废旧产品回收策略的分析

废旧产品的再回收问题日益引起人们的关注，对废旧产品的回收策略进行分析就显得非常重要。产品的回收处理策略包括再利用、再制造、再循环和焚烧。在确定产品的回收策略时，需要综合考虑各种因素。文中从废旧产品的经济性、技术性、环境影响和相关政策的影响四个方面对产品的回收策略进行分析，得到不同回收策略的量化指标，从而为企业实施废旧产品回收提供指导。     

促进我国废旧电器再利用产业化进程

废旧电子电器产品再利用是循环经济的重要组成部分.如何尽快形成废旧电子电器产品环保回收和资源化再利用产业,是我们面临的新课题.     

促进我国废旧电器再利用产业化进程

废旧电子电器产品再利用是循环经济的重要组成部分。如何尽快形成废旧电子电器产品环保回收和资源化再利用产业，是我们面临的新课题。社会舆论对废旧家电回收与资源再利用，对环境保护的呼声越来越强烈，家用电器生产商开始实现绿色设计，大型家电经销商实施“以旧换新”回收废旧电器。社会的进步令人兴奋，但某些不足也值得我们注意。     

再制造供应链发展三要件

对废旧产品进行回收再制造,不仅能使企业降低生产成本、提高竞争力,也有利于合理使用资源、保护生态环境.世界上很多知名企业积极从事再制造的研发和应用,取得了良好效果和丰富经验.近年来,我国陆续出台政策推动再制造发展,如加大对旧家电、旧汽车以旧换新的补贴力度等.随着回收再制造产业的发展,生产供应链由单向运行转变成闭环系统.闭环供应链由制造商、零售商、回收商组成,制造商可以选择用废旧产品或新材料进行生产,零售商在销售产品的同时和回收商共同参与废旧产品回收.     

国内外硬质合金再生利用的现状与对策

硬质合金具有一系列优良性能,是制造业不可或缺的工具材料。世界经济的复苏和增长带动了全球硬质合金工具需求的稳步增长,我国的硬质合金产量也在不断增长,2013年我国硬质合金产量达到2.5万吨,约占全球总产量的38%。作为硬质合金主要组分的钨,是一种不可再生的重要战略稀缺性资源,随着钨资源的不断减少,价格不断上涨,欧美各国先后建立了战略储备机制,并积极开展钨的回收再利用。本文综述了废旧硬质合金回收再生的方法和发展趋势,通过对国外硬质合金生产、消费主要国家和公司硬质合金再生利用现状的调研分析,结合我国废旧硬质合金回收再生现状及存在的问题,提出应对策略:充分认识废旧硬质合金资源化循环利用、保障可持续发展的现实意义;创新发展废旧硬质合金的高品质回收再利用方法;建立废旧硬质合金再生利用的行业协会。     

推进废旧家电回收处理产业化——加快立法进程

推进我国废旧家电回收处理产业化的基本考虑作为资源循环利用产业的一项重要活动,废旧家电的回收利用在很多方面不同于常规的企业生产,特别是原料来源与一般的生产企业有根本的区别。一、建立废旧家电回收处理体系。实行多元回收和集中处理。回收与再利用不能分开,只有有效收集废旧家电,才有可能进行资源化利用和安全处置。因此,推进产业化进程中,废旧家电回收处理应是一个完整的体系。家用电器使用极为广泛,必须采取多元回收渠道,包括生产品经销商渠道、售后服务或维修网络,废旧物资回收企业、搬家公司、个体商户,已建或在建的社区集中点、…     

