包套锻造快速凝固耐热铝合金的组织和性能

采用氮气雾化制粉-冷等静压制坯-包套锻造工艺制备了AIFeVSi合金样品。通过拉伸试验、X射线衍射及TEM，研究了包套锻造对合金组织性能的影响。结果表明：不锈钢包套锻造能较好地加强粉末颗粒间的物理冶金结合，有效地破碎颗粒间的氧化膜。     

高能球磨稀土高硅铝合金粉末性能表征

对快速凝固法制备得到的Al-20Si-0.35RE合金进行不同时间的高能球磨, 然后对球磨后的粉末进行多次热压变形, 采用XRD, ESEM以及TEM等表征变形前后合金粉末的显微组织, 并对变形后合金的导电性能进行了研究. 研究发现快速凝固Al-20Si-0.35RE合金粉末的显微组织主要由细小的Al-Si固溶体(0.3～0.5 μm)、初晶硅、稀土铝硅化合物(0.16～0.3 μm)组成; 随着球磨时间延长, 颗粒粒径显著减小; 经过多次热压变形后合金晶粒显著细化, 晶格畸变减小, 位错钉扎稀土化合物, 形成类似表面渗流效应, 合金导电率提高至70%IACS.     

Microstructural features and heat flow analysis of atomized and spray-formed Al-Fe-V-Si alloy

Microstructural features of rapidly solidified powders and preforms of Al₈₀Fe₁₀V₄Si₆ alloy produced by spray forming process have been studied. The atomization and spray deposition were carried out using a confined gas atomization process and the microstructural features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The microstructure of a wide size range of atomized powders invariably revealed cellular and dendritic morphology. The extent of dendritic region and the dendritic arm spacing were observed to increase with powder particle size. The TEM investigations indicated the presence of ultrafine second-phase particles in the intercellular or interdendritic regions. In contrast, the spray deposits of the alloy showed considerable variation in microstructure and size and dispersion of the second-phase particles at specific distances from the deposit-substrate interface and the exterior regions of the deposit. Nevertheless, considerable homogeneity was observed in the microstructure toward the center of the spray deposit. The formation and distribution of a cubic phase α-Al(Fe,V)Si has been characterized in both atomized powders and spray deposits. A one-dimensional heat flow model has been used to analyze the evolution of microstructure during atomization and also during spray deposition processing of this alloy. The results indicate that thermal history of droplets in the spray on deposition surface and their solidification behavior considerably influence the micro-structural features of the spray deposits.     

Processing and microstructural characterization of Al-Cu alloys produced from rapidly solidified powders

This paper concerns the processing of Al-Cu alloys via a novel powder-metallurgy route. The specific technique used for powder processing involves the rapid solidification of coarse, molten droplets following impulse atomization. This produces a fine, homogeneous, dendritic microstructure within the alloy granules. Following consolidation via hot pressing, the microstructure consists mostly of an Al matrix with fine CuAl₂ particles and partially recrystallized dendrites. Further heat treatment and/or thermomechanical processing completes the spheroidization process in the CuAl₂ phase. Blending powders with different Cu has been used to make materials with a bimodal distribution of the local particle-volume-fraction content. The high temperature (773 K) strength of these materials decreases with increasing CuAl₂ content. This can be explained using a flow model based on superplastic deformation, controlled by diffusion-accommodated sliding at Al grain boundaries. This mechanism may also explain the deformation-enhanced particle coarsening observed during channel-die forging operations.     

Characterization of a Rapidly Solidified Iron-Based Superalloy

Rapidly-solidified powders of an iron-based superalloy were characterized before and after consolidation by hot isostatic pressing. Powders made by inert gas atomization were compared to powders made by centrifugal atomization. Although many of the powder characteristics were similar, the microstructures were not. The inert gas atomized powder structure is cellular while the centrifugally atomized powder structure is dendritic. In general the finer powder particles have the finer micro-structure with the effect more noticeable in centrifugally atomized powders. After consolidation, the differences in microstructure are more dependent on the consolidation temperature and post-consolidation heat treatment than in the powder type or size. Higher consolidation temperatures and/or post-consolidation heat treatment will result in transformation of the as-solidified microstructures. The transformed microstructure and the mechanical properties can in some cases be related to the as-solidified structure. Heat treatment is needed to obtain mechanical properties equivalent to those of ingot metallurgy processed material.     

