The growth of l-Glutamic acid hydrochloride crystals by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method

An efficient semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal l-Glutamic acid hydrochloride has been grown by using the novel uniaxial crystal growth method of Sankaranarayanan and Ramasamy with a slight modification in the experimental setup. This method allows the crystals to grow in one specified axis with well developed facet. The grown crystal has a cylindrical morphology with good optical quality. The grown crystal has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis-NIR analyses. The NLO efficiency of the crystal has been confirmed by using the Kurtz powder technique.     

Crystal growth, structure and characterizations of a new semiorganic nonlinear optical material—β-Alanine zinc chloride

The title compound, β-alanine zinc chloride—a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique. Single crystals of β-alanine zinc chloride have been subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure. The powder X-ray diffractogram of the crystal has also been recorded. The amount of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in the crystals was also estimated. Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman spectral measurements have been carried out on the grown crystals in order to identify the functional groups. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the β-alanine zinc chloride was confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. The percentage of zinc in the crystal was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Optical behavior such as ultraviolet-vis-near infrared transmittance spectrum and second harmonic generation has been investigated. The mechanical strength and thermal behavior of the grown crystal have been analyzed.     

Growth and characterization of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate single crystals

A novel semi-organic material of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate (l-PCCM) has been successfully synthesized and single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown single crystals have been characterized by different instrumentation techniques like XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR and TG/DTA measurements. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz powder method. The mechanical properties of grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Its relative SHG efficiency is two times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal.     

Growth and characterization of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide single crystals

Single crystals of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide (4MBS) were successfully grown from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique. The grown crystal was characterized by single crystal XRD and powder XRD methods to obtain the lattice parameters and the diffraction planes of the crystal. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum was used to measure the range of optical transmittance and optical band gap energy. The optical transmission range was measured as 250–1200 nm. FTIR spectral studies were carried out to identify the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal. The thermal behavior of the crystal was investigated from thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. The absence of SHG was noticed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The third order NLO behavior of the material was confirmed by measuring the nonlinear optical properties using Z-scan technique and it was found that the crystal is capable of exhibiting saturation absorption and self-defocusing performance.     

Growth and Characterization of Organic NLO Crystal:β-Naphthol

Single crystals of β-Naphthol(βN),an organic nonlinear optical(NLO) material was successfully grown by temperature lowering method using chloroform as solvent.The initial compound was purified by repeated recrystallization process.As-grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction(XRD) studies to ascertain that βN crystal crystallized in the monoclinic system with a noncemtrosymmetric space group.Vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals were derived from Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectrum.Optical characterization was done using UV-Visible near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy.The thermal behaviour of the material was studied by thermo gravimetric and differential thermal plots.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) study was carried out on the surface of the grown crystals to investigate the nature of defects in the crystal surface and the NLO property of the crystal was tested by Nd:YAG laser as a source.     

Influence of Metallic Substitutions on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of NLO Benzoyl Glycine Crystals

Benzoyl glycine （BG） is a promising organic nonlinear optical （NLO） crystal, whose second harmonic generation （SHG） efficiency is much higher than that of KDP （potassium dihydrogen phosphate）. Single crystals of pure, Cu2＋ and Cd2＋ doped BG were grown by slow evaporation technique. Optically transparent and defect free single crystals of size up to 10 mm×15 mm×10 mm were harvested in a period of 40-60 days. The growth conditions of pure and doped crystals of BG were optimized and the grown crystals were confirmed by single crystal XRD （X-ray diffraction）. The grown crystals were characterized by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, optical absorption and microhardness studies. The microhardness studies confirm that BG has a moderate VHN （Vickers hardness number） value in comparison to the.other organic NLO crystals. The efficiency of frequency doubling was measured for the using Nd：YAG laser and the results were discussed.     

Studies on the nonlinear optical single crystal: Ammonium d,l-tartrate (C4H9NO6)

The organic nonlinear optical material ammonium d,l-tartrate single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD and the lattice parameters have been confirmed. The structural perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement. The optical transmittance spectrum shows that the material has a good optical transparency in the entire visible region with the UV cut-off wavelength at 234 nm. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed to study the thermal properties of the grown crystal. Chemical etching studies were attempted to determine the dislocation density of the grown crystal. Mechanical behavior was assessed using Vickers hardness testing carried out on (0 0 1) crystallographic plane. The Kurtz–Perry powder SHG technique confirms the NLO property of the grown crystal and the efficiency of AMT crystal was found to be 1.3 times that of standard KDP crystal.     

