60Co辐射交联乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物/氢氧化镁复合材料的热、力学及阻燃性能研究

以三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯为交联助剂,以60Co为辐射源,对三种不同醋酸乙烯酯(Vinyl-acetate,VA)含量的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(Ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer,EVA)/氢氧化镁混合材料进行了辐照交联.通过对凝胶含量、维卡软化点、氧指数、UL-94垂直燃烧和拉伸性能的测试及热重分析,研究了辐照剂量对EVA/氢氧化镁交联体的交联度、热性能、力学性能和阻燃性能的影响.研究结果表明:VA含量高的EVA/氢氧化镁交联体更容易产生辐射交联;辐照交联后的EVA/氢氧化镁复合材料的抗热变形能力、力学性能及阻燃性能都获得明显改善.热重分析结果表明,60Co辐射明显影响EVA/氢氧化镁的热氧稳定性.     

双酚A型环氧树脂的1.5 MeV电子束辐照效应

本工作以双酚A型环氧树脂为研究对象,在1.5 MeV电子加速器下分别以18 kGy/h和2 250 kGy/h的剂量率对其进行辐照处理,以达到总吸收剂量135 kGy、270 kGy、500 kGy和1 000 kGy。系统研究了两种不同剂量率和不同吸收剂量对环氧树脂表面形貌、化学结构和热性能的影响。结果表明：电子束辐照环氧树脂时,高剂量率下环氧树脂内部会产生脉状裂纹,而总吸收剂量对树脂的热稳定性和力学性能影响较大;环氧树脂经电子束辐照后,玻璃化转变温度和交联密度下降,同时力学性能下降,表明辐射裂解占主导;电子顺磁共振光谱测试表明辐照过程中有烷基自由基和过氧自由基的产生,自由基浓度与吸收剂量呈正相关性。进一步研究了自由基在空气中的稳定性,随着存放时间的增加,自由基浓度最终趋于稳定。     

γ辐射对氮化硼/环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

环氧树脂及其复合材料具有良好的电气绝缘性能,在核工业领域得到了广泛应用。本工作将六方氮化硼粉末(h-BN)与四氢邻苯二甲酸二缩水甘油酯、固化剂甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐和促进剂2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚共混,并热固化成型,制备了氮化硼/环氧树脂(h-BN/EP)复合材料。在空气和通氮限氧气氛及一定吸收剂量率下(60 Gy/min),研究了h-BN粉末和h-BN/EP复合材料经60Coγ射线辐照后结构和性能(力学性能、导热性能和热稳定性等)的变化情况。结果表明,两种气氛中,h-BN粉末都具有良好的γ射线辐照稳定性,吸收剂量达到380 kGy时,化学结构和热稳定性均未发生变化。但h-BN/EP复合材料经γ射线辐照后,玻璃化转变温度和初始热分解温度的下降程度都较纯EP基体明显。γ射线辐照对复合材料力学性能的影响与h-BN含量和吸收剂量相关。对于低h-BN含量(质量分数0.52%)的复合材料,其拉伸强度在吸收剂量较低(≤180 k Gy)时即显著下降;而高h-BN含量(质量分数≥0.52%)的复合材料,其拉伸强度在较低剂量(≤180 k Gy)时反而明显上升。当吸收剂量达1 000 kGy时,辐照后不同h-BN含量的复合材料以及纯EP的拉伸强度基本为同一水平,即吸收剂量高于1 000 kGy时,添加h-BN对EP的拉伸强度基本无影响。当吸收剂量为180 kGy时,γ射线辐射使得h-BN/EP复合材料的导热系数显著增加。     

电子束辐照对多酚氧化酶活性及结构的影响

应用圆二色谱及SDS-PAGE技术分析电子束辐照对多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性及结构的影响。结果发现:电子束辐照可在一定程度上降低PPO酶活性;圆二色谱分析发现电子束辐照处理后,PPO酶蛋白质二级结构相对含量发生改变,但a螺旋、b折叠和b转角总含量在吸收剂量4.83 kGy时总量变化不大,当吸收剂量4.83 kGy时,随着剂量的增加含量不断下降,无规则卷曲呈上升趋势。SDS-PAGE电泳实验结果表明,辐照处理下PPO酶同时发生交联和降解反应。上述结果提示电子束辐照对PPO酶活性有一定的抑制作用。     

电子束辐射预硫化天然橡胶/丁苯橡胶并用体系的研究

以天然橡胶,丁苯橡胶(Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber,NR/SBR)并用体系为基材,采用电子束辐照技术对其进行辐射预硫化,研究了不同吸收剂量下,材料交联度、硫化速度及格林强度的变化趋势,并评价了电子束辐射预硫化对材料最终力学性能的影响.结果表明:NR/SBR并用体系的交联度和格林强度随吸收剂量的增加而提高,热硫化速度基本不受吸收剂量的影响,可实现删SBR并用体系的辐射预硫化;辐射预硫化与未辐射预硫化的NR/SBR相比,完全硫化后材料的力学性能相差不大.     

