现场金相检测中电解抛光技术的应用探索

为了改善工件表面的抛光效果,解决传统机械抛光对抛光工件几何形状的限制,提高实际工程中对工件的抛光效率,本文介绍了一种全新的抛光工艺——电解抛光。电解抛光工艺与工件的材质、电流大小以及电解液的温度等参数密切相关,合理的控制这些工艺参数才能达到理想的抛光效果。本文主要探究电流密度、抛光温度以及阴阳极间的距离等因素对抛光效果的影响。     

国产工业机器人打磨系统设计

本文介绍工业机器人在打磨和抛光等行业中的应用分析,介绍EFORT机器人自动打磨抛光系统的设计思路和控制原理,介绍硬件配置和软件控制设计思想及打磨刀具磨损补偿等。     

基于工业机器人的曲面打磨工艺建模

打磨抛光是一个复杂的过程,如何控制打磨过程中的各工艺参数以实现工件表面材料均匀快速的去除,提高打磨工件的表面质量,是机械自动化抛光系统中的关键问题之一。本文以轮毂表面为实验工件利用机器人系统进行正交试验,用回归分析的方法研究了打磨后工件表面粗糙度与打磨前工件表面粗糙度与打磨正压力、进给速度、抛光工具接触点圆周方向线速度和等效曲率半径之间的关系,揭示了打磨工艺参数对表面质量的影响规律。从而为后续的机器人轮毂打磨系统实现曲面抛光过程中材料的均匀去除,提高表面质量和打磨效率提供关键技术基础。     

磨削抛光机器人进给机构的优化设计

针对普通机械式磨削抛光设备表面加工质量不高、形位精度差、效率低、自动化程度不高的现状,设计了新型柔性机器人磨削抛光系统,重点对抛光轮进给机构进行了优化设计,从而解决了刀具分布复杂的问题。实践证明该机构轻便、灵活、结构紧凑,提高了设备的精度和效率。     

模具抛光概略

简要介绍了模具坯料和机械抛光的原理,阐述了机械抛光的程序,重点研究了模具机械抛光中应注意的问题,并分析了影响模具抛光质量的因素。     

日本成功开发纳米精度金属研磨技术

日本FDK公司与福岛大学合作，成功开发出精度达10mn以下的金属表面抛光技术，可对平面工件或凹凸型工件进行抛光处理，尤其适合用于光学零部件企业和模具企业。     

人工牙功率超声抛光仪的研制

本文介绍了功率超声抛光的主要物理机理和以Ｄ类功率放大器实现超声抛光的电路工作原理，给出了功率超声抛光仅的电路图和实验结果，为功率超声加工的广泛应用增加了新内容。     

Ni-Ti形状记忆合金电化学抛光工艺研究

为提高Ni-Ti形状记忆合金的表面质量,以Ti50.8Ni(原子分数,%)为基材进行纳米级电化学抛光加工试验。基于自行研制的电化学抛光加工系统及抛光液,通过正交试验和单因素试验,分析了电流密度、抛光时间、抛光温度、电极间距等因素对电化学抛光的影响程度及影响机理。采用Micro XAM-100白光干涉仪对抛光试样进行检测。结果表明:最佳抛光工艺为电流密度J=1.0 A/cm2、电极间距d=15 mm、抛光时间t=140 s、抛光温度θ=15℃。在最佳工艺参数下抛光质量良好,试件表面粗糙度值显著降低至27.8 nm,表面平整均匀、光亮如镜。     

国内铝制品无铬酸电化学抛光工艺开发现状

传统的铝制品酸性电化学抛光溶液含有严重污染环境的铬酸，综述了80年代以来，我国开发无铬酸电化学抛光工艺的现状和研究成果。     

NiTi合金电化学抛光工艺

为了探索较为理想的NiTi合金电化学抛光工艺,采用一种改进的冰醋酸-高氯酸基抛光液,对其进行了电化学抛光.采用SEM和表面轮廓仪考察了抛光液成分以及各工艺参数对NiTi合金微观形貌和表面粗糙度的影响.试验结果表明,抛光液成分在电化学抛光中起着关键的作用,并且当电流密度为1.0A/cm2、抛光液温度为0 ℃、抛光时间为45 s、阴阳极间距为1.5 cm时,电化学抛光效果比较理想,表面粗糙度降为70 nm左右.与未抛光试样相比,电化学抛光后NiTi合金表面光滑均匀,基本无缺陷.     