Investigation of a discus-milling process using a powder mixture of Al and TiO2

In this study, a powder mixture of Al and TiO₂ was employed to investigate the milling process in a discus mill. In this first report on this novel mechanical mill, several variables, including the milling time and powder charge and their effects on the microstructural evolution of powder particles, are monitored and studied. The study reveals that the dominant parameters of the milling process are the milling time and the starting powder charge, similar to the other high-energy ball-milling processes. The longer the milling time and the smaller the starting powder charge, the more homogeneous the mixing and the finer the microstructure of the powder particles. The reaction between Al and TiO₂ was not observed with a milling period as long as 6 hours, for the present materials. However, the reaction between Al and TiO₂, during the subsequent heat treatment, is influenced by the milling condition. The powders with the longer milling times and finer mixing microstructures also form a finer microstructure, after the reaction between Al and TiO₂ during heat treatment. The methods for achieving an optimal milling efficiency for the Al-TiO₂ system are discussed.     

粉末冶金Ti6Al4V合金的研究

采用Ti粉、AlV中间合金粉,通过模压和真空烧结制备了Ti6Al4V合金,并通过随后的锻造和热处理来改变其组织和性能.通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电镜(SEM)及力学性能检测等分析手段,系统研究了压制压力对Ti6Al4V烧结体密度的影响,以及试样状态(烧结态及烧结淬火态)、锻造温度、淬火温度及时效温度等工艺参数对粉末冶金Ti6Al4V合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明:通过模压和烧结可制备出相对密度达97.4%的Ti6Al4V合金;Ti6Al4V烧结态及烧结淬火态合金经过锻造后,相对密度接近100%;通过不同热处理工艺得到不同组织和性能,能获得等轴组织,其α晶粒尺寸在5μm左右.     

Mechanical milling of gas-atomized Al-Ni-Mm (Mm = misch metal) alloy powders

Al-14Ni-14Mm (Mm = misch metal) alloy powders rapidly solidified by the gas atomization method were subjected to mechanical milling (MM). The microstructure, hardness, and thermal stability of the powders were investigated as a function of milling time using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. In the early stages of milling, a cold-welded layer with a fine microstructure formed along the edge of the milled powder (zone A). The interior of the powder remained unworked (zone B), resulting in a two-zone microstructure, reminiscent of the microstructures in rapidly solidified ribbons containing zones A and B. With increasing milling time, the crystallite size decreased gradually reaching a size of about 10 to 15 nm and the lattice strain increased reaching a maximum value of about 0.7 pct for a milling time of 200 hours. The microhardness of the mechanically milled powder was 132 kg/mm² after milling for 72 hours and it increased to 290 kg/mm² after milling for 200 hours. This increase in microhardness is attributed to a significant refinement of microstructure, presence of lattice strain, and presence of a mixture of phases in the alloy. Details of the microstructural development as a function of milling time and its effect on the microhardness of the alloy are discussed.     

Mechanical milling of gas-atomized Al−Ni−Mm (Mm=misch metal) alloy powders

Al−14Ni−14Mm (Mm=misch metal) alloy powders rapidly solidified by the gas atomization method were subjected to mechanical milling (MM). The microstructure, hardness, and thermal stability of the powders were investigated as a function of milling time using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. In the early stages of milling, a cold-welded layer with a fine microstructure formed along the edge of the milled powder (zone A). The interior of the powder remained unworked (zone B), resulting in a two-zone microstructure, reminiscent of the microstructures in rapidly solidified ribbons containing zones A and B. With increasing milling time, the crystallite size decreased gradually reaching a size of about 10 to 15 nm and the lattice strain increased reaching a maximum value of about 0.7 pct for a milling time of 200 hours. The microhardness of the mechanically milled powder was 132 kg/mm² after milling for 72 hours and it increased to 290 kg/mm² after milling for 200 hours. This increase in microhardness is attributed to a significant refinement of mcirostructure, presence of lattice strain, and presence of a mixture of phases in the alloy. Details of the microstructural development as a function of milling time and its effect on the microhardness of the alloy are discussed.     

