沈阳地区吸虫塔监测大豆蚜迁飞动态及其与气象因子关系的分析

【目的】明确沈阳地区吸虫塔对大豆蚜Aphis glycines(Matsumura)迁飞活动的监测效果以及对其有显著影响的气象因素,为大豆蚜防控提供预警信息。【方法】2009年至2014年采用吸虫塔(Suction trap)对大豆蚜的迁飞活动进行自动、实时监测。结合当年田间大豆蚜动态调查,分析吸虫塔诱捕量与田间蚜量的相关性;采用逐步回归分析研究了吸虫塔诱捕量与气象因素的关系。【结果】监测及分析结果表明,吸虫塔诱捕量与田间大豆蚜量之间存在显著的相关性。吸虫塔诱捕的始见期和首次高峰期均早于田间发生的大豆蚜始见期和盛发期,吸虫塔的监测结果对田间蚜虫的发生可以起到预警的作用。诱捕量与气象因子的逐年回归模型分析结果显示,温度和降水量是影响大豆蚜有翅蚜迁飞的重要气象因素;总回归模型显示,试验期间,吸虫塔当年度诱捕量与前一年度冬季极端最低温、4—6月均温、6—7月最低温、9月均温具有正相关同步协同作用,而与6—7月降雨量和9月雨日具有负相关反向抑制作用。【结论】吸虫塔监测结果比较清晰的展示了大豆蚜的迁飞习性,很好的拟合了当年田间大豆蚜的种群动态。结合气象因子和诱捕量的预测模型研究,为吸虫塔及时准确的发挥预警功能提供必要的理论指导和实践依据。     

黑龙江省哈尔滨地区吸虫塔有翅蚜种群动态

【目的】明确吸虫塔对作物蚜虫防控的指导意义,明确中国黑龙江省哈尔滨地区有翅蚜(和大豆蚜)的种群动态,为大豆蚜虫防控提供预警信息。【方法】2009至2012年通过吸虫塔监测哈尔滨地区有翅蚜及有翅大豆蚜动态结合当年田间大豆蚜动态调查。【结果】哈尔滨吸虫塔全年收集有翅蚜量为0.6~1.7万头不等。具1~3个高峰(不同年份有翅蚜发生高峰数量不同),高峰期时间1个月左右,位于7月中旬至10月中旬之间。周有翅蚜量达200头时预示着有翅蚜高峰期的到来,高峰期有翅蚜量可占年有翅蚜量的90%以上。同一地区不同年份有翅蚜高峰期时间不同。吸虫塔有翅大豆蚜亦具1~3个高峰期,时间位于当年有翅蚜的高峰期时间内,为短短的1周或几周,高峰期蚜量占全年采集有翅大豆蚜量的80%~95%。田间大豆蚜只存在一个高峰,2009、2010、2012年田间大豆蚜高峰期均与吸虫塔收集的大豆蚜高峰期相重叠,且峰值日期一致。【结论】吸虫塔可以很好地反应当年田间大豆蚜的种群动态,表现在高峰期及高峰点的预测,可为大豆蚜的预测预报提供预警信息。     

蚜虫新型预警网络的构建及其绿色防控技术研究

在公益性行业（农业）科研专项的支持下,项目组在我国大豆和小麦主产区进行了蚜虫监测预警及绿色防控技术的研究。构建了基于吸虫塔的蚜虫监测预警网络系统,在蚜虫基础生物学研究、天敌资源普查及其控蚜作用研究的基础上,研发了多项以生物防治为主体的蚜虫绿色防控技术,包括天敌人工助迁、人工饲养天敌释放、作物邻间作措施、物理防控、隐蔽性施药等。相关技术措施在我国的东北、华北等大豆蚜、麦蚜为害严重的大豆产区和小麦主产区共建立了4个规模较大的试验示范区,取得了较好的综合效益。     

