PTVE联合PSE治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效观察

目的探讨经皮胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾动脉栓塞术(PSE)治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效。资料与方法27例肝硬化合并食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血患者(18例急性出血,9例择期手术),21例患者同时实施PTVE+PSE,6例患者PTVE后5～7天再行PSE。对术前、术后门静脉压力变化进行测量;术后1～24个月观察再出血的发生率及胃镜随访胃底曲张静脉消退情况。结果18例急诊手术患者术后出血即刻停止,即时止血率100%。PTVE栓塞后门静脉压升高,同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PTVE+PSE后门静脉压有所降低,但同术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。23例术后胃镜随访,显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失9例,部分消失14例,4例门静脉高压性胃病表现。随访期间1～12个月内再出血率为11.11%(3/27),12～24个月因肝功能衰竭死亡2例,再出血率为28.0%(7/25)。6例为曲张静脉出血,其中1例再次行PTVE栓塞曲张静脉后止血,4例为门静脉高压性胃病出血。结论PTVE具有满意的止血效果和消除胃底曲张静脉,联合PSE能抵消PTVE所致的门静脉压升高。PTVE联合PSE既可行急诊止血,亦可作为...     

心脏血管封堵器在介入治疗胃底异常粗大曲张静脉中的应用

食管胃底静脉曲张是肝硬化门静脉高压最常见的并发症,一旦破裂,出血量大,首次出血病死率高达40％,是肝硬化门静脉高压最严重的并发症和死亡的常见原因.而经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术是快速有效止血的主要方法之一,对活动性出血的止血率高达99％以上[1].但对于急诊下曲张静脉直径较大的血管,普通栓塞材料无法有效栓塞.笔者首次急痛状态下采用常用于动脉导管未闭的血管异常通路封堵器,治疗4例急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,取得了满意的止血效果,报道如下.     

TH胶栓塞胃冠状静脉曲张在门静脉高压治疗中的应用

目的:探讨α氰基丙烯酸正辛酯(TH胶)在胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾脏栓塞术治疗门脉高压胃底食管曲张静脉破裂出血的可行性和疗效。方法:对27例门脉高压胃底食管曲张静脉破裂出血的病人应用TH胶为栓塞剂经皮肝穿行胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾脏栓塞术。结果:所有患者均手术成功,止血率达100%。1月后,胃镜及钡餐检查,食道静脉曲张消失率为70.4%。随访6~12个月1例因胃粘膜病变出血,余者病情好转或稳定。结论:应用TH胶胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾栓塞手术安全,创伤小,止血率高,再出血率低,是治疗门脉高压并食道胃底静脉曲张理想方法。     

内镜下注射组织粘合剂治疗胃底静脉曲张的临床分析

目的探讨内镜下注射组织粘合剂治疗胃底静脉曲张的临床疗效和安全性。方法选择2008年4月-2009年4月胃镜检查确诊有上消化道出血或曾有出血史的46例胃底静脉曲张患者,在内镜下行组织粘合剂注射治疗术,每点注射组织胶1～2ml,每次注射1～3点。随访6个月,并对疗效及并发症进行评估。结果4例急诊内镜下注射治疗,注射后即刻止血成功,成功率100％。择期治疗42例,注射后可见曲张静脉团增粗、发白、变硬。随访6个月,复发出血5例（10．87％）,所有患者无并发症发生。结论组织粘合剂注射治疗胃底静脉曲张效果确切,不仅可控制急性活动性出血,还可预防再出血,是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