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies on a metalorganic nonlinear optical material dipotassium boro maleate (DKBM)

A single crystal of dipotassium boro maleate (DKBM) was grown using slow evaporation method. The solubility of DKBM was determined for various temperatures. The structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) study reveals the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The UV-Vis-NIR spectra revealed the transmission properties of the grown crystal. Thermal stability of the crystal was investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Growth and characterization of cobalt thiourea sulfate,a new nonlinear optical material

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal of cobalt thiourea sulfate (CTS) has been grown by solvent evaporation solution growth method at room temperature. The unit cell parameters were evaluated by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals have been derived from FT-IR analysis. The range and percentage of optical transmission are ascertained by recording the UV–VIS–NIR spectrum. The thermal behavior of the crystals has been investigated by DTA and TGA analyses. The mechanical property of the grown crystals has been analyzed by Vicker's microhardness method. The NLO property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by the Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Growth and characterization of organic material 2-hydroxypyridine single crystal by modified vertical Bridgman technique

Large size (15 mm diameter and 80 mm length) organic material 2-hydroxypyridine single crystal has been grown using the double wall ampoule with nano translation by modified vertical Bridgman technique for the first time. Material of the grown crystal was confirmed by single and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to identify the functional groups present in the grown crystal. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) has been performed to analyze the crystalline perfection of the grown single crystal. The optical property of the grown crystal was analyzed by UV–vis–NIR and photoluminescence (PL) spectral measurements. The thermal characteristics of the grown crystal were analyzed by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The dielectric measurements were carried out with four different frequencies at various temperatures ranging from 308 to 373 K and the results indicate an increase in the dielectric parameters with the increase of temperature at all frequencies. The second harmonic generation (SHG) studies were used to analyze the nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal.     

Growth and characterization of a new NLO material: l-Glutamic acid hydro bromide [l-GluHBr]

l-(+)-Glutamic acid hydro bromide, an isomorphic salt of l-glutamic acid hydrochloride, was synthesized and the synthesis was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared analysis. Solubility of the material in water was determined. l-Glutamic acid hydro bromide crystals were grown by low temperature solution growth using the solvent evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out and the cell parameters, atomic co-ordinates, bond lengths and bond angles were reported. High-resolution X-ray diffraction studies were carried out and good crystallinity for the grown crystal was observed from the diffraction curve. The grown crystals were subjected to dielectric studies. Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectral analysis shows good optical transmission in the visible and infrared region of the grown crystals. The second harmonic generation efficiency of l-glutamic acid hydro bromide crystal was determined using the Kurtz powder test and it was found that it had efficiency comparable with that of the potassium di-hydrogen phosphate crystal.     

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of organic material: N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) for NLO applications

The organic nonlinear optical crystal of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) was grown by slow cooling solution growth technique using methanol as solvent. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses were carried out to confirm the NBS crystals. The ultra violet (UV)-Visible and photoluminescence spectral studies were carried out, the green band at 2.02 eV can be attributed to radiative recombination between deep donors and shallow acceptors. The second harmonic generation (SHG) behaviour of NBS was tested by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The hardness behaviour, laser damage threshold and dielectric characteristics of NBS crystals were studied.     

Effect of magnesium chloride on growth,crystalline perfection,structural, optical,thermal and NLO behavior of γ-glycine crystals

In the present study, single crystals of γ-glycine possessing excellent non-linear optical properties were successfully grown at room temperature in the presence of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) for the first time by using the slow solvent evaporation method. The second harmonic conversion efficiency of γ-glycine crystal was determined using Kurtz powder technique with Nd:YAG laser and was found to be 6 times greater than that of the standard inorganic sample potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD and powder XRD, which confirmed that the crystal has hexagonal structure and belongs to space group P3₁. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was carried out to quantify the concentration of Mg element in the grown γ-glycine single crystal. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies were made to identify the functional groups. The optical band gap was likewise estimated for γ-glycine crystal using UV–vis–NIR study. The optical measurements of γ-glycine crystal helped to calculate the optical constants such as refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (K), electric susceptibility (χ_c) and both the real (∈_r) and imaginary (∈_i) components of the dielectric permittivity functions of photon energy, which is essentially required to develop optoelectronic devices. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study thermal stability and decomposition point of the grown crystal.     

