低速大质量冲击下伪弹性TiNi合金固支梁响应的数值研究

摘要：本文对低速大质量冲击下伪弹性TiNi合金固支梁的响应和相变演化特性进行了数值研究,目的是了解相变与结构动态响应之间的相互影响。结果表明,落锤冲击载荷作用下,相变固支梁的响应可以分为5个阶段：弹性波动响应,局部相变失稳,驻定相变铰形成,相变铰区扩展和相变铰移动,杆机构。相变铰为弯矩和轴力共同作用下形成的广义铰,同时表现出与塑性铰不同的特征。     

内爆炸条件下特种圆柱壳结构动力响应研究

针对有球形顶盖的圆型柱壳结构,基于弹性薄壳振动理论用相同边界梁振型函数近似柱壳振型轴向分布,提出内爆炸荷载作用下此类结构动力响应计算方法,分析长径比对柱壳振动影响,获得结构位移简化算法。通过算例与已有方法对比验证该方法的合理性,并研究顶盖对柱壳振动影响。结果表明,计算径向位移时由柱壳顶端侧向弹性铰支边界考虑顶盖约束,按内部静压条件确定的铰支系数对柱壳振动高阶振型计算时产生误差,在柱壳顶端加入顶盖等效集中质量可有效降低该误差,并使振动频率及顶端径向位移计算值较小;随长径比增大球形顶盖对柱壳振动影响逐渐减小。     

截锥壳颤振分析的微分求积法

引入微分求积法(Differential Quadrature Method,简称DQM)对截锥壳气动弹性方程离散,采用一阶活塞理论气动力,运用特征值分析方法求解系统的颤振临界动压。研究了半顶角、径厚比、长径比等几何参数对颤振临界动压的影响。结果表明,DQM求解截锥壳气动弹性方程具有良好的精度和计算效率,结构产生1阶~2阶耦合型颤振的最低临界动压对应的周向波数较大,并因几何参数而异;颤振临界动压参数随半顶角的增大而减小,随着径厚比的增大而增大,随长径比的增大而减小。     

变速超空泡航行体壳结构的动力响应分析

通过对变速超空泡水下航行体壳结构受力模型的分析,建立了恒定推力下航行体的平面运动方程,确定了变速过程中的阻力和冲击力。利用有限元方法,进行了结构响应计算,分析了减速过程中节点时域上的最大应力值在轴向的分布情况及典型节点处的响应。结果表明：航行体所需推力和所受应力较大,对其结构强度要求较高;运动过程中,节点时域上的最大应力在空间域上的极大值主要分布在首尾端部和柱壳中部;存在一些振动频率对航行体结构响应影响显著。结果对超空泡航行体壳结构受力和强度分析以及优化设计有着重要的指导意义。&;#61472;     

泡沫铝填充多棱管的吸能分析

通过LS-DYNA模拟分析泡沫铝填充多棱管的准静态过程。以柱壳比（R）作为比较具有不同截面形状的泡沫铝填多棱管的依据。通过比吸能、比力和能量吸收率,实现泡沫铝填充多棱管吸能性能的定量化比较分析。研究发现在具有相同柱壳比的条件下,泡沫铝填充四棱管的比吸能最高;泡沫铝填充八棱管的能量吸收率最高（约78%）;四棱管的吸能量占泡沫铝填充四棱管总吸能量的比例最小（约57%）。不同的几何形状和结构对泡沫铝填充多棱管的吸能性能有着显著的影响。同时,对泡沫铝填充多棱管的变形模式和内在机制也做了初步的分析     

层合薄壁圆柱壳1:1内共振研究

针对一端固定,一端自由的层合薄壁圆柱壳模型,根据Donnell’s非线性简化壳理论建立其非线性振动方程。采用Galerkin方法对非线性振动方程进行离散化,应用平均法对系统包含两个相邻轴向模态的非线性振动响应进行了解析分析,与数值模拟进行了比较,并得到了不同参数对层合薄壁圆柱壳复杂的振动响应的影响。结果表明,1）由于所选的两个相邻轴向模态频率相距较近,能量在两个模态之间相互传递,系统存在1:1内共振现象;2）系统复杂的振动响应受激振力大小和非线性项的影响比较大,而对于阻尼不敏感。     