An industrial approach of laser polishing with different laser sources

Surface finishing of dies and molds is one of the most interesting applications of laser polishing process. Because of the variety of materials used in die and mold manufacturing, as well as the different surface topographies, in each case, it is necessary to use appropriate process parameters. The presented work focuses on the study of laser polishing process on three commonly used materials in the manufacture of dies and molds, such as tool steels AISI D2 and AISI P20, ductile cast iron GGG70L and LaserForm ST‐100, a specific material developed for plastic injection mold making. Experimental studies were carried out determining the influence of the energy density on the roughness reduction rate. A key point that has a direct impact on the resulting surface roughness is the initial surface finishing of the material before laser polishing. In order to determine the degree of influence, experimental studies were conducted on two steels, AISI H13 and AISI P20, which are typically used in mold making industry. The experimental tests showed that a random distribution of peaks and valleys allows more homogenous material melting and gives as result a smoother surface after laser polishing.     

机器人力控末端执行器综述

随着制造业的智能化发展,机器人抛光、打磨、去毛刺和装配等连续接触式作业的需求日益增加。力控末端执行器作为机器人力-位混合控制与连续接触式作业的关键部件,其性能对于提升机器人作业质量和拓展应用范围具有重要影响。因此,对现有机器人力控末端执行器进行研究,分析其性能特点与关键技术,指明其发展方向,对于高性能力控末端执行器的研制具有重要意义。首先,介绍了力控末端执行器的发展背景,阐述了其组成与分类、工作模式和工作原理;其次,简述了力控末端执行器研发中涉及并联机构构型综合理论与优化技术、恒力补偿作动部件设计技术、质量力补偿技术、柔性碰撞技术、解耦控制技术和力波动抑制技术等;然后,分别对机械式、气动式和电驱式等单自由度与多自由度力控末端执行器的国内外研究现状进行了概述,并分析了各自的优缺点;最后,指出力控末端执行器将向高精度、高频响、电驱化、多自由度柔顺、重载化、高集成化和智能化等方向发展。分析表明,当前普遍应用的力控末端执行器多为机械式或气动式,但存在迟滞大、响应速度较慢和力控制精度不高等缺点,且仅能实现单自由度恒力控制,因此,开展高精度高频响的智能电驱式多自由度力控末端执行器的研制,对于提高机器人连续接触式作业系统的力控制精度、曲面适应性、加工装配质量和效率具有重要意义,可有效提升工厂机器人智能化作业水平。     

Review of robotic end-effector with force control

With the intelligent development of manufacturing industry, industrial robots are more and more widely used for continuous contact operation, such as polishing, sanding, burring and assembling. End-effector with force control is a critical component of robots used for hybrid force/position control and continuous contact operation, which has an important effect on the operation quality and application field extension. In view of the above situation, it is of great importance for developing new robotic end-effector of high-performance to investigate the state, analyze the characteristics and key technology, and forecast the trends of development. The background of end-effector with force control was introduced firstly, and then the composition & classification, working mode and operation principle was presented. The key technologies of end-effector with force control were refined, including the comprehensive theory and optimization technique of parallel manipulator configuration, design technique of constant force compensatory actuator, technique of compensation of mass force, technique of flexible collision and technique of decoupling control. Furthermore, the mechanical, pneumatic, electrically driven end-effector with force control of single-DOF and multi-DOF was detailed summarized, as well as the advantages and disadvantages. The technology trends of the end-effector with force control include high precision and frequency response, electric driving, multi-DOF flexibility, high load capacity, integration and intellectualization. Analysis shows that the mechanical or pneumatic end-effector with force control is widely used nowadays, which has the disadvantages of large lagging, low control precision and response and can only realize constant force control of single-DOF. As a result, research on intelligent and electrically driven robotic end-effector with force control of high precision, response and multi-DOF will play an important role for the improvement of force control precision, surface adaptability, quality and efficiency of processing & assembly, and effectively promote the intelligent operation level of industrial robots.     

Nanoindentation hardness of particles used in magnetorheological finishing (MRF)

Knowledge of the hardness of abrasive particles that are used in polishing is a key to the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of material removal. The magnetorheological-finishing process uses both magnetic and nonmagnetic abrasive particles during polishing. The nanohardnesses of the micrometer-sized magnetic carbonyl iron and nonmagnetic abrasive particles have been measured successfully by use of novel, to our knowledge, sample-preparation and nanoindentation techniques. Some of the results reported compare favorably with existing microhardness data found in the literature, whereas other results are new.     