Synthesis,crystal growth,structural, spectral,thermal, mechanical,linear and nonlinear optical studies of organic single crystal 4-Iodo 4-nitrostilbene (IONS): A potential NLO material

An organic nonlinear optical material 4-Iodo 4-nitrostilbene (IONS) has been synthesized and good optical quality single crystal was grown from ethyl methyl ketone solvent by the solution growth technique. Single and powder X-ray diffraction analyses reveals that the grown crystal belongs to monoclinic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group ‘P2₁’ and it has good crystalline nature. Functional groups and molecular structure of the title compound were confirmed by FTIR and ¹H NMR respectively. The UV–Vis–NIR absorption study reveals no absorption in the visible region and the cut-off wavelength was found to be at 412.84 nm, TG/DTA, mass spectral analysis, photoluminescence and microhardness studies have been carried out for the grown crystals and results are discussed in detail. The second harmonic efficiency of the IONS was determined by Kurtz–Perry powder technique which reveals that the IONS crystal (3.1 V) has greater efficiency i.e., 143 times to that of KDP (21.7 mV).     

Growth and characterization of an organic nonlinear optical crystal: Glycinium trichloroacetate

Single crystal of glycinium trichloroacetate, an organic nonlinear optic (NLO) material, has been grown by slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction for confirming the coordination formed, and the presence of various functional groups was studied by FTIR in the range 4000–450 cm⁻¹. UV–Visible transmittance studies were performed to analyze optical transparency of the crystal and second harmonic generation was investigated to explore the NLO property of the material. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis have been performed to study thermal properties of the grown crystal. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied at different temperatures and frequencies. Vicker's microhardness testing was carried out on the as grown crystal to reveal the mechanical properties of the crystal. Etching studies were made on the as grown crystal to analyze the structural imperfection of the crystal.     

Melt growth of novel organic nonlinear optical material and its characterization

Ethyl P-amino benzoate (EPAB) is also known as benzocaine was recently identified as new organic non linear optical (NLO) material which is having nearly six times higher SHG efficiency than that of KDP. Hence, growth of unidirectional EPAB crystal gains importance for phase matching studies and this is the first melt growth report of EPAB single crystal. Seeding with the microtube in the present technique eliminates the need for pre-grown seed and has more probability to grow bulk single crystal. Growth direction of the μT-Cz grown EPAB single crystals was identified as <100> using X-ray powder diffraction studies. Thermal properties and optical transparency of the grown material were analyzed by TG and DTA and UV-VIS spectroscopic studies respectively. Laser damage threshold study shows nearly five times high damage threshold than KDP.     

Growth and characterization of a new non-linear optical l-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

New non-linear optical single crystal of l-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate was grown by slow evaporation and temperature lowering technique from aqueous solution. Solubility studies have been carried out for three different solvents (water, acetone and ethanol). The grown crystals have been subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to identify the cell parameters and morphology. Optical transmission spectra reveal the optical properties of the grown crystals. The NLO property of the crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz SHG test. Comparing the output power it has been confirmed that l-HDP crystals possess higher SHG efficiency than KDP. Thermal studies were carried out to check the thermal stability of the crystals.     

Investigation on growth and characterization of a new inorganic NLO material: Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4:7H2O) doped with Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4:7H2O)

Single crystal of Zinc sulphate doped with Magnesium sulphate, a nonlinear material, was grown from aqua solution by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Good quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique (four weeks) and the crystals subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses to confirm the formulation of new crystals. The TGA and DTA reveal that the material has good thermal stability. The UV-Vis spectrum confirms that the material has wide optical transparency and the existence of the second harmonic generation has also been ascertained by Kurtz powder method.     

A novel growth method for organic nonlinear optical crystals

A novel crystal growth method called seed-orientated undercooled melt growth is proposed for growth of organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. The main advantage of this method is that organic NLO crystals can be grown along a given direction and the optional crystal faces (h k l) may be grown directly in a crystallizer. The grown crystals with determinate crystal faces are possible to apply as nonlinear optical devices regardless of subsequent cutting and polishing. Using this method, the different crystal faces of benzophenone crystals were successfully grown in a quartz crystallizer, and the orientation of the grown crystal faces were measured by an X-ray angular instrument.     

Crystal growth and characterization of new nonlinear optical single crystals of l-alaninium fumarate

Amino acid based crystals exhibit excellent nonlinear and electro optical properties. A new nonlinear optical single crystal l-alaninium fumarate (LAF) belonging to the amino acid group was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study showed that LAF belongs to orthorhombic crystal system. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrum of LAF showed very good transparency in the region from 300 nm to 1100 nm. Fourier transform infrared is used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystal. Thermal properties of the LAF crystal were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques, which indicate that the material does not decompose before melting. The melting point of grown crystal was observed as 267.5 °C by melting point apparatus. The existence of nonlinear optical (NLO) property of LAF was confirmed by second harmonic generation test using Nd:YAG laser fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm.