气动定向钻进技术在松软煤层条带瓦斯预抽中的应用

针对淮北矿区松软煤巷条带消突采用“底板巷—穿层钻孔”成本高且效率低现状,采用顺层气动定向钻进技术,按钻孔设计精准控制钻孔轨迹于预抽条带煤层中,通过钻孔抽采瓦斯实现煤巷条带消突。根据淮北矿区松软煤层特性,开展煤巷条带预抽瓦斯定向孔设计、气动定向钻进装备选型、软煤定向孔成孔与护孔工艺、抽采效果评价等研究。该技术成功应用于淮北某矿Ⅲ635工作面煤巷条带消突,试验7个孔深均大于300 m钻孔,且全程下筛管,创造两淮软煤矿区顺层钻孔372 m最深记录,成功保障煤巷掘进,减少底板巷和穿层钻孔,为软煤矿区煤巷条带瓦斯高效治理探索出新方法。      

Mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst

In response to the severe situation of coal mine gas disaster in China, a new method of reducing the danger of coal and gas outbursts and improving gas drainage and utilization in coal mines was introduced in this paper. The main idea of this method is to mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to eliminate or reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst. This method can be implemented by drills along seam and hydraulic jet when the mined seam with a relatively weak risk of coal and gas outbursts is soft or has a soft layer. This method was first applied in the Yian mine to verify its effectiveness. The results of application showed that mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam can effectively eliminate the danger of coal and gas outburst and improve gas drainage and utilization. As this method needs less time and lower cost than conventional protective layer mining, it is of great significance for mining coal seam with the danger of coal and gas outburst.     

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

底板梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采技术可行性

底板岩巷穿层钻孔抽采技术和本煤层定向长钻孔抽采技术是目前高瓦斯和突出矿井回采工作面最为主要的瓦斯治理措施。晋城矿区赵庄矿煤层具松软低透气性特点,主要采用岩巷穿层钻孔消突为主,本煤层顺层钻孔消突为辅的瓦斯治理方法。但底板岩巷穿层钻孔存在工程量大、施工周期长及成本高等缺点,本煤层钻孔存在钻孔抽采不均匀、钻孔覆盖密度不足等技术缺陷。为对比考察底板梳状长钻孔与底板岩巷穿层钻孔的抽采效果,在赵庄矿1307采面开展了2种瓦斯治理方法。结果表明:抽采条件和抽采范围相同条件下,5个底板梳状长钻孔的瓦斯抽采总量占到底板岩巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采总量的75.4%,而底板梳状长钻孔的经济投入仅占底板岩巷穿层钻孔经济投入的29.2%。由此得出,研究区梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔的瓦斯抽采技术是可行的。该研究为底板梳状长钻孔替代底板岩巷的技术可行性提供了实践参考,为松软低透的高瓦斯和突出矿井的瓦斯治理提供了更为经济可行的治理方案。      

煤矿隐伏小断层的瓦斯抽采钻孔探测方法

断层对煤与瓦斯突出危险性影响较大,准确探测断层位置对预防灾害具有重要作用。目前,煤矿进行采掘作业之前,施工大量瓦斯抽采钻孔,但是这些钻孔包含的地质信息未被充分重视,为此,提出了利用穿层、顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔群探测隐伏断层的技术方法。通过建立瓦斯抽采钻孔探测断层的数学模型,计算断层面、煤层底板的三维坐标,通过绘制煤层底板等高线图及其三维图,确定断层位置、落差、产状和断层性质等基础参数。基于Matlab软件的图形用户界面（GUI）工具,编写了瓦斯抽采钻孔探测断层的软件,实现了断层信息的可视化,为准确判识断层提供了技术平台。通过钻孔定位、模型计算、图像处理、断层识别等综合技术方法,成功实现了利用瓦斯抽采钻孔进行隐伏小断层探测。      

