TC4钛合金微弧氧化膜的影响

在硅酸钠+磷酸钠体系溶液中添加不同含量的石墨粉,以其为氧化液对TC4钛合金进行表面微弧氧化。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及摩擦磨损试验机,研究了石墨含量对TC4钛合金微弧氧化膜表面形貌、元素分布、相组成及摩擦系数的影响。结果表明,石墨含量的增加对TC4钛合金表面微弧氧化膜的形貌无太大影响,氧化膜层呈多孔结构,膜层表面有块状石墨颗粒分布;膜层中的Ti、P、O元素含量相对稳定,Si、C元素含量略有波动;膜层主要由TiO2和Ti组成,石墨对膜层中TiO2的形成有一定的阻碍作用;微弧氧化膜中的石墨颗粒能够起到一定的减摩作用,随着石墨含量的增加氧化膜的平均摩擦系数从0.85降至0.54。     

钛合金耐磨微弧氧化制备技术的研究进展

钛合金质量轻,比强度高,尤其耐蚀性优异,在海洋、航空航天、医疗器械等领域应用越来越广泛.但钛合金硬度较低,摩擦因数高,粘着磨损、磨粒磨损和微动磨损倾向大,极大限制了其作为摩擦部件的应用.微弧氧化处理可以获得硬度高的陶瓷质膜,附着力强,既可以单独使用来提升钛合金的耐磨性,又能与多种后处理方式兼容,是提高钛合金耐磨性的有效方法.影响微弧氧化膜耐磨性的因素很多,详细论述了成膜电解液、电参数及不同复合处理方式对钛合金微弧氧化耐磨性的影响.电解液是决定微弧氧化膜耐磨性最关键的因素,通过选择合适的电解液体系或加入添加剂,使TiO2氧化膜中掺杂硬度更高的Al2O3、AlTiO5、SiO2等氧化物,大幅改善微弧氧化膜的耐磨性.通过调整电参数(包括恒流/恒压、单相/双相输出、频率等),将直接影响微弧氧化膜中硬质氧化物的类型、含量、分布、表面粗糙度等,进而影响摩擦磨损性能.复合处理包括微弧氧化膜表面机械抛光、喷涂石墨或聚四氟乙烯、磁控溅射硬质薄膜,以及氧化液中复合纳米颗粒等,其中复合纳米颗粒不仅可以修复膜层中的缺陷,还可以丰富氧化膜的相组成,使其具有耐磨、自润滑、耐腐蚀等多种功能特性,但纳米颗粒的分散、补加以及不同颗粒之间的协同影响还需要深入研究.     

医用钛合金的微弧氧化膜层组织及其磨损性能

采用微弧氧化方法对医用钛合金表面进行改性,利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对微弧氧化膜层的表面形貌和化学成分进行分析,通过小振幅往复摩擦磨损试验测量膜层的耐磨损性能.结果表明:钛合金经过微弧氧化表面处理后,所得膜层存在不同尺寸的放电微孔,氧化膜内层相对外层较为致密;膜层主要由大量金红石型TiO2相、非晶相SiO2及少量锐钛矿型TiO2相组成;与基体相比,微弧氧化膜层的初期摩擦因数从0.7降低至0.1,耐磨性提高.     

等离子喷涂层与微弧氧化膜层的摩擦磨损性能比较

采用等离子喷涂法在钛合金基体上制备了纳米氧化锆陶瓷涂层,采用微弧氧化法在锆合金基体上制备了氧化锆陶瓷膜层。通过摩擦磨损试验研究了纳米陶瓷涂层和微弧氧化膜层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:在往复滑动磨损条件下和两种载荷水平下,两种涂层均呈现相同的耐磨性规律;在较大载荷下,微弧氧化膜层的磨痕深度较大,即纳米ZrO2陶瓷涂层的耐磨性优于微弧氧化陶瓷膜层。     

TC4钛合金表面微弧氧化原位生长自润滑MoS2/TiO2膜层研究

钛合金表面减摩涂层的设计和制备是提升钛合金构件耐磨性能、保障服役安全的重要技术之一。针对于目前钛合金减摩涂层中减摩剂分散不均匀,易于团聚导致膜基结合力差等问题,本论文采用一步微弧氧化技术在TC4合金表面原位生长纳米MoS2颗粒,制备具有减磨作用的MoS2/TiO2复合陶瓷膜层;讨论了原位反应中硫源添加量对膜层微观结构及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：以Na2S和Na2MoO4分别为硫源和钼源在TC4合金表面通过微弧氧化制备出了MoS2/TiO2复合陶瓷膜层;通过控制Na2S浓度可以原位生成具有小尺寸、均匀化分布的纳米MoS2颗粒,并实现对MoS2含量和形态的调控。随着Na2S浓度的增加,膜层结构逐渐致密化且表面粗糙度较低,当添加量到达60g/L时,由于硫沉淀作用导致膜层开始疏松,粗糙度增加。由于膜层表面和内部均存在均匀化分布且具有自润滑作用的MoS2颗粒,所得膜层耐磨性较传统微弧氧化膜层或直接添加MoS2颗粒所得膜层分别提高了395.4%、129.4%;同时,膜基结合力较传统微弧氧化提高了87.1%,达到了723.8N,说明了该技术在保证良好的自润滑效果同时改善了膜基结合力。该研究结果可以为钛合金耐磨涂层设计和制备提供新思路和研究方法。     