吸虫塔对麦长管蚜迁飞监测的影响因素分析

【目的】为了明确吸虫塔对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)迁飞活动监测效果的影响因素。【方法】采用回归分析和通径分析等方法,分析田间麦长管蚜数量与吸虫塔吸捕量的相关性,分析不同气象因素对吸虫塔中麦蚜吸捕数量的影响程度。【结果】结果显示,吸虫塔的有翅蚜吸捕量与田间麦长管蚜种群密度及有翅蚜数量存在显著的相关性,即田间麦长管蚜有翅成蚜数量对吸虫塔的吸捕量具有直接影响,而吸虫塔中麦长管蚜的吸捕量也直接反映田间有翅成蚜及种群动态的实际情况。另外,在廊坊地区,吸虫塔初期监测到的有翅麦长管蚜要比小麦田间发生的早几天。通过对吸虫塔中麦长管蚜有翅成蚜吸捕量与气象因素灰色关联度分析的结果表明,降雨天气对麦长管蚜的迁飞和种群动态具有突出的影响作用,可以造成麦长管蚜有翅成蚜迁入的"突增"和种群的"骤降";同时温度和湿度是两个影响麦长管蚜迁飞的重要因素;在麦长管蚜的迁入初期,温度对其迁飞影响最大;在大风天气,风速也会对麦长管蚜的迁入或飞翔活动产生较大影响。【结论】田间麦长管蚜发生数量与吸虫塔的吸捕量存在正相关;降雨、温度和风速是影响麦长管蚜迁飞活动的主要气象因素。     

吸虫塔诱捕的昆虫种类及对麦蚜的监测效果研究

在河南省原阳县河南省农科院试验基地安装了吸虫塔(suction trap),2009-2010连续2年在该地区进行了昆虫诱捕及麦蚜监测,并对诱捕到的麦蚜数量动态,以及吸虫塔和黄色粘板监测的比较进行了分析。结果显示:该吸虫塔对多种小型昆虫有很好的诱捕效果,在2009年和2010年分别诱捕到了8目39科58种和8目37科61种的小型昆虫,数量较多的主要集中在双翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等。该吸虫塔对麦蚜起到了很好的监测效果,2009年麦蚜始见期比2010年早,2009年麦蚜的优势种为禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.),2010年是荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi(Takahashi),2009年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的较早,禾谷缢管蚜分别在5月1日,5月13日,5月19日到达高峰,5月19日以后数量急剧减少;2010年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的相对较晚,荻草谷网蚜在5月3日、5月7日、5月19日和5月31日出现4个高峰,5月31日以后蚜量才骤减。对白天不同时段诱捕的蚜量分析可知,麦蚜在早晨和傍晚飞翔活动相对较强。吸虫塔与黄色粘板监测的相关性分析表明,吸虫塔诱集麦蚜的数量动态与黄板诱集的数量动态趋势基本一致,吸虫塔诱蚜量与黄板蚜量具有较好的相关性,但吸虫塔诱集麦蚜出现高峰期早于黄色粘板。     

蚜虫迁飞的研究进展

蚜虫的迁飞能造成危害扩展、病毒病传播和防碍人们的正常生活。蚜虫迁飞有其生理生态基础。寄主营养、蚜群拥挤度、天敌以及气候条件是刺激有翅蚜产生的主因素。蚜虫迁飞与卵巢发育存在明显的共轭关系。蚜虫迁飞多发生在晴朗的白天 ,并且温度、光照和风是影响迁飞行为的主导因子。蚜虫可上升到逆温层并随气流迁飞到上百公里以外的地方。目前 ,昆虫雷达观察、天气学分析和分子生物学方法已应用于蚜虫迁学的研究中 ,文章对蚜虫迁飞的生理生态基础、迁飞行为、影响迁飞的生态因子以及研究方法进行了综述 ,以期为蚜虫这类小型昆虫的迁飞研究提供指导     

作物多样性对大豆蚜的控蚜效应

【目的】研究大豆蚜发生为害及大豆与多种作物间邻作种植对大豆蚜的控制作用,为大豆蚜的可持续综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】采用系统调查的方法,研究大豆蚜和天敌田间种群动态;通过田间罩笼、人工接蚜和释放天敌的方法,研究捕食性天敌对大豆蚜种群的控制作用;在佳木斯地区进行大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,牡丹江地区进行黄瓜-大豆-玉米、甜葫芦-大豆-玉米、烟草-大豆-香瓜、甜菜-大豆-玉米等多作物带状穿插种植模式,以单作大豆田为对照,对不同种植模式的大豆田大豆蚜与天敌进行调查,研究作物多样性对大豆蚜的控制作用。【结果】2009年6月中下旬大豆蚜开始侵入大豆田,3~5周后田间有蚜株率达到100%,大豆蚜种群发生高峰期在7月下旬至8月上旬,9月上旬在田间逐渐消失。草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂等为蚜虫天敌优势种;按大豆蚜与天敌数量之比700︰1,释放异色瓢虫和叶色草蛉成虫7 d后,蚜虫种群减退率分别为54.78%和78.79%;大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期早熟马铃薯收获(7月20日)后第5天,豆田蚜虫天敌总数是收获前的2.6倍,与同期单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低了51.3%。大豆与甜葫芦、香瓜、烟草和玉米等作物进行多样性间作种植,在大豆蚜田间发生高峰期,单作豆田益害比为1︰65.2,多样性种植区的大豆田益害比为1︰26~1︰42,与单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低40.7%~83.5%。【结论】2009年大豆蚜的种群高峰期为8月3日,田间的天敌优势种类为草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂。早熟马铃薯与大豆间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期间收获早熟马铃薯,大量蚜虫天敌转移至间作的大豆田,从而形成对大豆蚜的控制。大豆与其它经济作物间邻作,大豆田天敌昆虫与蚜虫的益害比明显提高,表明利用农田作物多样性能充分发挥自然天敌的生物控害作用。     