新密矿区低临界值瓦斯动力现象及机理

本文从区域构造演化及构造特征、"三软"煤层(顶、底板和煤层均破碎的煤层及组合)分布及瓦斯特性和构造煤瓦斯内能释放等方面探讨了新密矿区低临界值瓦斯动力现象发生的机理及地质控制作用。研究结果表明:新密矿区构造演化具有多期叠加改造的性质,中、新生代拉张裂陷环境中形成的重力滑动构造对"三软"煤层的普遍发育具有重要控制作用,"三软"煤层的形成及组合形式影响井田瓦斯赋存和构造应力环境的非均衡性;顺煤层断层、煤层流变的规模及构造煤的发育程度是低临界值瓦斯动力发生的主控因素;高应力环境下"三软"煤层中构造煤的初期内能释放是激发低临界值瓦斯动力现象发生的关键;对低临界值瓦斯动力区域的预测可以通过对煤层流变和瓦斯初期解吸能的研究来实现。      

Gas outburst disasters and the mining technology of key protective seam in coal seam group in the Huainan coalfield

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. To aid gas control in high-gas outburst coal seam group, this study performed research based on the geological conditions of the Xinzhuangzi coal mine in the Huainan coalfield. The laws of gas occurrence, the strength of the coal outburst, and the regional partition were studied. Simultaneously, we introduced the key protective seam mining technology and confirmed the mining sequence of coal seam groups. The results indicate that (1) each seam absorbs gas well, and the currently measured gas content is up to 15.0 m³/t. (2) Although some differences about coal seams outburst intensity remain, the differences in the same group are very small. (3) The coal seam B10 was chosen as the key protective seam and was mined first; then adjacent seams were mined from bottom to top by layer within the roof of B10 and from top-to-bottom within the floor of B10 to guarantee each adjacent coal seam received the good effects of pressure-relief and increasing permeability. (4) The main methods of gas extraction in each protected seam are surface boreholes and net-like penetrating boreholes in the floor roadway, and related technical parameters were determined according to the degree of pressure-relief in coal seam. This in situ experiment indicates a method aiding the gas control problem and guaranteeing safe and highly efficient exploitation of high-gas outburst seams.     

An integrated technology for gas control and green mining in deep mines based on ultra-thin seam mining

With the increasing demand for coal resources, coal mining has gradually entered into the deep strata of coal seams. Although the increase in mining depth improves energy security, it is associated with severe hazards, especially coal and gas outburst. Protective seam mining is an efficient method for gas control and has been widely used in major coal-producing countries. However, studies on deep ultra-thin protective seam (thickness 0.1–1 m, average thickness 0.5 m) mining and its related problems have been rarely reported. Focusing on the challenges resulting from deep mining (mining depth >1100 m) and the research gap, a coal and gas co-exploitation technique, which combines the gas control technology and green mining (including coal preparation and backfilling), has been proposed in this work. Significant benefits have been achieved in the twelfth coal mine of the Pingdingshan coalfield (study area) following the implementation of this technique. The application of the gas control technology markedly improved the gas drainage efficiency, promoted increased gas utilization, and reduced the greenhouse gas emission, providing notable economic and environmental benefits. In addition, implementation of green mining improved the coal quality, relieved the burden of the transport system, and, in particular, effectively prevented surface subsidence, thus protecting the ecological environment of the mining area, which offered significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. The practice in the twelfth coal mine could be used as a valuable example for coal mines with similar geological conditions.     

煤矿顺煤层钻孔施工新工艺

皖北煤电集团卧龙湖煤矿8煤层为瓦斯突出煤层,为消除煤层瓦斯突出的危险性,有效地降低煤层瓦斯含量和压力,采取顺煤层钻孔预抽回采区域煤层瓦斯措施。根据施工顺煤层钻孔的特殊要求,对顺煤层钻孔施工所需的设备、钻杆、钻具等进行了改进,并通过现场实验和试用,全面提升了顺煤层钻孔施工的工效,减少了钻孔在施工过程中喷孔、吸钻的次数,降低了钻探的投入。该技术及工艺在类似矿井中具有良好的推广前景。      