SiC增强Ti-6Al-4V合金微弧氧化陶瓷层的摩擦磨损性能

采用微弧氧化方法,通过在电解液中掺杂不同粒径碳化硅颗粒,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备含不同粒径碳化硅的陶瓷膜层。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和摩擦磨损实验机研究了膜层的微观形貌、结构物相以及摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明,碳化硅对钛合金微弧氧化膜层表面形貌以及摩擦磨损性能影响显著,较小粒径碳化硅颗粒引入微弧氧化膜层可以显著降低微弧氧化膜层孔隙率,增强膜层表面致密度,较大提高膜层减摩耐磨性能。其中1~2μm粒径的碳化硅对膜层耐磨性的提高效果最为显著。较大粒径碳化硅难以通过尺度较小的微弧氧化孔进入微弧氧化层,减摩耐磨性能提高较小。     

钛合金微弧氧化陶瓷层性能

利用脉冲微弧氧化技术在钛合金(Ti6A14V)表面制备陶瓷层.用 SEM 观察了陶瓷层的表面形貌和截面显微组织,XRJ)研究陶瓷层的相组成,用球-盘磨损实验机对陶瓷层的摩擦学性能进行了研究,并用光学显微镜镜观察了磨痕的形貌.结果表明厚度约为10 μm的微弧氧化陶瓷层由疏松层和致密层组成.陶瓷层主要由金红石TiO2相和锐钛矿TiO2相构成.抛光后的陶瓷层在干摩擦小滑动距离下表现出良好的减摩作用,耐磨性能也显著增强.     

电解质对钛合金微弧氧化放电方式和耐磨性能的影响

目的 通过比较添加微量磷酸盐对放电方式的影响,表征各膜层的微观结构与成分组成,研究分析放电方式差异对膜层耐磨性能的影响。方法 在3组电解液中分别进行TC4钛合金微弧氧化,以磨损率为指标判定每组的最优配比。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察膜层表面与截面微观形貌。使用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析膜层表面和磨损区域的元素分布情况。使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征膜层物相结构组成,通过维氏显微硬度计测量膜层的硬度,使用摩擦磨损试验机进行膜层摩擦学性能测试,并通过三维形貌仪分析磨痕轮廓。结果 在铝酸盐电解液中添加磷酸盐电解质后会增强A、C型放电,减弱B型放电,使制得膜层的缺陷(微孔与微裂纹)明显增多,产生了较厚的疏松层,并且随着电解液中磷酸根离子的增多,放电方式进一步受影响,膜层磨损率也大幅增加。而不添加磷酸盐的20 g/L铝酸盐浓度制备的钛合金微弧氧化膜层在15 N高载荷滑动干摩擦下的摩擦系数为0.6~0.7,磨痕窄且浅,磨损率仅为基体的7.22%。结论 磷酸盐电解质极易引起杂质放电,导致微弧氧化反应时B型放电显著减弱,A、C型放电大幅增加,导致膜层致密性显著降低,严重降低了微弧氧化膜层的耐磨性能。20 g/L铝酸盐电解液制备的钛合金微弧氧化膜层缺陷少、硬度高、厚度大,显著改善了高载荷下钛合金的耐磨性能。     

TC4钛合金微弧氧化-SiC复合膜的膜层结构及摩擦磨损行为

目的通过微弧氧化共沉积工艺,获得摩擦磨损性能优良的微弧氧化-SiC复合膜。方法在硅酸钠-六偏磷酸钠-钨酸钠-多聚磷酸钠体系的微弧氧化电解液中加入2.0 g/L SiC微粒,以直流脉冲模式制备TC4钛合金微弧氧化-SiC复合膜。利用KH-7700型三维视频显微镜、XRD、SEM,对复合膜的表面、截面微观形貌和结构进行了观察分析,采用CFT-1型显微磨损试验仪检测了其在室温干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果 SiC复合膜层中的微孔数量明显少于不含SiC相的氧化膜层,复合膜表面分布着SiC相、金红石、锐钛矿TiO_2相、Al2Ti O5相以及非晶态的P、Si、W化合物。在干摩擦磨损条件下,微弧氧化-SiC复合膜的摩擦系数为0.26,比磨损率为0.72×10~(-6) mm~3/(N·m),微弧氧化-SiC复合膜只发生轻微的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。结论得到了摩擦磨损性能优良的复合膜,复合膜中的SiC新相改变了氧化膜的表面形貌,降低了复合膜的摩擦系数和磨损率。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.