利用吸虫塔对麦长管蚜迁飞活动的监测

【目的】为了明确麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)在时间和空间上的迁飞活动规律以及南北地区间的虫源关系。【方法】我们采用了一种新型的监测小型迁飞性害虫的工具——吸虫塔(Suction trap),对麦长管蚜的迁飞活动进行自动、实时监测。【结果】监测及分析结果表明,在小麦返青到成熟期间,吸虫塔中麦长管蚜的数量有多个高峰,但是有两个相对集中的时间段,即主要的迁入时期和迁出时期。在廊坊地区,每年4月末至5月初(抽穗到扬花期)迁入廊坊,5月下旬至6月初(小麦乳熟期)大量迁出廊坊。麦长管蚜的迁飞(或飞翔)活动具有昼夜节律,清晨、上午和傍晚是麦长管蚜迁飞活动的主要时间段,而在夜间其飞翔活动显著减少。利用HYSPLIT模型对麦长管蚜迁飞轨迹的分析结果显示,纬度低的地区蚜量高峰期早于纬度高的地区,其蚜量高峰日期具有明显的南北衔接特点。【结论】吸虫塔的监测证明了麦长管蚜在我国东部地区由南向北迁飞。     

小麦和大豆蚜虫中内共生菌Wolbachia的感染检测和系统发育分析

Wolbachia是一类在节肢动物中广泛感染的胞内共生菌。为了了解其在我国蚜虫中的感染情况, 本研究通过扩增wsp基因片段对采集自我国多个地区的3种小麦蚜虫（荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi、 麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi）和1种大豆蚜虫（大豆蚜Aphis glycines）样品进行了内共生菌Wolbachia的感染检测。结果显示： 3种小麦蚜虫中均未检测出Wolabchia。大豆蚜也仅在采集自北京和杭州的种群中发现了Wolbachia的感染, 感染率分别为95.8%和22.9%, 并且所检测的个体均为单株系感染。wsp基因序列的比对分析显示, 大豆蚜感染的Wolbachia株系与多个亲缘关系较远的昆虫物种中所感染的Wolbachia株系间具有高度一致的基因序列。wsp基因序列构建的系统发育关系和序列一致性均表明大豆蚜感染的Wolbachia株系属于B大组CauB组。本研究为今后探讨Wolbachia在我国蚜虫中的寄主范围和株系多样性提供了数据支持。     

2009年我国小菜蛾迁飞路径典型案例分析

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linnaeus是一种世界性的十字花科蔬菜重要害虫,具有远距离迁飞的特性,明确小菜蛾在我国的种群发生动态及迁飞路径对其早期预警具有重要意义.本文调查了2009年5月我国南京、故城、安阳、大连、公主岭、沈阳6个地区小菜蛾成虫种群的发生动态,并首次利用HYSPLIT平台对不同地区小菜蛾种群的迁飞峰次进行了轨迹分析.结果表明,2009年5月我国6个地区的小菜蛾成虫种群存在显著地“突增”或“突减”现象,符合迁飞昆虫在迁飞期的种群动态的典型特征;5月14日南京地区起飞的小菜蛾种群可迁飞至大连,5月19日故城地区起飞的小菜蛾种群可迁飞至公主岭,5月20日安阳地区起飞的小菜蛾种群可迁飞至沈阳;首次明确了小菜蛾轨迹分析的设定参数,800-1200 m为小菜蛾适宜迁飞的飞行高度,飞行持续时间一般为2-3d.     

Influence of sticky trap color and height above ground on capture of alate Elatobium abietinum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Sitka spruce plantations

A series of field trials were used to assess the practicality of using sticky traps to monitor populations of green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker), in plantations of Sitka spruce. The highest numbers of alate E. abietinum were caught on sticky traps placed in the upper third of the live canopy at 9-17 m above the ground, whereas low numbers of aphids were caught just below the live canopy or at 2 m above the ground. Trials in 2005 with sticky traps of different colors showed that significantly more alate E. abietinum were caught on yellow, red, and green sticky traps than on white, blue, and black traps. A repeat trial in 2007 resulted in significantly more alate aphids being caught on red sticky traps than on traps of any other color except for green. Attraction to red is unusual among aphids, as aphids are thought not to possess a red-sensitive photoreceptor. The attraction of E. abietinum to red-colored sticky traps suggests that conifer-feeding aphids might have a fundamentally different color response compared with aphids that live on cereals, grasses, or herbaceous plants. Alternatively, the attraction to red might be a physiological artifact related to the presence of red-screening pigments in the aphid's compound eye.     