细长密闭管道内油气爆炸特性研究

针对长径比对密闭管道内汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气爆炸特性的影响进行实验。研究表明:细长密闭管道内的油气爆炸压力为两阶段上升,而压力上升速率曲线呈现出"双峰"结构;最大爆炸压力和取得最大pmax值的最佳油气浓度均随管道长径比L/D的增加逐渐减小;达到最大爆炸压力所需时间随管道长径比L/D的增加呈线性关系增加,且靠近最佳油气浓度的油气受管道长径比的影响较小,而偏离最佳油气浓度较远的油气受管道长径比的影响较大;随着油气浓度的增大,第二个压力上升速率峰值先呈指数增长,达到峰值之后呈负指数下降;当油气浓度低于临界浓度时,第二个压力上升速率峰值比第一个压力上升速率峰值低,而高于临界浓度时则反之;第一个和第二个压力上升速率峰值及取得最大(dp/dt)max2值的油气浓度均随管道长径比L/D的增加而降低。这些规律性的结论可为管道的防抑爆设计提供理论依据和重要参考。     

几何参数对旋转薄壁圆柱壳振动特性的影响

摘 要: 本文基于Love壳体理论对旋转薄壁圆柱壳的自由振动特性进行分析,讨论几何参数对圆柱壳振动特性的影响。针对五种边界条件,分别分析厚度与半径之比、半径与长度之比对旋转薄壁圆柱壳固有频率特性的影响;探讨半径与长度之比对系统振型比的影响。分析结果表明：圆柱壳固有频率随着厚度与半径之比的增加而单调增加,增加幅度较小。半径与长度之比对圆柱壳固有频率与振型比的影响显著,且随其增大固有频率及振型比均不单调变化。由此可知,细长圆柱壳的振动特性与短粗圆柱壳的振动特性差异显著,研究结果为圆柱壳的动力学分析提供理论依据。     

基于动力吸振器的潜艇推进轴系轴向减振研究

螺旋桨脉动推力经推进轴、推力轴承及其基座传递到壳体,是潜艇壳体产生低频轴向振动与声辐射的一个重要因素。本文基于四端参数法建立了综合考虑推进轴系和壳体弹性的潜艇轴向振动力学模型,以轴系传递到壳体的纵振功率流为评价指标研究了轴系的轴向振动传递特性,详细讨论了用动力吸振器实现轴系轴向减振的设计方法。研究结果表明,螺旋桨脉动推力会在轴系各阶纵振频率附近频段激励起轴壳耦合的轴向共振,显著增加轴系到壳体的能量传递。用动力吸振器可以有效抑制轴系各阶轴向共振频率附近的轴－壳共振,而对其它频段的轴壳轴向共振则效果不佳。     

橡胶支座与柱串联体系的动力特性分析

针对工程界比较关注的橡胶隔震支座与柱串联的隔震体系,研究了串联隔震体系横向振动的固有频率,探讨了轴向压力和不同隔震支座等效弯曲刚度对串联隔震系统固有频率的影响。考虑横截面转动和剪切变形以及轴向压力的影响,建立了串联隔震系统横向自由振动的数学模型;采用微分求积单元法（DQEM）对所得控制方程和边界条件进行离散处理,避免了繁琐的偏微分方程求解;数值求解固支—自由边界条件下串联隔震体系的横向固有频率,并得到该系统横向固有频率参数随压力变化的曲线。数值结果表明：轴向力的增加将显著降低串联隔震系统的低阶固有频率;在总高度一定的情况下,隔震支座尺寸的增大对串联隔震体系的力学特性也有显著的影响。     

Strain-induced phase transformation in a cobalt-based superalloy during different loading modes

The strain-induced face-centered cubic (FCC) → hexagonal-close packed (HCP) phase transformation in a cobalt-based superalloy was investigated with four in situ loading neutron-diffraction experiments: monotonic tension, monotonic compression, high-cycle fatigue, and low-cycle fatigue. The transformation onsets for the four respective cases were 685 MPa, 698 MPa, 1 cycle, and 3 cycles, respectively. The HCP phase accumulated at rates of 0.1 wt.%-MPa⁻¹ and 0.05 wt.%-MPa⁻¹ for the tension and compression cases, respectively. For the cyclic-loading cases, the accumulation rates were found to be inversely proportional to the number of fatigue cycles. The results under the different loading modes suggest that the phase transformation occurs according to a tensile plastic-work criterion.     

