红鳍东方鲀养殖技术研究现状及展望

<正>红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes),属鲀形目(Tetraodontiformers)、鲀亚目(Tetraodontoidei)、鲀科(Tetraodontidae)、东方鲀属(Takifugu),俗称河鲀、廷巴、腊头、龟鱼等,为近海底层食肉性鱼类,主要分布于北太平洋西部的日本、朝鲜半岛和中国沿海[1]。因其味道鲜美、肉质细嫩,经济价值高昂,在中国北方地区和日本、韩国等形成养殖规模。目前国内外对红     

海水养殖鱼类的疾病及其防治

进入90年代,我国海水鱼类养殖业迅速发展。全国各沿海省、市主要养殖的鱼种,有鲷科鱼类中的真鲷、黑鲷、石鲷和胡椒鲷;河鲀鱼类的红鳍东方鲀、暗纹鲍、虫纹鲀及假晴鲀;鲻鱼类的鲻鱼和梭鱼。另外还有石斑鱼、鲈鱼、牙鲆、香鱼及少量试养的舌鳎、黑鲪、大弹涂鱼、矛尾     

不同生长阶段红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)循环水养殖系统的水质调控和氮磷收支研究

循环水养殖系统具有节水、省地、环保等优点,目前在国内外水产养殖中得到广泛应用,养殖过程中水质的动态变化反映鱼类养殖生长环境状况,氮磷收支规律反馈养殖系统是否具有高效性,二者可评估特定养殖生物在特定养殖条件下的养殖效果。为了了解循环水养殖系统水质变化与氮磷收支规律,通过对不同生长阶段(一龄与二龄)红鳍东方鲀循环水养殖系统的水质、鱼体及饲料中氮、磷的定期采样,计算氮、磷的输入与输出量,比较了系统水质变化与氮磷收支规律。结果显示,一龄和二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统分别在投喂后2、4、10、14 h和2、4、14、18 h出现营养盐浓度高值点,建议针对处于不同生长阶段的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统需对不同时间段进行水质重点监测,主成分分析表明亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮参数可作为红鳍东方鲀循环水养殖水质的指示因子。一龄和二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统中用于鱼体生长发育的氮元素分别占总输出的25.16%和28.41%,用于鱼体生长发育的磷元素分别占总输出的47.37%和51.66%,二龄的红鳍东方鲀养殖系统与一龄养殖系统的氮磷吸收率相比有显著性提高(P<0.05)。实际生产中可通过增加二龄红鳍东方鲀专用饲料蛋白质与磷...     

RAPD标记鉴别红鳍东方鲀和假睛东方鲀种群的初步研究

用ＲＡＰＤ技术对东方纯属（Ｆｕｇｕ）的红鳍东方鲀（Ｆｕｇｕ　ｒｕｂｒｉｐｅｓ）和假睛东方鲀（Ｆｕｇｕｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｍｕｓ）共三个群体进行分析,经２０个随机引物扩增,得到每一个体的多态片段。比较所有图谱,没有发现能够鉴别三个群体的特异性谱带;而且采自日本的红鳍东方纯与采自中国的红鳍东方鲀的电泳图谱基本相似。结果还表明,红鳍东方纯与假睛东方鲀电泳图谱的差异也甚小,说明二者的亲缘关系非常接近,这与以前用同工酶进行分析的结果相一致（王可玲等,１９８４）,     

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系构建与早期标准化培育

采用巢式设计方法和人工受精技术, 对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系的构建与标准化培育技术进行研究。按照1雄配2雌的原则, 选取养殖、野生和日本3个群体的红鳍东方鲀进行定向交配, 并对红鳍东方鲀早期阶段苗种进行了环境标准化和一、二、三、四级数量标准化培育。结果表明, 红鳍东方鲀亲鱼产卵量大, 对构建父系半同胞家系十分有利; 从4次数量标准化看, 每次各家系内鱼苗数量都较为集中, 各阶段各家系的成活率也较高, 但存在部分家系间数量差异显著; 经过4次数量标准化, 成功构建22个父系半同胞家系, 48个母系全同胞家系。对早期阶段家系构建和培育存在的问题, 进行了探讨并提出拟解决方法, 为大规模建立红鳍东方鲀家系提供参照。     

光照周期对红鳍东方鲀雌鱼繁殖调控的初步研究

光周期是鱼类季节性繁殖最可靠的环境信号。红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)是一种春季产卵鱼类, 具有非常高的经济价值。为了探究光周期调控对红鳍东方鲀成熟产卵时间的影响, 在循环水养殖条件下开展了本研究。将90尾亲鱼随机分配至加速组和自然组。自然组亲鱼在3月产卵, 而加速组亲鱼在1月产卵, 最早产卵时间提前约2个月。结果表明, 加速光周期季节变化速率能够促进红鳍东方鲀性腺成熟。光周期调控方法能够应用于红鳍东方鲀全年繁殖调控。     