废旧硬质合金中回收利用钨的现状及建议

通过对比现有废旧硬质合金回收利用技术及优缺点,调研国内外企业废旧硬质合金回收利用现状,并结合产品形态及产品类别,提出了相应的回收利用技术建议：针对粉体废钨,采用湿法冶炼（萃取）工艺进行回收处理;针对轧辊和冷镦模具类废合金,采用高温处理法进行回收处理;针对顶锤、地矿球齿、拉丝模具、棒材和无涂层整体刀具、无涂层刀片类废合金,采用锌熔法进行回收处理;针对涂层刀片及涂层整体刀具类废合金,采用退涂+锌熔法或锌熔法+湿法冶炼（萃取）结合方式进行回收处理;此外,针对回收料质量波动和再生合金品质保障问题,建议所有类别废旧硬质合金回收最终应通过湿法冶炼转化为原生料再应用。     

看废旧手机在国外如何被回收

英国 手机回收成新兴行业 英国是世界上率先开展回收利用废旧手机业务的国家之一,6年前就推出了废旧手机回收计划.目前,手机回收再利用在英国已成为一个新兴行业.     

废旧电视机环保处理的分析及工艺

废旧电视机必须环保回收处理 国家发改委在<废旧家用电器回收处理管理条例>中规定,国家对电冰箱、电视机、空调器、洗衣机、电脑五种废旧电器的回收处理进行管理.对废旧家电处理企业实行资格认定制度,没有资质的企业不得从事上述五种电器的回收处理.     

文摘选萃

德国废旧电器将免费回收德国计划于8月起开始实施消费者免费送还废旧电器,电器制造商必须承担回收利用废旧电器义务的规定。德国环境部发布新闻公报说,电器制造商必须在生产时就考虑到废旧产品的再利用问题,以尽量减少环境污染。消费者可免费将诸如废旧电脑、电视机及电冰箱等家用电器送交社区回收点,由电器制造商统一处理。而此前,消费者为处理废旧电器必须向回收商支付一定费用。欧盟早在2002年底就已经决定,要求欧盟境内的电器制造商回收各类废旧电器,并在电器生产过程中更严格地限制使用特定的有毒原材料,以减少当前日益严重的电子垃圾…     

Selective Disassembly Sequencing: A Methodology for the Disassembly of End-of-Life Products

Disassembly planning has become an important strategic issue in order to reduce the environmental impact and increase the value of end-of-life (EOL) products. However, in order to make the recovery of EOL products viable, optimal disassembly sequencing has to be determined for each reusable component. In this paper, a selective disassembly methodology for EOL products is presented, which was developed by reversing and modifying the methodology developed by Nevins and Whitney (1989) for assembly. In the new methodology, the disassembly sequence generation and selective part recovery are largely performed by a special computer software. A number of product case studies were used to prove the concept and demonstrate the efficiency of the methodology.     

End-of-Life-Based Negotiation Throughout the Design Process

The aim of this paper is to suggest a methodology to accommodate a preferred end-of-life scenario in the early phases of a product. Life-cycle engineering and DFE methods have tried to improve design from an environmental point of view. But they failed to provide product designers with both levers on usable product characteristics and strategic objectives. The situation-based approach proposed focuses on negotiation of end-of-life strategies and their impact on product characteristics throughout the product development phase. It is based on the way negotiation between product engineer and end-of-life strategy engineer can be prepared, then performed and controlled.     

Demanufacturing photovoltaic panels: Comparison of end-of-life treatment strategies for improved resource recovery

Predictive models to forecast the volume and material composition of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) panels indicate that substantial material resources can potentially be recovered from silicon based PV panels in the next decades. The technical feasibility of selective mechanical delamination through milling and cleaving was experimentally studied. The achievable material recovery results are compared to current practices in end-of-life treatment, demonstrating a substantial potential to improve resource preservation. A comparative LCA study allows to conclude that a well-designed demanufacturing strategy based on selective delamination can substantially reduce the environmental impact associated with end-of-life processing of PV panels. The improved silver recovery offers perspectives for the economic viability of the described demanufacturing strategy.     

Generating design alternatives for increasing recyclability of products

This paper proposes a design support method for improving the recyclability of electronic and electrical products. The method estimates the recycling rate of a product based on its end-of-life scenario. The method supports a designer in generating design alternatives that increase the rate by conducting impact analysis with the change of material composition and end-of-life scenario. The method suggests design alternatives with the constraint of keeping the other performance factors (e.g., flexural strength and thermal conductivity) constant by adjusting the geometric parameters (e.g., thickness and volume) of the components.     

