中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜的研究 Ⅳ.鼻唇镜和鼻唇腺的神经末梢

常规 H-E 染色和7种不同镀银法制作的连续切片,经光学显微镜追踪观察结果显示,乳头间屏基部、真皮乳头结缔组织和表皮棘细胞内均分布有游离神经末梢.在较发达的乳头间屏处,表皮基底细胞与真皮相邻部位分布有默克尔氏触盘.真皮结缔组织内分布有形态各异的薄被囊感觉神经末梢,如单棒形神经末梢,终末分支并缠绕成圆球状的终球等.触毛的结缔组织鞘内有细密游离末梢形成的神经丛.交感神经纤维束穿行于鼻唇腺的小叶间结缔组织,在腺泡间形成次级网,且有细小的终末膨大止于腺细胞间.     

舌神经的临床应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨舌神经的临床应用解剖。方法：采用３２例灌注红色过氯乙烯的成人头颈标本上,对舌神经及其邻近结构进行了较系统的观测。结果：舌神经全长为（６９．７±７．９）ｍｍ,以翼内肌为界将舌神经分为三段,①舌神经起始处至翼内肌后缘为第一段,该段长为（８．１±４．２）ｍｍ,直径（１．８±０．３）ｍｍ;②自翼内肌后缘至其前缘为第二段,其长为（３２．２±５．３）ｍｍ,直径（１．９±０．３）ｍｍ;③从翼内肌前缘至舌神经分为舌下支和舌支之前为第三段,该段自翼内肌前缘至下颌下神经节中点为节前段,长度为（１４．３±３．５）ｍｍ,直径（２．４±０．６）ｍｍ;从下颌下神经节中点至舌神经分支之前为节后段,长为（１４．８±３．９）ｍｍ,直径（２．９±０．６）ｍｍ。该神经的分支有咽峡支、扁桃体支、舌下支和舌支等;而与舌神经交通的神经有下牙槽神经、鼓索神经、下颌下神经节、舌下神经和下颌舌骨肌神经。下颌下神经节的上下径与横径分别为（２．７±０．６）ｍｍ和（２．９±０．９）ｍｍ;根据它与舌神经的关系而分为融合型（４６．９％）和游离型（５３．１％）。舌神经及其舌支与下颌下腺管的关系极为密切,存在两个交叉,第一个交叉部位平对第二磨牙的占９０．６％,     

粘虫幼虫感受器扫描电镜观察及川楝素的抑制作用

粘虫六龄幼虫头部化学感受器扫描电镜观察结果表明,内唇着生有两对腔锥感受器;幼虫下颚的结构与其它鳞翅目幼虫相似。拒食点滴试验结果表明,川楝素的拒食作用部位是下颚;而杀虫脒的作用部位是舌;但加过量半胱氨酸或二硫苏糖醇的川楝素,对下颚须的抑制作用消失。本文探讨了川楝素的有关作用机理和拒食活性部位问题。     

北京鸭(Anas Domestica L.)舌部的肌肉和神经

本文解剖了北京鸭头15例,两侧共30面。观察了舌骨的构造,舌骨的肌肉分布和分布至舌的舌咽神经和舌下神经的分支。北京鸭的舌骨中,舌内骨分为二部;后部为骨质。前部为软骨。二部间可活动,使前部向背侧运动则舌成杓状。舌部的肌肉有角舌骨肌,领舌骨肌,舌骨领肌均为长肌,舌骨横肌,舌骨舌肌,喉基鳃骨肌和基鳃骨舌骨肌为短肌以适应舌各段的运动。舌咽神经以2—3个根发自延髓侧面。根集中至舌咽神经管出颅腔。该管长0.45厘米,比迷走神经管稍长,也稍粗。神经出颅腔后位于交感神经颈前神经节的前方。在神经干上有大的岩神经节。并自干向后有与迷走神经的交通支。神经干在下颌骨腹侧缘附近分为前后二支。前支即舌支,穿经舌骨领肌与领舌骨肌间向前沿舌骨的外侧缘,到达舌背的粘膜。后支较细分为食管支和咽支。舌下神经以一系列的根丝出于延髓后部的腹侧面。根丝集成二组,合成二干,分别穿出舌下神经孔。出颅腔后二干平行,在头大腹侧直肌的背侧与头最长肌之问。二干合并后绕至头大腹侧直肌止端腱的外侧。有分支与迷走神经和第一颈神经交通。神经干经角舌骨肌和舌骨领肌的内侧分为前后二支。前支沿角舌骨肌的内侧向前伸延,分出角舌骨肌支再向前到达舌骨的腹外侧分支入舌骨舌肌等小肌。后支...     