南京地区棉蚜的飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

昆虫的飞行活动规律及飞行能力是研究其能否迁飞的基础。通过采用春季到秋季20 m高空黄盆诱蚜、高空所诱蚜和春季木槿树上有翅蚜的卵巢解剖,以及春夏秋三季田间有翅蚜的吊飞试验等方法,研究了南京地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii的飞行活动节律和飞行能力。结果表明,有翅棉蚜的日羽化高峰出现在19:00～20:00。2001年南京地区棉蚜的春、秋两季迁飞高峰分别在5月8日和10月25日。5月份高空诱集的棉蚜中,95.7%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以下,而木槿上羽化后1天的有翅蚜中有35.2%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以上;高空诱蚜和木槿上蚜的平均卵巢小管数存在极显著差异,分别为3.94±1.65和5.88±1.92。8月中下旬棉田棉蚜存在低空飞行行为,并且出现飞行高峰时有翅蚜的卵巢小管数平均在6条以下,超过6条则停止飞行。羽化后1～2天有翅棉蚜吊飞个体的飞行比率和平均飞行距离表现为春、秋季显著大于夏季,三季的最长飞行距离分别为3.89 km、6.15 km和1.44 km。     

THE COMPARISON OF YELLOW CYLINDRICAL, FLAT AND WATER TRAPS, AND OF JOHNSON SUCTION TRAPS, FOR SAMPLING APHIDS

Different traps were compared to find the type most suitable for studying aphid vectors of plant viruses quantitatively.
A Moericke water trap caught more aphids than a flat sticky trap of equal area. A flat sticky trap (930 sq. cm.) caught half as many aphids as a cylindrical trap (945 sq. cm.), which caught about one-third as many as a water trap (1200 sq. cm.) or a Johnson suction trap (9 in. fan) when operated at between 2 and 3 ft. over bare soil.
Yellow traps caught proportionally more Tuberculoides annulatus , and in summer more Capitophorus species than a suction trap, but significantly fewer Anoecia corni, Sitobium spp. and Pemphigus bursarius. Traps with a level surface caught proportionally more Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae , but fewer Anoecia corni and Drepanosiphum plantanoides than vertical cylindical traps. Attraction by colour influences the catch on horizontal traps more than on cylindrical traps because there is less impaction by the wind.
Only suction traps indicate the number of aphids per unit volume of air and are non-selective, but they are expensive and require an electric power supply. Water traps effectively catch those aphids that are attracted to yellow, but they require frequent attention. Sticky traps catch fewer aphids than either suction or water traps, but they can be left unattended for about 2 weeks. Flat sticky traps catch aphids likely to land on a crop, and cylindrical traps show when aphids are in the air, but not if those aphids are able or wanting to land. For routine work cylindrical sticky traps have other advantages; they are cheap and do not require skilled handling, and their catches of alate Myzus persicae have been correlated with the spread of some plant viruses.     

Distribution of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Potato Growing Areas of Southwestern Australia

Sticky traps, water traps and leaf samples were used to monitor aphid populations at 32 sites in southwestern Australia between October and May for four seasons between 1988–92. Twenty-seven sites were located in potato, Solanum tuberosum L., crops, with five others located in mixed vegetable crops or pastures. Sites were located in an area of approximately 90,000 km², and encompassed most of the potato growing areas of the region. Thirty-four species of aphids were detected. Potato-colonising aphids found were Myzus persicae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aphis craccivora. M. persicae was the most widespread, and its seasonal distribution in southwestern Australia is presented. Fewer M. persicae were recorded and it arrived later in the season for 2 of 3 years at southern sites than northern sites. At sites where both sticky traps and leaf sampling were used, leaf sampling often detected M. persicae before they were found on traps. Results suggest that potato crops grown on the southern coast will be least vulnerable to infection by aphid-borne viruses.     