辐照乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物的热老化性能

对吸收剂量为60 kGy、120 kGy和180 kGy的乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)样品进行270℃热老化处理,通过残炭率、热延伸、拉伸性能、体积电阻率和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对热老化不同时间的样品进行测试和表征。结果表明:随着吸收剂量的增大,样品残炭率逐渐增大,热延伸逐渐减小,断裂拉伸应变呈现下降趋势,吸收剂量为120 kGy时,材料交联度最高;随着热老化时间延长,样品的拉伸强度和断裂拉伸应变均呈下降趋势,体积电阻率也呈下降趋势,在吸收剂量为120 kGy时ETFE体积电阻率最高,绝缘性能最优;FTIR表明辐射交联ETFE材料的非晶组分随热老化时间延长而先增加后降低。     

γ辐射制备阻燃HDPE/EPDM电缆材料

以HDPE和EPDM为基体，加入低卤阻燃剂，并经γ辐照，制备了耐温125℃的阻燃电缆绝缘材料。力学及电学等测试表明，γ辐射交联可改善该材料的耐温及抗张强度等性能。用锥型量热计研究了材料交联前后的动态燃烧特性。研究发现，辐射交联可明显降低燃烧过程中热释放速率及有效燃烧热，辐射交联提高了氧指数，增加了残留成碳量，但点火时间有一家的提前。本工作将研究结果与传统的TG测定法作了比较。     

γ射线辐照改善PBAT增韧的麦秸粉/PBS复合材料性能

以聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate),PBAT)为增韧材料,利用熔融共混复合技术,制备了生物可降解的麦秸粉/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(Poly(butylene succinate),PBS)-PBAT复合材料,并对其进行辐照交联。考察PBAT质量分数和~(60)Coγ射线辐照不同吸收剂量对麦秸粉/PBS-PBAT复合材料的热学性能、力学性能和凝胶量的影响。结果表明:当PBAT的质量分数为30%时,麦秸粉/PBS-PBAT复合材料的冲击强度提高了13%;随吸收剂量的增大,麦秸粉/PBS-PBAT复合材料的力学性能和凝胶含量均得到了提高。麦秸粉/PBS-PBAT复合材料经~(60)Coγ射线辐照后,完全热分解温度达到550°C,提高了约50°C。     

γ射线辐照对聚砜结构与性能的影响

应用力学性能测试、傅立叶变换红外光谱分析、扫描电镜断口形貌分析、差示扫描量热分析、凝胶渗透色谱分析、X射线光电子能谱分析等多种手段从多个角度研究了聚砜材料在γ射线辐照下的老化行为,并研究了吸收剂量对材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明,聚砜材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度、玻璃化温度、数均分子量、峰值分子量和数均聚合度等均随吸收剂量的增加而下降;化学结构在辐照过程中基本上没有变化;其断口表面的光滑程度随辐射剂量的增加而增大;弯曲强度、冲击强度和重均分子量随吸收剂量变化曲线的上升段表明,在低吸收剂量下聚砜材料内部交联反应占优势;这些曲线的下降段表明,在中高吸收剂量下聚砜内部降解反应占优势.动力学分析表明,聚砜在化学上的降解属于无规降解类型,间接证明了聚砜在低吸收剂量下交联反应占优势,在中高吸收剂量下降解反应占优势.     

TAIC对辐照交联无卤阻燃EVA热缩材料的影响

向乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer,EVA)无卤阻燃热缩材料中添加不同含量的三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(Triallyl isocyanurate,TAIC),然后采用电子束辐照,制备出交联型无卤阻燃EVA热缩材料。考察TAIC的含量和吸收剂量对样品的凝胶含量、机械性能和电性能的影响,并通过傅里叶红外(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)光谱对EVA热缩材料进行表征。结果表明:TAIC的加入对辐射交联有促进作用,在吸收剂量一定的情况下,如150 k Gy,EVA热缩材料的凝胶含量随着TAIC含量增加;在TAIC的添加量一定的情况下,如3份(质量),EVA热缩材料的凝胶含量随着吸收剂量增加;对机械性能而言,断裂伸长率随着TAIC和吸收剂量的增加均呈下降趋势;在断裂强度方面,添加TAIC的样品断裂强度上升趋势比较明显;对电性能的影响,TAIC的加入增加了EVA热缩材料的体积电阻,其随着吸收剂量的增加先上升后下低;FTIR分析表明TAIC在电子束辐照下反应完全。     