大壁虎(Gekko gecko)附肢肌的解剖

 本文对采自云南省元江县的大壁虎附肢肌作了全面解剖.大壁虎适应陆地爬行生活,附肢肌分化复杂而发达,其中以后肢的耻坐腔肌(m.puboischiotibialis)最为发达.     

中华大蟾蜍舌肥大细胞组化性质的研究

采用组织化学染色法,对中华大蟾蜍舌组织肥大细胞的分布、形态特点、数量以及组化性质进行了研究.结果表明,中华大蟾蜍肥大细胞数量舌组织显著低于小肠组织(P<0.05),主要分布于黏膜层的复层上皮及固有层内,少量分布于肌层.多呈圆形、椭圆形及不规则形.AB-S染色显示,中华大蟾蜍舌组织中肥大细胞为黏膜型肥大细胞.     

栗山天牛触角感受器超微结构观察

作为探讨栗山天牛成虫的寄主选择、配偶定位等行为机制的一部分,利用扫描电镜对栗山天牛触角的形态、 感受器的类型及分布特点等进行观察。结果表明:栗山天牛触角上有锥形感受器7 个亚型、刺形感受器4 个亚型、 毛形感受器2 个亚型、齿形感受器2 个亚型、芽形感受器1 个亚型、钟形感受器1 个亚型;锥形感受器郁、刺形感受 器郁为雌虫特有的感受器,锥形感受器吁、锥形感受器遇、锥形感受器喻、毛形感受器玉和钟形感受器为雄虫特有 的感受器;触角感受器数量上雌虫多于雄虫,雌虫触角腹面感受器数量略多于背面,但都差异不显著。栗山天牛雌 雄成虫触角上感受器的数量、类型和分布等的差异表明,雌雄虫可能对环境中的物理、化学信息的反应存在一定 差异。      

昆虫触角感受器研究进展

综述了昆虫感受器在形态和生理功能方面的研究进展;介绍了常用的触角感受器研究方法;并对毛形感受器（sensillatrichoidea）、刺形感受器（sensilla chaetica）、栓锥形感受器（sensilla styloconica）、腔锥形感受器（sensilla coeloconic）、锥形感受器（sensillabasiconica）、鳞形感受器（sensilla squamiforma）、耳形感受器（sensilla auricillica）、钟形感受器（sensilla campaniform）、坛形感受器（sensillaampullaceous）、板形感受器（sensilla placodeum）等触角感受器在形态特征和生理功能方面的研究分别作了阐述。     

大壁虎（Gekkogecko）附肢肌的解剖

本文对采自云南省元江县的大壁虎附肢肌作了全面解剖。大壁虎适应陆地爬行生活，附肢肌分化复杂而发达，其中以后肢的耻坐腔肌（ｍ．ｐｕｂｏｉｓｃｈｉｏｔｉｂｉａｌｉｓ）最为发达。     

有翅孤雌型桃蚜口器感受器的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜技术对有翅孤雌型桃蚜口器上的感受器进行了系统的观察与分析。结果表明:感受器大都集中于喙管表面,主要有毛形感受器、刺形感受器及锥形感受器三种类型。其中,毛形感受器和刺形感受器分布于整个喙管的表面;锥形感受器只存在于喙管的顶端,共16根且以口沟为中心对称分布。笔者分别描述了三种感受器的外部形态特征,并对其可能的功能进行了初步探讨。     

Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors

The mammalian innate immune system retains from Drosophila a family of homologous Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that mediate responses to microbial ligands. Here, we show that TLR2 activation leads to killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both mouse and human macrophages, through distinct mechanisms. In mouse macrophages, bacterial lipoprotein activation of TLR2 leads to a nitric oxide-dependent killing of intracellular tubercle bacilli, but in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages, this pathway was nitric oxide-independent. Thus, mammalian TLRs respond (as Drosophila Toll receptors do) to microbial ligands and also have the ability to activate antimicrobial effector pathways at the site of infection.     