高位钻场长钻孔在淮南刘庄煤矿瓦斯抽采中的应用

刘庄煤矿东二采区121102工作面所开采的11-2煤层为非突出煤层,但在工作面回采期间,存在瓦斯突出的可能。为防止工作回风巷尤其是上隅角瓦斯超限,确保工作面的正常生产,同时兼顾瓦斯资源的抽采利用,施工了最大长度496m,钻孔直径133mm的瓦斯抽采孔。实际应用表明,该孔投入使用后,整个工作面回采过程中均未发生过瓦斯超限现象,说明利用大口径长距离钻孔取代巷道抽放瓦斯是完全可行的。本文介绍的高位钻场长钻孔的设计、施工和瓦斯抽采情况,可以为今后同类工作面中长钻孔的施工提供借鉴。     

碎软煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯高效抽采模式

瓦斯区域超前治理是实现煤矿安全、高效及智能化开采的重要保障,针对碎软煤层区域瓦斯高效抽采难题,以陕西韩城矿区3号煤层为研究对象,提出井下煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯抽采模式。采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等多手段相结合的方法,验证模式适用性,阐明紧邻煤层顶板梳状钻孔压裂裂缝延展规律、抽采机理和压裂曲线特征,进而建立适用于500 m孔深的集地质条件动态分析、分段水力压裂、封隔器遇阻解卡和压裂范围连续探查于一体的顶板梳状长钻孔裸眼分段水力压裂关键技术体系,实现煤层顶板梳状钻孔主孔轨迹距离煤层5 m左右、多段均匀压裂、压裂范围全孔监测和孔内事故高效处理。以此为基础,在韩城桑树坪二号井开展2孔次的工程实践:压裂主孔深度588 m、距3号煤层2 m左右,单孔压裂6段,压裂范围探查深度381 m、压裂影响半径20 m以上;压裂后,钻孔抽采瓦斯平均体积分数40%以上、瓦斯抽采量1 m3/min以上,抽采效果是常规钻孔的4倍,120 d瓦斯抽采有效半径可达9 m,实现了碎软煤层瓦斯区域高效抽采。并提出了适用于碎软煤层大区域瓦斯抽采以及高瓦斯压力碎软强突煤层远程区域抽采卸压等规模化应用技术思路。      

测井曲线判识构造软煤技术预测煤与瓦斯突出

基于构造软煤与硬煤的物性差异,分析构造软煤分层在测井曲线上的响应特征;根据煤层段测井曲线的形态特征,将揭露区钻孔测井曲线初步判识的结果同钻孔邻近巷道煤壁观测的结果进行对比、验证,形成了一套测井曲线判识构造软煤技术。利用该技术获取了研究区的构造软煤资料,对研究区的煤与瓦斯突出危险性区域进行了预测。     

贵州青龙煤矿碎软煤层区域瓦斯递进式抽采技术

针对碎软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔存在轨迹不可控、成孔深度浅和瓦斯抽采效果差的问题,分析了现有瓦斯抽采钻孔回转钻进技术瓶颈,集成了基于长距离顺层钻进技术和双动力复合排渣技术的压风定向钻进技术,在此基础上提出了利用压风定向钻进技术,开展碎软煤层区域递进式瓦斯抽采技术。选取黔北煤田中部青龙煤矿21606运输巷道进行现场试验,在坚固性系数为0.37碎软煤层中,施工完成253个顺煤层压风定向钻孔,95%钻孔达到设计孔深,累计进尺超过3万m,单孔瓦斯抽采纯量是普通回转钻孔的10倍以上,单孔瓦斯抽采甲烷体积分数提高约50%以上。试验表明,采用压风定向钻进技术钻进碎软煤层钻孔轨迹可控,成孔率在95%以上,区域递进式瓦斯抽采技术具有无抽采盲区的显著优势,有效缓解了采掘接替紧张局面,提升了矿井瓦斯治理技术水平,为碎软煤层瓦斯治理提供了新的技术途径。      