Life-Cycle Assessment of the Recycling of Magnesium Vehicle Components

Life-cycle assessment is basically the assessment of a product from the cradle to the grave. Ideally, a product is recycled after its useful life is complete and the end-of-life of the first life cycle leads to the beginning of a new product system. For the end-of-life of magnesium vehicle parts, there are various possible paths to a second life cycle. When magnesium parts are dismantled or magnesium is separated after shredding, the resulting magnesium alloys can be used for secondary, noncritical applications. However, the typical case for magnesium components is that the magnesium postconsumer scrap ends up in the nonferrous metals fraction that consists primarily of aluminum, magnesium, and heavy metals. Today, aluminum is typically fed into a second life cycle as a secondary alloy, and magnesium becomes part of the aluminum cycle as an alloy addition. In this article, we evaluate the environmental effects of using magnesium in the aluminum cycle. We also assess the influence of end-of-life scenarios on the overall environmental impact of a component’s life cycle. The primary focus of our analysis is the evaluation of the effects of magnesium vehicle components on greenhouse gas emissions.     

再制造——从技术到应用

以产品寿命周期的讨论和如何处理报废产品为研究对象,分析了产品寿命结束时各种处理方案,指出再制造具备节约能源和降低材料消耗的潜能,可以回收85 %的额外价值,并且可以避免不必要的污染.再制造产品具有和新品一样的质量和售后服务.再制造为企业实现材料的闭环流动和为产品取得可持续性发展提供了巨大机会.     

Efficiency and feasibility of product disassembly: A case-based study

The productivity associated with commonly available disassembly methods today seldomly makes disassembly the preferred end-of-life solution for massive take back product streams. Systematic reuse of parts or components, or recycling of pure material fractions are often not achievable in an economically sustainable way. In this paper a case-based review of current disassembly practices is used to analyse the factors influencing disassembly feasibility. Data mining techniques were used to identify major factors influencing the profitability of disassembly operations. Case characteristics such as involvement of the product manufacturer in the end-of-life treatment and continuous ownership are some of the important dimensions. Economic models demonstrate that the efficiency of disassembly operations should be increased an order of magnitude to assure the competitiveness of ecologically preferred, disassembly oriented end-of-life scenarios for large waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) streams. Technological means available to increase the productivity of the disassembly operations are summarized. Automated disassembly techniques can contribute to the robustness of the process, but do not allow to overcome the efficiency gap if not combined with appropriate product design measures. Innovative, reversible joints, collectively activated by external trigger signals, form a promising approach to low cost, mass disassembly in this context. A short overview of the state-of-the-art in the development of such self-disassembling joints is included.     

The Use of Virtual Reality Techniques during the Design Process: from the Functional Definition of the Product to the Design of its Structure

During the design process, designers have to define the structure of their product while considering its functional definition. This design phase remains little assisted for designers. In addition, as numerous options can be considered for the end of life of a product (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling,…) it becomes more difficult to obtain a compromise concerning the final structure of the product. In this paper, we will show how the use of virtual reality helps designers to transform the functional definition of the product into the design of its structure, during the conceptual design phase. The developed example will concern the design of a bathroom scale.     

Integration of product entropy and LCA to screen the potential environmental impacts of complex product systems at the end-of-life stage

Applying life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the development of technologies is essential to anticipate potential unforeseen environmental consequences. Modelling the lifecycle of a complex product is nevertheless challenging, as the data required is usually scarce. The approach presented in this paper integrates product entropy into end-of-life modelling for LCA. This enables anticipating the fate of a product after its end-of-use leading to a more realistic allocation of environmental impacts. The approach is demonstrated for the case study of recycling traction batteries with emerging traction battery cell chemistries.