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)三个不同群体的形态差异分析

对3个不同群体红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)进行16项形态性状的测定,采用3种多元统计分析方法和方差分析方法,比较了3个群体的外部形态特征。聚类分析结果表明,3个红鳍东方鲀群体中,日本群体(J)和养殖群体(R)的差异最大,野生群体(Y)和养殖群体(R)的差异最小。主成分分析构建了3个反映形态特征信息的综合性指标——主成分1、主成分2和主成分3,三者的贡献率分别为54.961%、12.129%和6.459%,三个主成分的累积贡献率为73.549%,3群体之间存在明显的偏离,形成三个不同的类群,其中,养殖群体(R)和日本群体(J)间的形态差异最大,野生群体(Y)和养殖群体(R)的形态差异最小。判别分析表明,3个红鳍东方鲀群体的形态差异基本上达到差异显著(P0.05)或极显著水平(P0.01),利用贡献率最大的6个参数建立了3个群体的判别函数,其判别准确率分别为97.69%—100%(P1)、97.39%—100%(P2),综合判别率为98.62%,可以认为逐步判别法对于红鳍东方鲀不同群体的初步鉴定是可行的。方差分析多重比较结果表明,3个群体在部分形态特征上表现出明显差异,其中,养殖群体(R)和日本群体(J)之间形态特征差异显著指标最多,养殖群体(R)和野生群体(Y)之间形态特征差异显著指标最少。显然,聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析和方差分析的结论基本上是类似的,它们从不同角度反映了群体间的形态学差异。     

利用微卫星标记技术对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugurubripes)家系系谱认证的研究

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)是我国北方地区的一种经济型海水鱼类,但目前对其群体遗传多样性和系谱信息研究成果较少。本文研究了目前红鳍东方鲀养殖群体的遗传多样性情况和系谱信息,为其提供遗传改良的理论基础。从2015年所建的12个红鳍东方鲀家系中随机选取5个家系,采用8个微卫星标记对其遗传多样性进行分析和系谱认证。8个位点共检测得到32个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为36个,平均值为4个。平均观测杂合度(A)范围为0.453 30.953 3,平均期望杂合度(He)范围为0.490 80.790 1,平均多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.455 50.754 6。不同位点共发现8个特异性等位基因,7#家系发现3个,3#和11#家系各发现2个,12#家系发现1个,10#家系未发现特异性等位基因。根据子代基因型成功推断出5个家系的亲本基因型,据此鉴别各个家系。在fms15位点,可将3#和11#家系与其他家系相区别;TOG01位点可将7#家系与其他家系相区别;f1497位点可将12#家系相区别。因此,fms15,TOG01,f1497这3个标记可以作为鉴别5个家系的特异性标记。结果说明,所选的8个微卫星标记在这5个家系中多态信息含量较高,且在已选用的8个微卫星标记中,最少用3个标记可鉴别5个红鳍东方鲀家系。综合分析表明微卫星标记能有效地为红鳍东方鲀群体的系谱分析提供技术支持,为今后红鳍东方鲀开展分子标记辅助育种提供了可靠的理论依据。     

中国水产养殖产业演化影响因素研究

水产养殖业在我国渔业产业结构中占据重要地位,在促进我国渔业经济发展中发挥着重要作用。当前渔业正处于由要素驱动向创新驱动转型的新旧动能转换时期,这也对水产养殖业的转型升级提出了更高要求。文章根据产业演化路径及其运行机理,从资源、技术、市场、制度4个方面构建指标体系,采用1998—2019年的指标数据,通过灰色关联分析和岭回归分析,探索影响产业演化的因素,探讨不同影响因素对水产养殖业演化发展的影响程度,以期为促进中国水产养殖产业的发展,增强水产养殖业的竞争力提供理论支撑。结果表明,城镇居民人均水产品消费量对中国水产养殖产业演化影响程度最大,GDP及单位面积产量的影响显著,水产技术推广经费支出影响最小。基于此,为促进我国水产养殖业的转型升级提出做好水产品消费需求引领与管理、拓展国内国际消费市场;增加科技投入,发展养殖技术;加大资源保护力度,推进绿色发展;着力解决养殖水产品质量安全问题等相应对策建议。     

世界水产品绿色养殖比较研究及对中国启示

当前全球渔业捕捞量已接近顶峰局势,水产养殖发展面临巨大环境压力,水产品绿色养殖能满足消费者对优质蛋白需求的同时,还能有效缓解生态问题,保证食品质量安全。水产品养殖绿色发展已成为世界各国的共识,渔业发达国家在一定程度上已形成较完善的绿色水产养殖体系。文章基于全球水产业发展现状和趋势,通过研究欧盟、美国和日本水产品绿色养殖的相关经验,最后结合中国水产养殖业发展现状,提出在建立严格认证标准的基础上,国内政府应加强对“绿色水产品”消费的正确引导;借鉴别国对渔业可持续发展的政策和管理制度;注重关键科学技术的研发,做到产学结合;保障资金的有效投入等相关政策建议。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,