A Method of Combined SHPB Technique and BP Neural Network to Study Impact Response of Materials

Abstract:  A new method combining the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique with the back-propagation (BP) neural network program is proposed. By this method, the treated strain wave signals become smooth with less noises induced by the transverse inertia. Moreover, the dynamic rate-dependent constitutive behaviour of materials can be identified, without any pre-assumption of a constitutive model. It is found that by taking the experimentally measured data of strain, strain rate and time as 'input' and the corresponding data of stress as 'output' of the BP neural network, the dynamic constitutive behaviour with internal damage or phase transformation evolution is easy to be identified, where the time could represent either the internal damage evolution or phase transformation process accompanied with the deformation process. It is emphasised that the data learnt by the BP neural network must include both loading and unloading processes, if the whole loading and unloading response is to be correctly predicted. The comparisons between the predictions and experimental results are in good agreement for both polyamide (PA) polymer (as an example of nonlinear viscoelastic materials) and Ti–Ni alloy (as an example of superelastic materials with stress-induced phase transformation).     

Molecular dynamics study of surface effect on martensitic cubic-to-tetragonal transformation in Ni–Al alloy

Molecular dynamics (MD) study of martensitic transformation (MT) in nickel and aluminum alloy is performed. The behavior focused on is transformation between crystalline structures from B2 cubic cell to body-centered tetragonal cell, which is simply realized by uniaxial tensile loading. The potential function used is Finnis–Sinclair type having only single energy minimum where B2 structure exists. The availability of this specific many-body potential for stress-induced MT phenomena under uniaxial loading is fully discussed. In MD simulations, martensite phase is induced by tensile stress or strain in the atomic system, as predicted by a potential energy map. It is understood that the characteristic of the potential energy function with regard to deformation is crucial for MT studies and investigating energy-strain or stress–strain map is worthwhile. The MT behavior in the atomic system occurs during a plateau region of stress–strain (S–S) curve of the whole specimen, that is typical for experimental superelastic or shape-memory alloys under uniaxial loading. It is found that, during each MT event, large jump of atomic strain is observed. Owing to single energy minimum, the atomic system shows almost perfect recovery in S–S curve, where the graph comes completely back to initial state after unloaded. Besides, the present paper focuses on surface effect for MT behavior. Since the surface effect is dominant in MT phenomena especially in microscopic specimens, a novel computational scheme for stabilizing condition in which uniaxial loading is always applied together with arbitrary periodic boundary condition(s) is devised. By comparing one-, two-, and three-dimensional models under uniaxial loading, it is recognized that the nucleation behavior depends strongly on the existence of free surface region (including corner edge). When there is no surface, a chaotic nucleation of martensite is observed. On the other hand, the free surface induces first martensite because of less constraint in tensile deformation of unit cells. It is confirmed that the tendency toward MT nucleation corresponds to yield stress or strain of the specimen. In order to define and detect martensite structure as for each atom, an atomic strain measure (ASM) with our own formation is introduced. It is shown that the ASM is very effective to distinguish martensite bct unit structure from others.     

氧化鋯基陶瓷承受循環負荷之奇特式能量吸收機制

以往咸信氧化鋯基陶瓷材料之韌化機制主要爲正方相轉變爲單斜相之相變化及正方晶之鐵彈性域轉移,惟其主要應用在發生塑性變形範圍,而在承受循環負荷之彈性變形範圍則鮮少論及.本研究發現該材料系統在承受彈性之循環負荷作用下,表現出奇特之能量吸收特性,亦即,因應力诱發而使立方相轉换爲具有類橡膠特性之斜方相,或是立方相轉换爲不會發生相變之正方相,此應爲氧化锆基材料系統在彈性變形範圍之韌化機制,爲一國際上創新之發現.     