Effect of processing techniques on the mechanical and wear properties of Al-20Si alloy

In the present investigation, the mechanical and wear properties of Al-20Si alloy processed by spray casting and vertical centrifugal casting processes have been evaluated and compared. In spray casting process the melt was gas atomized and the spray-deposited over a copper substrate. The spray-deposit exhibited considerable porosity and subjected to hot isostatic pressing to reduce the porosity from 19 to 2%. The centrifugal casting process provided cylindrical shaped preform with characteristically low porosity. The microstructure of spray cast alloy showed ultra fine and uniformly distributed primary and eutectic Si particles in the Al matrix. In contrast, a coarse polyhedral shaped morphology of the primary Si phase was observed in the microstructure of the centrifugal cast alloy. The wear rate of spray cast alloy was invariably lower than that of centrifugal cast alloy. The room temperature tensile and hardness tests of spray cast alloy showed considerable improvement in its strength, ductility and hardness over that of centrifugal cast alloy. The improvement in wear properties of spray cast alloy is discussed in the light of its microstructural modification induced by spray casting and nature of debris particles generated during wear testing.     

粉末热等静压9.75％钒成分冷作模具钢组织与力学性能的研究

通过气雾化制粉-热等静压工艺成功制备了含钒9.75％冷作模具钢.借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、电子能谱分析仪、透射电镜等研究了该成分钢种不同热处理状态的相组成、组织形貌.研究表明:退火态相组成为铁素体和MC型碳化物及少量M7C3型碳化物,碳化物呈近球形颗粒状、粒径大多在2μm以下,分布均匀;1 120℃真空淬火条件下,随...     

Fe3Al/TiC nanocomposite produced by mechanical alloying

Abstract

The aims of this work were to produce nanocrystalline powder by mechanical alloying of FeTi₂–Al–C powder mixture in a high energy ball mill and to study the phase transformation that took place during 20 h milling time. The microstructure and the phase transformations in the powder during milling were examined as a function of milling time and heat treatment. The phases of the product were evaluated by X-ray diffraction technique. The microstructural evolution during mechanical alloying was analysed using SEM. The results obtained showed that high energy ball milling, as performed in this work, led to the formation of a bcc phase identified as Fe(Al) solid solution and TiC_x after 2 h milling and nanocrytalline AlFe₃ and TiC_x after 5 h milling. The increase in the milling time resulted in the formation of AlFe₃C_x. By heat treatment of the body after 20 h milling at 1000°C, AlFe3C_x disappeared, showing that this phase is unstable.     

Assessment of a powder metallurgical processing route for refractory metal silicide alloys

A powder metallurgical (PM) processing route for the manufacturing of two different refractory metal silicide alloys comprising inert gas atomization of presintered bars, hot isostatic pressing, and hot extrusion (reduction in cross section of 6:1) was established. The mechanical properties between room temperature and 1200 °C of the PM-processed Mo-3Si-1B and Nb-24Ti-20Si-5Cr-3Hf-2Al alloys (in wt pct) were assessed with tensile tests vs a state-of-the-art Ni-base single crystalline alloy (CMSX 4) and a directionally solidified (MASC) niobium-base silicide alloy, respectively. The microstructural characterization of both the hot-isostatically pressed and extruded materials was carried out applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Mo-Si-B alloy is characterized by an intermetallic matrix surrounding globular Mo particles in the hot isostatic press and a nearly continuous molybdenum solid solution matrix with dispersed intermetallic particles in the hot-extruded condition. Hot extrusion results in a substantial reduction of the DBTT of about 200 °C and tensile strengths superior to CMSX 4 at temperatures above 1000 °C. In the case of the Nb-base silicide alloy, a niobium solid solution surrounding intermetallic particles with Nb₅Si₃-type structure characterizes the final alloy. In the intermediate temperature range of 500 °C to 816 °C, a strength level equivalent to the directionally solidified MASC alloy was observed. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Beyond Nickel-Base Superalloys,” which took place March 14–18, 2004, at the TMS Spring meeting in Charlotte, NC, under the auspices of the SMD-Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, the SMD-High Temperature Alloys Committee, the SMD-Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, and the SMD-Refractory Metals Committee.     

Microstructure and phase relations in a powder-processed Ti-22AI-12Nb Alloy

A systematic investigation was undertaken to compare the effect of processing on the phase relations and microstructure of 66Ti-22Al-12Nb (in at. pct) alloy. The alloy was processed by three different routes: (1) cold pressing (CP) followed by reaction sintering; (2) CP followed by hot pressing (HP) followed by sintering; and (3) arc melting (AM), hydride-dehydride processing to make the alloy powder followed by cold isostatic pressing and then sintering. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD); optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA). The analyses showed that all the processing methods have resulted in the same phases, but the AM route resulted in an equiaxed microstructure, whereas the other two methods resulted in a lamellar microstructure. This refinement in microstructure was attributed to the hydride-dehydride processing step of the AM route. Formerly Professor with the Dept. of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada.     