一种新的气囊式抛光方法的研究

针对气囊式小磨头抛光方法的缺陷,提出了一种新的气囊式抛光方法。本文对该气囊式抛光法的原理和抛光气囊的结构、运动方式等进行了阐述。在此基础上,结合装置开展了实验,给出了去除量、压力、粗糙度与时间的关系。研究结果表明,利用该气囊式抛光方法对非球面光学零件进行抛光,效果良好,表面粗糙度可达2nm,该方法能满足中高等精度的加工要求;该方法适合平面、球面、非球面、甚至任意曲面的抛光。     

复杂工业过程智能控制系统的研制和开发

介绍了实施减压精馏智能控制中的控制对象分析、控制策略选择、知识表达方法、知识库维护策略的确定和控制系统的实现，及面向化工过程控制的实时专家系统开发环境的设计，并进一步讨论了将智能控制应用于复杂工业过程的途径和方法。     

Partial-Ductile Grinding and Reduced Polishing for Ophthalmic Glass Molds

Plastic lenses are manufactured by the classical replication technique where two glass molds are assembled in a jacket and liquid plastic is injected into it. The glass molds are fabricated conventionally by fracture mode grinding, followed by lapping, and Finally polishing. This paper presents an alternative fabrication process using partial-ductile grinding, followed by a short polishing in an industrial polishing machine. The partial-ductile surfaces were generated on a laboratory ultra-precision machine using Fine grit resinoid-bond diamond wheel and they were compared to the glass molds prepared by industry. The results showed that (i) as much as 100% ductile streaks (fully ductile grinding) can be obtained in the ultra-precision ground surface and (ii) a net saving of 55 seconds polishing time if only 60% of ductile streaks on the glass mold surface was used prior to polishing.     

Design of an Intelligent Robotic Excavator Based on Binocular Visual Recognition Technique

Research on intelligent and robotic excavator has become a focus both at home and abroad, and this type of excavator becomes more and more important in application. In this paper, we developed a control system which can make the intelligent robotic excavator perform excavating operation autonomously. It can recognize the excavating targets by itself, program the operation automatically based on the original parameter, and finish all the tasks. Experimental results indicate the validity in real-time performa...     

The role of soft computing in intelligent machines

An intelligent machine relies on computational intelligence in generating its intelligent behaviour. This requires a knowledge system in which representation and processing of knowledge are central functions. Approximation is a 'soft' concept, and the capability to approximate for the purposes of comparison, pattern recognition, reasoning, and decision making is a manifestation of intelligence. This paper examines the use of soft computing in intelligent machines. Soft computing is an important branch of computational intelligence, where fuzzy logic, probability theory, neural networks, and genetic algorithms are synergistically used to mimic the reasoning and decision making of a human. This paper explores several important characteristics and capabilities of machines that exhibit intelligent behaviour. Approaches that are useful in the development of an intelligent machine are introduced. The paper presents a general structure for an intelligent machine, giving particular emphasis to its primary components, such as sensors, actuators, controllers, and the communication backbone, and their interaction. The role of soft computing within the overall system is discussed. Common techniques and approaches that will be useful in the development of an intelligent machine are introduced, and the main steps in the development of an intelligent machine for practical use are given. An industrial machine, which employs the concepts of soft computing in its operation, is presented, and one aspect of intelligent tuning, which is incorporated into the machine, is illustrated.     

智能锻造系统的研究现状及发展趋势

锻件在装备制造行业领域属于重要的承力基础零部件。随着我国由制造大国向制造强国转变,锻造行业迫切需要向智能制造方向发展。从智能锻造系统的4个模块阐述了智能锻造技术的发展:第一个模块为机器人自动化生产线及集成控制系统,是自动化产线的核心,用于执行端命令的下达;第二个模块是多机器人协作优化系统,用于调节机器人及设备运动以保证产线高效运作;第三个模块是锻造产线实时数据存储及分析系统,用于判断实时产线运行状况以触发新事件;第四个模块为新锻件工艺快速开发系统,用于新锻件工艺的设计与开发。还分析了目前智能锻造领域存在的问题,认为只有建立企业、高校和研究所等的紧密联系,以问题为导向进行攻关,在此基础上培养交叉复合型人才,才能促进智能锻造的进一步发展。