Stress dependent electrical resistivity of orthodontic wire from the shape memory alloy NiTi

The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the stress induced martensitic phase under different loading conditions in orthodontic wire from the Shape Memory Alloy Nickel–Titanium (NiTi). For this purpose we investigated the phase transformation from austenite to martensitic due to the different loading conditions by measuring the electrical resistance which could show the type of deformation which occurs at the beginning of phase transformations. In this framework we developed two special devices for measurements of electrical resistance in different types of load and their combination on the orthodontic wire. These results were compared with the analytically calculated stresses in the orthodontic wire. It was shown that they caused complex or multi-axial stress state phase transformation rather than other more simple load such as uniaxial loading. Finally, the article presents the deformation which occurs at the change of phase that is nearly connected to the useful superelasticity effect of the Shape Memory Alloy NiTi.     

脉冲电流处理后低碳钢中的局域纳米结构

用透射电镜观察经过高密度脉冲电流处理后的粗晶低碳钢，发现该材料中有纳米结构的γ-Fe生成。讨论了纳米结构的生成机制。脉冲电流作用时间短，加热速度快，改变相变势垒的效应和快速冷却的条件是生成纳米结构的原因，电流降低热力学形核势垒是一个不容忽视的因素。     

Phase Transformations in ZrO_2 after Shock Loading

The effects of shock loading on the morphology,grain growth during heating and phase transforma-tion of ZrO_2 have been investigated.It is shown that shock loading may be efficiently used to modifysubmicron ceramic powders with nanocrystalline structure.After shock loading,the critical diameterof ZrO_2 particles transformed from tetragonal to monoclinic decreased due to stored strain energy.Annealing of powders resulted in reversible transformation to the tetragonal without considerablegrain growth up to 1200℃.     

NiTi形状记忆合金相变过程中的超声波声速特性

用超声脉冲反射法测试了NiTi形状记忆合金（SMA）在相变过程中的纵波声速,研究了合金声速随温度变化的规律。结果表明：在非相变温度范围内,NiTi合金声速随温度缓慢变化,但在发生相变的温度范围内,声速的变化趋势发生明显改变;测得NiTi合金的各相变温度与常规电阻法基本一致,与电阻法等其他测量相变温度的方法相比,纵波声速法具有简单易行、测量方便以及对工件无损伤等优点。     

超弹性NiTi合金率相关相变图案演化模拟

基于超弹性NiTi合金薄板在不同温度下的拉伸实验结果,采用三段线性弹塑性本构模型,通过热物理常数等效法考虑相变潜热对温升的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对相变图案演化进行模拟,揭示相变图案演化的率相关性机理。模拟结果表明:超弹性NiTi合金在拉伸过程中发生应力诱发马氏体相变,宏观表现为局部相变带的萌生、扩展与合并;由于相变潜热的释放,相变带的萌生伴随着局部温升,温升的峰值与加载应变率密切相关;局部相变带与加载方向成一定夹角,角度为50°~65°;随着加载速率增加,试样从等温向绝热状态转变,相变应力与局部温升随之增加,相变更容易在低温区域萌生,导致相变带数量不断增加;模拟的超弹性NiTi合金在不同应变率下的相变图案及温度场演化与实验结果吻合较好,为阐明该合金的相变局部化演变过程提供了参考。     

Allotropic phase transformation of pure zirconium by high-pressure torsion

Pure Zr is processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) at pressures in the range of 1–40 GPa. A phase transformation occurs from α to ω phase during HPT at pressures above 4 GPa while the total fraction of ω phase increases with straining and saturates to a constant level at higher strain. This phase transformation leads to microstructural refinement, hardness and strength enhancement and ductility reduction. Lattice parameter measurements confirm that c for α phase is expanded about 0.6% by the presence of ω phase. The temperature for reverse transformation from ω to α phase increases with straining and thus, straining under high pressure increases thermal stability of ω phase. The ω phase obtained by HPT is stable for more than 400 days at room temperature.