Organization of the human and mouse low-affinity Fc gamma R genes: duplication and recombination

Receptors for immunoglobulin G immune complexes (Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII) are expressed on most hematopoietic cells and show much structural and functional diversity. In order to determine the genetic basis for this diversity, a family of genes encoding the human and mouse receptors was isolated and characterized. Humans have five distinct genes for low-affinity Fc gamma Rs, in contrast to two in the mouse. With the use of yeast artificial chromosomes, the genes encoding the human receptors were oriented and linked, which established the structure of this complex locus. Comparison of the human and mouse genes generated a model for the evolutionary amplification of this locus.     

Identification of nuclear receptors for VIP on a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with broad tissue distribution. Although its precise function is unknown, it is thought to exert its effect, at least in part, by interacting with cell surface receptors. Nuclear receptors for VIP have now been identified by specific binding of 125I-labeled VIP to nuclei of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) and by cross-linking of 125I-labeled VIP to its receptor on intact nuclei. In contrast, 125I-labeled transferrin shows only background binding to nuclei but significant binding to intact cells. Purity of the isolated nuclei was further substantiated by electron microscopy. The apparent molecular sizes of the VIP--cross-linked nuclear and cell surface receptors are similar but not identical.     

Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor

The gene for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor has been cloned with oligonucleotides corresponding to the partial amino acid sequence of the purified receptor. The identity of this gene has been confirmed by the binding of alpha 2-adrenergic ligands to the cloned receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The deduced amino acid sequence is most similar to the recently cloned human beta 2- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors; however, similarities to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also evident. Two related genes have been identified by low stringency Southern blot analysis. These genes may represent additional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes.     

The structure, function, and expression of interleukin-2 receptors on normal and malignant lymphocytes

Antigen or mitogen-induced activation of resting T cells induces the synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) as well as the expression of specific cell surface receptors for this lymphokine. Failure of the production of either IL-2 or its receptor results in a failure of the T-cell immune response. The receptor is composed of a 33,000-dalton (251-amino acid) peptide precursor that is post-translationally glycosylated into the mature 55,000-dalton form. In contrast to resting T cells, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia cells constitutively express large numbers of IL-2 receptors. Because IL-2 receptors are present on the malignant T cells but not on normal resting cells, clinical trials have been initiated in which patients with adult T-cell leukemia are treated with a monoclonal antibody that binds to the IL-2 receptor.     

Morphine in cow and human milk: could dietary morphine constitute a ligand for specific morphine (mu) receptors?

Morphine has been found in cow and human milk at concentrations of 200 to 500 nanograms per liter. Multistep purification yields a material that has immunological, biological, pharmacological, and chemical properties identical to those of morphine. Similar morphine-like material, which has been tentatively identified in some common plant sources, may be a ubiquitous dietary constituent and a possible source for the material in milk. Since morphine (mu) receptors have a low affinity for enkephalins, and since morphine-like materials have been described in brain and intestine, it is possible that morphine in food may be the source of this material and a normal ligand specific for mu receptors.     

Wave-guide modes in retinal receptors

Retinal receptor wave-guide modal patterns have been photographed. The inner and outer segments of the rod and cone receptors of albino rats, rhesus macaque monkeys, and human beings have been studied. The wave-guide modal pattern is believed to be the normal form of energy transfer in these parts of the retinal receptors in these species.     

Autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors: a possible cause of adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in allergic rhinitis and asthma

Autoantibodies to beta 2-adrenergic receptors have been identified in the serum of one patient with allergic rhinitis ("hay fever") and two patients with asthma. The antibodies precipitate solubilized dog lung beta receptors in an indirect immunoprecipitation assay and inhibit the specific binding of iodine-125-labeled iodohydroxybenzylpindolol to membrane-associated receptors from dog lung, calf lung, and human placenta. Ligand binding to canine heart beta 1 receptors is not affected by the antibodies.     

昆虫先天免疫的肽聚糖识别蛋白的研究进展

先天免疫系统的激活是通过一系列高度保守的模式识别受体识别病原体相关分子模式。肽聚糖识别蛋白家族是重要的模式识别受体,从昆虫到人类均高度保守,可识别肽聚糖和含肽聚糖的细菌,在先天免疫和获得性免疫应答中发挥重要的识别和调节功能。