Irradiation and flame retardant effect of poly[bis(phenoxyphosphazene)] and magnesium hydroxide in LDPE composites

Poly[bis(phenoxyphosphazene)](PBPP) and magnesium hydroxide(MH) are used as a flame retardant blend with low-density polyethylene(LDPE) for the nuclear cable. This study aims to investigate the effects of PBPP in MH-LDPE blend composites on flame retardance and electron beam irradiation. The structure, morphology,and properties of the blend composites irradiated by an electron beam to different absorbed doses were characterized. The results indicated that PBPP provides lubrication during processing. As the PBPP content in the blend increases the melt flow rate at 20 phr MH, meaning the material is easier to process. The higher the PBPP content, the higher the limiting-oxygen index. The elongation at the break of the PBPP containing composites(at 50 phr MH) was evidently higher than the non-PBPP ones at different absorbed doses by electron beam irradiation. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the improved mechanical property, resulting from electron-beam irradiation, could be attributed to the consumption of PBPP.     

辐射制备POE/EPDM/SR/MH无卤阻燃绝缘材料的研究

使用电子加速器辐照制备了由聚烯烃弹性体(POE)、三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、硅橡胶(Siliconrubber)和氢氧化镁混炼而成的无卤阻燃绝缘材料,研究了配方对共混体系力学性能、阻燃性能、电性能等的影响。探索了力学性能与吸收剂量之间的相关性,研究了含硅体系与含硅磷体系各自的阻燃机理。发现拉伸强度与凝胶含量无直接对应关系,屈服强度与凝胶含量在一定剂量范围内有良好的对应关系;硅橡胶的加入可促进体系成炭,硅橡胶与红磷有协同阻燃作用。     

A numerical study of radiation heat transfer in sodium pool combustion and response surface modeling of luminous flame emissivity

A response surface model of the luminous flame emissivity of sodium pool fire has been proposed for use in safety analysis computer codes of a liquid metal fast reactor. The liquid sodium burns in air resulting in not only heat generation but also release of sodium oxide aerosols of sub-micron diameters. Aerosols levitating in air are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. The emissivity of the flame needs to be quantified, as it is one of user-specified parameters of the computer codes for the sodium fire analysis. The response surface model of the flame emissivity is developed based on numerical experiments on the physics of mass and heat transfer and behavior of the aerosol. Thermal-hydraulic equations have been solved coupled with aerosol dynamics and chemical reaction. Three influential variables on the emissivity are identified as pool temperature, gas temperature and oxygen molar fraction in the air. It has been found that the emissivity is calculated reasonably as a function of the three variables. The proposed response surface model can be easily employed in the sodium fire analysis codes because it is a simple quadratic expression. For the safety evaluation of the sodium fire, combined use is recommended of the proposed model and the lumped-mass zone model code.     

Smoke release behaviour of burning pools of liquid sodium

The analysis of the reactor safety and environmental protection for sodium cooled fast reactors requires an indepth knowledge of the smoke release behaviour of liquid sodium spillages in accidental conditions. The present study is aimed at experimental determinations of specific smoke release rates resulting from burning of sodium pools in closed as well as in open atmosphere.The pool temperature is controlled by incorporating an integrated cooling and heating facility in the burn-pot. Controlled test atmosphere is effected by regulating the oxygen and moisture content of the combustion chamber. In isothermal conditions (temperature of the pool 600±50°C) oxygen concentrations have a pronounced effect on the smoke release rate which diminishes as oxygen concentration increases. On the other hand, increasing oxygen content results in a slow fall of smoke release rate in non-isothermal conditions until at an oxygen concentration of about 7% (v/v) when there is a modest rise. In open atmosphere the smoke release rates show a rising trend in logarithmic scale with increasing pool area.     

Experimental and analytical investigation of intermittent flame effect on radiant emission for pool fires

The radiation plays an important role in the fire protection safety of equipments, especially for cable trays in switchgear rooms of a nuclear power plant. Therefore, many research works had been focused on the radiant heat emitted from a fire over the last decades. The radiant heat is essentially emitted from both the persistent and intermittent flames. However, no previous studies had investigated this heat contributed from the intermittent flame. Therefore, experimental and analytical works are proposed in this paper to investigate the effect of intermittent flame on the radiant heat. Based on the experimental measurements for a 30 cm pool fire, at least 36% of total radiant heat is emitted from the intermittent flame, demonstrating the significance of its contribution of the radiant heat. In addition, a new analytical radiant model is also proposed herein, which considers the intermittent flame effect, the flame oscillation characteristics and the smoke contribution. Compared with the experimental data for the pool fires with the diameters of 14–38 cm, the distributions of radiant heat fluxes predicted by the present analytical model show good agreement qualitatively and quantitatively. The relative errors between experiments and predictions are less than about 10%.     