国产组织胶内镜下注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的临床应用

目的探讨国产组织胶内镜下注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的临床效果。方法24例食管胃底静脉曲张患者。分三种方法治疗：（1）套扎＋组织胶注射1次完成10例;（2）套扎与组织胶注射分次完成10例;（3）采用组织胶直接注射治疗4例。结果4例活动性出血经治疗均即刻止血,成功率100％,10例套扎＋组织胶注射1次完成者,食管和胃底静脉曲张治疗总有效率100％;10例套扎＋组织胶分次完成者,食管静脉曲张治疗总有效率90％,胃底静脉总有效率80％,两组疗效比较无统计学意义;并发症：总发生率12．5％（3／24）,2例注射完拔针后少许出血,1例术后2周排胶出血,经适当处理均止血。结论国产组织胶注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张和／或出血,近期疗效可靠、操作安全,并发症少而轻。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者30例(24例为食管静脉套扎及硬化治疗术后再次出血；6例为消化道出血未行内镜治疗者)。电视透视下取右腋中线或剑突下方穿刺进入门静脉分支。用弹簧钢圈、无水乙醇和明胶海绵栓塞食管胃底静脉。2例栓塞后门静脉内留置导管-药盒系统行区域性药物灌注治疗。结果30例患者胃冠状静脉超选择插管、栓塞全部成功。胃短静脉超选择插管栓塞成功率90％。27例患者术后得到随访，随访2～18个月。17例患者术后胃镜复查显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失者13例，明显改善者4例。2例于栓塞术后1周、2个月再出血，再次栓塞后无再出血。2例门静脉留置药盒行区域性中西药物灌注者治疗后门静脉压力分别下降10cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)和8cmH2O。结论经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术创伤小、止血效果肯定，在急诊止血方面更具优势，应该成为门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的常规治疗方法之一。经留置药盒行门静脉区域性中西药物灌注治疗肝硬化值得进一步探讨。     

超声导引下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞术治疗门脉高压急症消化道大出血(附12例报告)

目的　探讨超声引导下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化门脉高压急症上消化道出血的可行性及临床应用。方法　12例肝炎肝硬化病人均伴有不同程度的门静脉高压及消化道出血史 ,全部患者行胃镜检查均有胃底静脉曲张。超声引导下经皮穿肝至门脉造影 ,依据胃底曲张静脉的范围、数目及血流情况选择适当栓塞剂逐一栓塞胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉至再次造影时曲张静脉消失 ,栓塞前后记录门静脉压力变化。结果　 12例患者栓塞后均停止出血 ,止血率 10 0 %。无 1例严重并发症出现 ,1例患者术后 3周死于心脏功能衰竭。 1个月生存率达 92 %。结论　超声导引下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压性急性消化道出血是安全有效的方法     

急诊经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞治疗重度肝硬化消化道出血

目的　评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术在重度肝硬化患者急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血中的应用价值。方法　 19例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血肝硬化患者 ,肝功能评价均为ChildC级 ,行急诊经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞治疗。结果　 19例门脉穿刺及曲张静脉栓塞手术均获成功。 18例即刻止血成功 ;1例无效 ,行TIPSS治疗。 1～ 12个月随访期内 ,再出血 14例 ;死亡 15例 ;4例存活。严重合并症 1例 ,为腹腔内出血 ,行开腹探查。结论　对于ChildC级肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者 ,急诊条件下经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术止血效果肯定 ,当TIPSS禁忌时 ,可为首选治疗方法     

急诊TIPSS在控制食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血中的应用及意义

目的：观察食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血患者行急诊经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）的治疗效果，并讨论急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ在方法学方面的特点。材料与方法：２２例患者因食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血接受急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ治疗。术中同时行胃冠状静脉和（或）胃短静脉栓塞。３例存在自发脾－肾或胃－肾分流道者，在球囊导管闭塞分流道肾端的前提下，行经分流道逆行胃底静脉曲张栓塞。结果：２２例中，１９例止血成功；１６例建立分流道；术后２４小时再发出血４例，其中２例死亡。结论：急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的有效方法。在方法学方面，急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ强调尽量通过可能途径栓塞曲张静脉，以获得及时、可靠的止血效果。     

经脾穿刺插管栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血

目的 评价经脾入路栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血的临床疗效及安全性.方法 20例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者,均出现门静脉高压性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血.8例为右叶巨大肝癌;10例为肝癌合并门静脉癌栓,门静脉主干闭塞;2例为肝硬化并发门静脉主干血栓性闭塞.所有患者采取经脾穿刺,脾静脉插管至胃冠状静脉,用液态栓塞剂加弹簧圈栓塞曲张的食管胃底静脉.结果 18例患者手术成功,2例失败;共栓塞35支胃冠状静脉,栓塞成功患者均获有效止血,未出现并发症.结论 经脾穿刺插管栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血的方法安全有效,适合于患有巨大肝癌及(或)门静脉主干闭塞等无法采用经皮经肝入路或TIPS栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张的患者.     