煤矿井下大盘区瓦斯抽采定向钻进技术与装备

以顺煤层超长定向钻孔组覆盖整个工作面,对矿井大盘区瓦斯进行采前预抽是区域瓦斯治理的新模式。从大盘区瓦斯抽采顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工工艺出发,介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔成孔的几大关键技术,包括钻孔递进式轨迹延伸技术、复合钻进轨迹控制技术、水力加压减阻钻进技术、正反扭转减阻钻进技术及复合侧钻分支技术等。还介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工的主要配套装备,包括ZDY15000LD大功率定向钻机、BLY460/13泥浆泵车、YHD3-3000泥浆脉冲测量系统、无缆大通孔钻杆、水力加压螺杆马达等。利用该技术与装备在保德矿二盘区进行了工程示范应用,应用结果表明,该套工艺技术与装备具备施工长度超过3 300 m顺煤层超长定向钻孔能力。最后对瓦斯抽采效果进行了分析,结果显示超长定向钻孔抽采周期长,抽采量高,可以对大盘区瓦斯进行超前综合治理。      

高瓦斯低透气性煤体定向聚能爆破增透机制

针对传统煤层预裂爆破增透存在的问题,对定向聚能爆破控制裂纹演化方向的理论和方法进行研究,即通过聚能射流的初始导向裂纹与后续高压气体形成的气楔联合作用,达到控制裂纹演化方向和长度的目的。基于模型试验和数值模拟,探讨了定向聚能爆破聚能方向和非聚能方向裂纹演化的机制。在潘三矿掘进工作面现场运用定向聚能爆破技术,达到增加煤体裂纹与保护围岩稳定性有机的统一。试验结果表明：爆破后3 h内抽采瓦斯量变化最为明显,其中最大抽采量是原始抽采量的470倍。有效抽采半径为7 m以内,爆破后顶板振幅约为0.23 cm。     

突出煤层CO2气相压裂高效抽采防突掘进技术

我国煤矿煤与瓦斯突出灾害严重影响煤矿安全生产。尽管近10年来这一灾害事故大幅度减少,但恶性事故依然发生,给矿工生命和煤矿安全生产造成严重损失。国内外现阶段的防治瓦斯突出技术,如水力压裂、水力割缝、水力冲孔、深孔爆破、密集钻孔等,不同程度地解决了防突安全掘进,但对于一些高瓦斯低渗透突出煤层,上述技术还难以从根本上解决消突安全快速掘进。所以,防突技术仍然是我国煤炭领域亟待攻关的重大科技难题。选取山西寿阳县新元煤矿31002工作面为试验案例,介绍CO₂气相压裂技术方法,并探讨其防突掘进效果。新元煤矿开采的山西组3号煤层为低渗透突出煤层,前期主要采用密集钻孔预抽瓦斯防突措施,抽采达标时间长,掘进速度慢。高效抽采瓦斯,防止煤与瓦斯突出,保障煤巷安全快速掘进,是新元煤矿安全高效生产的重大技术难题。在新元矿采取的气相压裂措施概况如下:在掘进工作面前方实施双钻孔气相压裂;完成9个瓦斯抽采钻孔以覆盖巷道两侧各15 m安全范围;全部11个钻孔联网抽采3~5 d,防突参数K₁值达标后恢复掘进。试验数据表明,气相压裂抽采防突技术措施的强化抽采效果显著,抽采效率大幅度提高,煤炮等动力现象减少,K₁值降低,掘进割煤时巷道瓦斯浓度得以降低和均化,保障了连续安全掘进。实践证明,CO₂气相压裂技术能够实现连续安全快速掘进理技术,在全国类似瓦斯地质条件煤矿中具有推广应用意义。      

煤矿井下碎软煤层顺层钻完孔技术研究进展

我国碎软煤层赋存层位多、分布广,普遍存在构造应力复杂、瓦斯压力高、煤体力学强度低、渗透性差等特点,钻进时易塌孔、喷孔、孔壁失稳,导致钻进困难、孔内事故频发、成孔深度浅、钻孔堵塞、存在抽采盲区等问题。随着煤炭开采深度的不断增加,碎软煤层瓦斯抽采钻完孔就更加困难。因此,碎软煤层高效、深孔、精准钻进技术以及增透、增产、护孔的完孔技术一直是碎软煤层瓦斯治理的重大技术需求和研究热点。从护孔、排渣、轨迹控制、完孔等成孔的关键技术难题方面,总结了碎软煤层顺层钻完孔技术研究现状和应用情况,分析了目前碎软煤层钻进技术存在的问题,提出了改进完善建议,分析了内控导向式旋转定向钻进技术,多孔介质充填式筛管、折叠膨胀管完孔技术等碎软煤层钻完孔技术新进展,为进一步完善现有碎软煤层钻完孔技术提供了思路。      