Investigation of flame structure in plasma-assisted turbulent premixed methane-air flame

The mechanism of plasma-assisted combustion at increasing discharge voltage is investigated in detail at two distinctive system schemes (pretreatment of reactants and direct in situ discharge).OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is used to diagnose the turbulent structure methane-air flame,and the experimental apparatus consists of dump burner,plasma-generating system,gas supply system and OH-PLIF system.Results have shown that the effect of pretreatment of reactants on flame can be categorized into three regimes:regime Ⅰ for voltage lower than 6.6 kV;regime Ⅱ for voltage between 6.6 and 11.1 kV;and regime Ⅲ for voltage between 11.1 and 12.5 kV.In regime Ⅰ,aerodynamic effect and slower oxidation of higher hydrocarbons generated around the inner electrode tip plays a dominate role,while in regime Ⅲ,the temperature rising effect will probably superimpose on the chemical effect and amplify it.For wire-cylinder dielectric barrier discharge reactor with spatially uneven electric field,the amount of radicals and hydrocarbons are decreased monotonically in radial direction which affects the flame shape.With regard to in situ plasma discharge in flames,the discharge pattern changes from streamer type to glow type.Compared with the case of reactants pretreatment,the flame propagates further in the upstream direction.In the discharge region,the OH intensity is highest for in situ plasma assisted combustion,indicating that the plasma energy is coupled into flame reaction zone.     

Analysis of hydrogen flame acceleration in APR1400 containment by coupling hydrogen distribution and combustion analysis codes

This study was conducted as part of the construction of an integrated system to mechanistically evaluate flame acceleration characteristics in a containment of a nuclear power plant during a severe accident. In the integrated analysis system, multi-dimensional hydrogen distribution and combustion analysis codes are used to consider three-dimensional effects of the hydrogen behaviors. GASFLOW is used for the analysis of a hydrogen distribution in the containment. For the analysis of a hydrogen combustion in the containment, an open-source CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code OpenFOAM is chosen. Data of the hydrogen and steam distributions obtained from a GASFLOW analysis are transferred to the OpenFOAM combustion solver by a conversion and interpolation process between the solvers. The combustion solver imports the transferred data and initializes the containment atmosphere as an initial condition of a hydrogen combustion analysis. The turbulent combustion model used in this study was validated by evaluating the F22 test of the FLAME experiment. The coupled analysis method was applied for the analysis of a hydrogen combustion during a station blackout accident in an APR1400. In addition, the characteristics of the flame acceleration depending on a hydrogen release location are comparatively evaluated.     

Response Surface Modeling of Aerosol Release Fraction in Sodium Pool Combustion

A response surface model has been proposed to evaluate an aerosol release fraction during sodium pool fire in a liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR). Air containing aerosols are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. Hence, the aerosol release fraction needs to be quantified based on the behavior of the aerosols and physics of mass and heat transfer. However, the aerosol release fraction is one of user-specified parameters of computer codes for the sodium fire safety analysis of the LMFR. In the present study, a response surface model of the aerosol release fraction has been developed based on numerical experiments of aerosol dynamics. For developing the model, aerosol dynamic equation has been solved coupled with thermal-hydraulics and chemical reaction. The authors obtained good agreement of the aerosol release fraction between the numerical experiments and the past experiments. Therefore, the aerosol behavior model has been validated with regard to the pool combustion phenomena and is reasonably applicable to the numerical experiment. Three influential variables on the release fraction are identified as pool temperature, gas temperature and oxygen molar fraction in the air. The proposed response surface model is a quadratic expression of the influential variables and can be easily employed in the sodium fire analysis code.     

氢气-空气混合气体燃烧特性试验分析

为了保证严重事故下安全壳的完整性,氢气点火器燃烧缓解措施被广泛应用于核电站内。本文在1个20m3立式圆柱罐体内进行9.28%浓度下的氢气燃烧试验,结合GASFLOW数值模拟和其他试验数据,对本次试验结果进行了综合分析。试验和模拟结果均表明:9.28%浓度下氢气完全燃烧,罐体内温度和压力快速增加;燃烧过程中罐体内高温气体通过辐射传热、对流换热和相变传热3种方式向罐体结构散热,使得罐体内温度和压力随时间逐渐降低,达到泄压和冷却的作用;燃烧过程有明显的方向性,即点燃后火焰在浮力作用下沿罐体中心线向上传播,到达顶部后转而沿罐体四周向下燃烧,燃烧初期火焰速度为11.15m/s;试验中由于内部构件的影响,火焰传播更为复杂。