内镜下组织黏合剂栓塞术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的比较内镜下套扎法及组织黏合剂注射法治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法将154例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者随机分为内镜下套扎组(对照组)及组织黏合剂注射组(观察组),观察两组患者的再次出血发生率、曲张静脉改善有效率及并发症的发生率。结果两组患者手术均成功,均无严重的并发症发生。随访9个月,观察组3、6、9个月内再出血发生率明显低于对照组,而曲张静脉改善的有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内镜下注射组织黏合剂能更加有效的预防再出血的发生,其临床疗效更为确切,可作为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的首选方法。     

Plug-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for the Treatment of Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (PARTO) to treat gastric variceal hemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension.

Materials and Methods

From May 2012 to June 2014, 19 patients (11 men and 8 women, median age; 61, with history of gastric variceal hemorrhage; 17, active bleeding; 2) who underwent PARTO using a vascular plug and a gelfoam pledget were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and laboratory data were examined to evaluate primary (technical and clinical success, complications) and secondary (worsening of esophageal varix [EV], change in liver function) end points. Median follow-up duration was 11 months, from 6.5 to 18 months. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare laboratory data before and after the procedure.

Results

Technical success (complete occlusion of the efferent shunt and complete filling of gastric varix [GV] with a gelfoam slurry) was achieved in 18 of 19 (94.7%) patients. The embolic materials could not reach the GV in 1 patient who had endoscopic glue injection before our procedure. The clinical success rate (no recurrence of gastric variceal bleeding) was the same because the technically failed patient showed recurrent bleeding later. Acute complications included fever (n = 2), fever and hypotension (n = 2; one diagnosed adrenal insufficiency), and transient microscopic hematuria (n = 3). Ten patients underwent follow-up endoscopy; all exhibited GV improvement, except 2 without endoscopic change. Five patients exhibited aggravated EV, and 2 of them had a bleeding event. Laboratory findings were significantly improved after PARTO.

Conclusion

PARTO is technically feasible, safe, and effective for gastric variceal hemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension.     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压140例分析

目的探讨经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）治疗肝硬化门脉高压的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析140例经TIPS治疗肝硬化门脉高压患者的临床资料,记录术前术后门静脉压力、门静脉和脾静脉直径、食道胃底静脉、腹水的变化,观察术后肝性脑病、复发出血、支架再狭窄等并发症。结果手术成功率及即刻止血率100%,门静脉压力术前（44.7±3.5）cmH2O,术后（23.6±3.8）cmH2O（P<0.01）,门静脉主干直径术前（1.64±0.035）cm,术后（1.27±0.047）cm（P<0.01）,脾静脉直径术前（1.26±0.027）cm,术后（0.95±0.023）cm（P<0.01）。肝性脑病发生率13.6%（19/140）,腹水好转率89%（65/73）,术后12个月复发再出血8.6%（12/140）,支架再狭窄15.7%（22/140）。结论 TIPS是治疗肝硬化门脉高压的有效方法,能有效降低门静脉压力,控制上消化道出血。     

内镜下套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血（附43例）

目的：探讨内镜下套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法：对我院86例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者分别给予内镜下套扎治疗与内科药物治疗,比较两组治疗疗效。结果：治疗组：止血成功率达90.7%,死亡率达4.7%,再出血率达11.6%。对照组则依次为69.8%、23.3%、32.6%。两组止血成功率、死亡率、再出血率的比较,均（P〈0.05）。结论：内镜套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血具有创伤小、止血迅速、临床疗效好,值得推广使用。     

TIPSS术＋食道胃底静脉曲张栓塞术前后门静脉压力的变化

目的观测肝硬化门静脉高压患者行经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt,TIPSS）＋食道胃底静脉曲张栓塞术前后门静脉压力的变化,进而探讨TIPSS＋食道胃底静脉曲张栓塞术在治疗肝硬化门静脉高压中的作用。方法对20例因肝硬化所致门静脉高压患者行经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术＋食道胃底静脉曲张栓塞术,在术前、术后分别用直接法测定门静脉主干压力,比较术前、术后压力的变化。结果术前本组肝硬化门脉高压患者的门静脉压力为（41.46±4.89）cmH2O、术后为（25.65±5.73）cmH2O,差异有显著性（P〈0.001）。术前、术后压力差为（15.82±3.12）cmH2O,术后较术前门静脉压力平均下降38.13%。结论 TIPSS＋食道胃底曲张静脉栓塞术可显著降低肝硬化门脉高压患者的门静脉压力,在治疗肝硬化门脉高压症中有重要的应用价值。     

Should balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration be the first-line interventional radiologic treatment for bleeding duodenal varices? A case report and review of the literature

We report a 78-year-old woman who presented with repeated tarry stools, and having lower duodenal variceal bleeding caused by portal hypertension. Endoscopic therapy had been attempted, but was impossible because the endoscope could not be inserted into the lower duodenum. Thus, the lower duodenal variceal bleeding was treated with balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in combination with embolization using microcoils. Complete hemostasis was achieved without complications, and neither the recurrence of varices nor rebleeding has occurred for the last 3 years. A review of the English-language literature reveals only 11 such cases. The world literature is reviewed.     