球磨工艺对Al2O3/Mo复合材料组织的影响

针对原位自生Al2O3增强钼基复合材料晶粒较大的问题,采用溶胶-凝胶与高能球磨相结合的方法细化复合材料晶粒,并利用SEM、XRD对不同球磨工艺所制备Al2O3/Mo复合粉末及复合材料的组织进行了观察和分析。结果表明:随着球磨时间的延长,Al2O3/Mo复合粉末颗粒由球状变为层片状再成为细小的球状,颗粒大小由约1.5μm细化为约500nm,其中的钼晶粒不断细化;高球料比所得粉末的分散性和破碎细化程度较好;转速提高使得粉末颗粒的尺寸均匀程度降低,且伴有结块现象,不利于粉末的细化。在球料比5∶1、转速300r/min、球磨时间60h条件下获得的复合粉末,经压坯烧结可制备出Al2O3颗粒为纳米级的钼基复合材料。     

Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of FGH 95 Turbine Blade Retainers

FGH 95 is a powder metallurgy (P/M) processed superalloy,which was developed in the 1980s in China.One of the applications of FGH 95 was high pressure turbine blade retainers.The manufacturing processes used to produce FGH 95 blade retainers consisted of atomization by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP),hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at super-solvus temperature and a sub-solvus solution heat treatment.The material had an equiaxed grain structure (ASTM 6.5-7.5).The γ′ precipitates in as-HIP FGH 95 showed a tri-model distribution.Carbides in the alloy were MC type and precipitated at grain boundaries.The prior particle boundaries (PPB) in the material originated mainly from γ′ phase.Statistics of the mechanical properties data from batch production of the FGH 95 blade retainers were investigated.The as-HIP FGH 95 blade retainers showed high strength at room temperature and 650 ℃,excellent creep resistance and outstanding stress rupture strength at 650 ℃.     

粉末冶金铜铁合金的组织与性能

分别以元素混合粉、机械合金化粉和水气联合雾化合金粉为原料,结合冷等静压成形、烧结及轧制工艺制备了Cu?5％Fe合金(质量分数),对比了三种原料粉的铜铁合金粉末形貌、微观组织、力学性能及物理性能.结果表明,铁颗粒分布均匀,元素混合、机械合金化和水气联合雾化法粉末烧结体中铁颗粒平均尺寸分别为9.4μm、1.2μm、3.5μ...     

后处理对ZTi60合金材料组织及性能的影响

研究了ZTi60铸造钛合金材料在铸造状态和不同后处理状态下的性能和微观组织。实验结果表明:合金在铸造状态下,存在一定的铸造残余拉应力;经650℃退火处理后,合金的强度和塑性略有提高,硬度HB达到最高,为2 410～2 550 MPa;经热等静压处理后,强度降低,但综合性能有所提高,尤其是冲击吸收功达到最高,为85～94 J;经热等静压+650℃退火后,合金的组织粗化,冲击吸收功显著降低,仅为60～73 J。     

TA7ELI粉末冶金材料力学性能与显微组织

以TA7 ELI钛合金棒为原料,用等离子旋转电极工艺制备出高品质钛合金球形粉末.采用热等静压成形工艺,将粉末压制成钛合金材料,并研究了材料的组织和力学性能.结果表明:等离子旋转电极工艺制备的钛合金球形粉末具有非常高的球形度和振实密度,粒度分布比较窄,非金属夹杂含量非常低;热等静压制备的低温钛合金达到全致密,其组织均匀细...     

Dislocations in milled galena (PbS)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to examine milled galena (PbS). The microstructure of coarse particles consists of dislocation networks created by plastic deformation under loads applied along various directions during the milling process. Processing conditions (intensity of milling, temperature) have a strong influence on dislocation arrangements. Structures introduced in PbS by processing are compared in archaeological and modern specimens to deduce aspects of powder manufacturing in ancient times. The specific nature of dislocation reactions and observed dislocation structures are treated in detail. This article is based on a presentation in the symposium “Terence E. Mitchell Symposium on the Magic of Materials: Structures and Properties” from the TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA in March 2003.