顺煤层剪切带煤与瓦斯突出机理分析

为了确定顺煤层剪切带的煤与瓦斯突出机理,在对顺煤层剪切带的受力状态进行分析的基础上,应用Mohr-Coulomb理论研究了顺煤层剪切带的形成机制,并探讨了顺煤层剪切带内的煤层变化特征、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力特征及地应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响。结果表明:当煤层倾角接近剪切滑动的临界角时,易产生薄煤区,而远离临界角时,煤层厚度增加,煤层厚度剧烈变化部位为应力集中区并具有较高的应力梯度;顺煤层剪切带内的压应力、煤层的面理化结构和煤层厚度的剧烈变化使其在宏观上形成了高瓦斯含量和高瓦斯压力特征,微观上糜棱煤细颈瓶型的孔隙形态为发生煤与瓦斯突出提供了必要的介质条件;在紧闭褶皱区,煤与瓦斯突出类型以突出为主,在宽缓褶皱区和伸展型顺煤层剪切带内,煤与瓦斯突出类型以压出和倾出为主。顺煤层剪切带内的高地应力、高瓦斯压力和发育的构造煤等3个因素是煤与瓦斯突出发生的主要原因。      

槽波技术在阳泉矿区地质异常体探测中的应用研究

通过回顾近几年槽波地震探测技术在阳泉矿区的发展历程及应用情况,总结阳泉矿区槽波发育特征,详细分析阳泉矿区发育的断层、陷落柱等地质异常体的槽波探测效果,并对各区域矿井槽波特征进行总结,针对发育不同构造的矿井,分析总结相应的槽波传播规律和解释方法。结果表明:槽波探测工作面在阳泉矿区达到200多个,在15号煤层探测应用最多,达到58个工作面,主要解决断层、陷落柱、挠曲、顶底板破碎带等地质异常体的探测问题,探测结果总体准确率在82.2 %以上;阳泉矿区槽波发育特征:3~6 m煤厚槽波发育中等至良好,煤厚小于2 m的晋南地区,槽波发育一般;槽波Airy相速度960~1 000 m/s,不同地区速度相差不大;Airy相频率与煤厚相关,煤层越厚,Airy相频率越低;相同煤层中,槽波Airy相速度与频率相差不大;根据回采验证情况,不同煤层及地区,探测效果差别较大;对槽波探测不同地质异常体的问题,从数据采集、处理与综合解释上给出了建议;今后需进一步加强槽波对构造煤、瓦斯富集区、应力异常等地质灾害的探测研究,深化槽波在地质保障领域的应用范围,为矿井安全生产及工作面透明化提供可靠的地质保障。      

煤矿井下顶板梳状长钻孔分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采实践

为了解决碎软煤层本煤层钻孔施工困难,瓦斯抽采浓度低,抽采效果差,无法实现大面积区域预抽的问题,在现有煤矿井下定向钻进技术和水力压裂技术的基础上,结合前期研究成果,提出了顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂技术,并在韩城矿区桑树坪二号井进行了现场试验。现场施工顶板梳状长钻孔主孔长度588 m,包含8个分支孔,钻孔总进尺1 188 m,主孔距煤层0~3.28 m,平面上覆盖约12.5 m。采用不动管柱分段水力压裂工艺,分4段进行水力压裂施工,累计注水2 012 m3,最大泵注压力8.74 MPa。压裂后最大影响半径大于30 m,且裂缝主要位于钻孔下方,向煤层延伸。压裂钻孔稳定抽采阶段瓦斯抽采纯量1.18 m3/min,抽采瓦斯体积分数平均43.54%。顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量是水力割缝钻孔的1.2倍,是本煤层顺层钻孔的4.0倍。试验结果表明,顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂技术可有效避免本煤层常规钻孔施工过程中存在的塌孔、卡钻、喷孔等问题,实现了碎软低渗煤层大面积区域瓦斯预抽,为碎软低渗煤层区域瓦斯预抽提供了新思路和新方法。