门静脉CTA在门静脉高压门体分流侧支血管显示中的应用

目的 研究多层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)在门静脉高压患者上腹部分流侧支血管显示中的作用. 资料与方法 对126例门静脉高压患者行门静脉系统及侧支血管的CTA检查. 结果 126例中,CTA提示各类食管静脉曲张108例(85.7%),胃底静脉曲张117例(92.9%),单纯食管静脉曲张8例(6.3%),食管静脉曲张合并胃体部静脉曲张1例(0.8%),食管静脉曲张合并胃底静脉曲张99例(78.6%),单纯胃底静脉曲张18例(14.3%).胃左静脉显示120例(95.2%),附脐静脉显示26例(20.6%),胃网膜静脉显示10例(7.9%).发现脾肾分流道4例(3.2%),胃左肾分流道35例(27.8%). 结论 门静脉CTA可以清晰显示门静脉高压患者食管、胃底静脉曲张及主要侧支血管的走行、分布,为临床治疗方案的选择和疗效的观察评估提供有价值的影像学依据.     

经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞术在门静脉高压症治疗中的应用

目的探讨一种联合介入术式在治疗门脉高压症中的地位与作用。方法对30例高危门脉高压患者随机分组,A组15例行经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾栓塞术(PSE),B组15例行单纯PSE术,术前、术后分别采用多普勒超声检查门静脉侧支循环情况,对两组进行比较。结果两组脾功能亢进均得到缓解,联合术式患者曲张静脉全部得到栓塞,A组术前、术后门脉内径无明显变化,术后血流速度减慢,血流量降低(P<0.05),奇静脉内径变小(P<0.01),血流量下降(P<0.01),血流速度降低(P<0.01);B组门脉管径变小,流速降低,流量下降(P<0.01),但奇静脉管径无明显改变,流速降低,流量下降。两组奇静脉血流量下降幅度有明显差异(P<0.01),两组随访13～16个月,B组出现食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血2例,继发性门脉血栓形成1例,而A组未再出现食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血,但出现门脉高压性胃肠病(PHG)2例(均有胃镜证实)。结论联合术式能有效治疗门脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血和脾功能亢进,该方法操作相对简单,侵袭性小,尤其适用于肝功能差难以耐受外科分流及断流手术的患者,具有临床推广价值。     

Correlation of duplex sonography findings and portal pressure in 375 patients with portal hypertension

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the potential usefulness of duplex sonography in the grading of portal hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Duplex sonography of the portal vein system and measurement of the portal pressure and portosystemic pressure gradient were performed in 375 patients before placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Subgroups included patients with recent variceal bleeding (n = 296) and patients with refractory ascites without previous variceal bleeding (n = 79). A matched cohort of 100 patients without portal hypertension was also examined. Differences between the groups in portal and splenic vein diameter, flow velocity, congestion index, and hepatic arterial resistive index were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: Compared with healthy individuals, our patients had an increased portal vein diameter (+30%, p < .001), decreased portal vein flow velocity (-44%, p < .001), and increased congestion index (+185%, p < .001). A portal vein diameter greater than 1.25 cm or a portal vein flow velocity less than 21 cm/sec indicated portal hypertension with a sensitivity and specificity of 80%. If the congestion index exceeded 0.1, portal hypertension was diagnosed with a 95% sensitivity and specificity. The portal pressure and gradient correlated only weakly (r < .2, p < .05) with sonographic variables. Using multivariate analysis, subgroups with variceal bleeding or refractory ascites did not show differences in hemodynamics, including pressures. CONCLUSION: Duplex sonography contributes to the diagnosis of portal hypertension but does not allow its grading. Similarity of portal hemodynamics between patients with variceal bleeding and patients with refractory ascites suggests that additional factors determine the respective clinical presentation.