Phylogeography and evolution in matsutake and close allies inferred by analyses of ITS sequences and AFLPs

Matsutake are commercially important ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes in the genus Tricholoma. Despite their importance, the systematics of this species complex have remained elusive and little is known about their origin and biogeography. Using DNA analyses on a worldwide sample of matsutake, we present here the first comprehensive definition of natural groupings in this species complex. We infer patterns of migration and propose Eocene origins for the group in western North America by a transfer from an angiosperm-associated ancestor to an increasingly specialized conifer symbiont. From these origins, matsutake appear to have followed migratory routes parallel to those of coniferous hosts. Patterns of vicariance between eastern North America and eastern Asia are resolved and their origins are suggested to stem from migration through Beringia. Using an analysis of genetic dissimilarity and geographical distance, we reject both the possibility that migration into Europe and Asia occurred through Atlantic bridges and the connection between matsutake populations in the Mahgrebi Mountains and those from Europe. Instead, African and European matsutake appear to be the most recent ends of a westward expansion of the domain of these fungi from North America.     

Genetic diversity of the green spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum Walker) in north-west Europe

Abstract 1 The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to investigate genetic diversity of anholocyclic populations of the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum Walker, in north‐west Europe. 2 The results showed that the aphid in this region was divided genetically into three major groups. Aphids from the British Isles and north‐west France comprised the first group, the second group consisted of aphids from Denmark and Iceland, and the third group consisted of aphids from Norway. 3 The results indicated a significant level of gene flow within and between sites and geographical regions, especially in the British Isles and north‐west France. Lateral migration of the aphid and/or sexual reproduction is likely to have facilitated the gene flow. 4 The implications of these findings on management of the green spruce aphid are discussed.     

Comparison of native and non‐native predator consumption rates and prey avoidance behavior in North America and Europe

Novel predator–prey interactions can contribute to the invasion success of non‐native predators. For example, native prey can fail to recognize and avoid non‐native predators due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history and cue dissimilarity with native predators. This might result in a competitive advantage for non‐native predators. Numerous lady beetle species were globally redistributed as biological control agents against aphids, resulting in novel predator–prey interactions. Here, we investigated the strength of avoidance behavior of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) toward chemical cues of native lady beetles and non‐native Asian Harmonia axyridis and European Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata in North America, hypothesizing that cues of non‐native lady beetles induce weaker avoidance behavior than cues of co‐evolved native lady beetles. Additionally, we compared aphid consumption of lady beetles, examining potential predation advantages of non‐native lady beetles. Finally, we compared cue avoidance behavior between North American and European pea aphid populations and aphid consumption of native and non‐native lady beetles in North America and Europe. In North America, pea aphids avoided chemical cues of all ladybeetle species tested, regardless of their origin. In contrast to pea aphids in North America, European pea aphids did not avoid cues of the non‐native H. axyridis. The non‐native H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were among the largest and most voracious lady beetle species tested, on both continents. Consequently, in North America non‐native lady beetle species might have a competitive advantage on shared food resources due to their relatively large body size, compared to several native American lady beetle species. In Europe, however, non‐native H. axyridis might benefit from missing aphid cue avoidance as well as a large body size. The co‐evolutionary time gap between the European and North American invasion of H. axyridis likely explains the intercontinental differences in cue avoidance behavior and might indicate evolution in aphids toward non‐native predators.     

Interannual dynamics of aerial and arboreal green spruce aphid populations

Partial defoliation of spruce by the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum (Walker) is a recurrent event in European and, increasingly, North American forests. The patterns of insect abundance on trees have never been satisfactorily described by a numerical model despite considerable knowledge of endogenous and exogenous factors in the population dynamics of the species. Long-term field population estimates of the aphid on foliage provided the opportunity to evaluate such a model. Unlike comparable models for tree-dwelling aphids, this was also applicable to almost completely independent aphid field data derived from the Rothamsted Insect Survey’s nationwide network of suction traps. Although based on relatively few parameters, the model was robust in its predictions of alate aphids geographically remote from the forest in which the original population was estimated. The population maximum, which causes the greatest forest damage, is reached in early summer and can be predicted from knowledge of winter temperature (chill bouts), spring temperature (thermal sum), and interannual negative feedback (density dependence). The model provides confirmation that alate populations of spruce aphids, upon which a number of other extensive studies have been based, are ultimately influenced by similar endogenous and climatic factors and that they are a reasonable proxy for aphids on trees.     

The potential impacts of the arrival of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in Britain

Abstract.  1. The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis , has recently arrived in Britain.
2. This species has been introduced from Asia into many parts of the world for biological control purposes.
3. In many parts of North America it has become the predominant aphidophagous coccinellid in less than 20 years, and in north-western Europe it is spreading and increasing in number rapidly.
4. Since establishment in North America and continental Europe, reports of its effectiveness as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids have been accompanied by accounts of negative effects on other aphidophagous species and humans.
5. Here the potential impacts of the arrival of the harlequin ladybird in Britain are assessed.