提高轮廓加工误差联机检测精度的研究

在数控机床或加工中心上采用联机检测轮廓加工误差的方法，不用价格昂贵的坐标测量机，具有简单、省时、经济的特点。文章分析了数控机床或加工中心的直线运动误差对联机检测轮廓加工误差精度的影响，并测量出了加工中心的几何运动误差，提出了消除机床几何运动误差影响，提高轮廓加工误差联机检测精度的方法。实验结果表明，所采用的方法可以明显提高轮廓加工误差联机检测精度。     

四面体三坐标测量机精度分析

并联式三坐标测量机具有测量范围大和精度高的特点。针对这些特点,介绍了一种四面体坐标测量机,可对机床或空间某一点位置进行测量。由于机构的几何误差以及各级伸缩杆之间的不可避免的间隙所带来的误差使得测量机存在一定的测量误差。文中针对伸缩杆杆长误差建立了测量机的测量误差模型,并通过MATLAB软件对测量机测量空间进行误差仿真分析,得到了测量机在机床工作空间的误差缩放规律。通过计算分析得出杆长误差及被测点初始位置误差对测量机测量误差的影响仅在0.2%~1.5%之间,满足测量要求。     

水平移动式三坐标测量机空间误差检测与补偿

以水平移动式三坐标测量机为例,为了提高其空间精度而准确地实现测量机误差修正,设计了空间误差检测方案,并采用专用检具实测和间接计算了三坐标测量机21项几何误差中的18项,通过了误差补偿效果检验,验证了此方法是可行的.     

三坐标测量机误差补偿方法的研究

通过对三坐标测量机更换测量系统,改进、设计与此相配的机械部分,从而建立误差补偿模型,并进行误差测试,同时利用软件进行误差补偿.结果证明:本误差补偿方法能使测量机的空间精度提高2～3倍,且这种补偿方法简单可靠,为通过误差补偿提高三坐标测量机的精度提供了简单而有效的手段.     

坐标测量机非刚体误差补偿模型中附加函数的研究

通过对一台悬臂式坐标测量机的研究，建立了非刚体的误差补偿模型。详细深讨了模型中附加函数的理论分析和在实际应用中获得它的方法。通过实验验证，非刚体补偿模型对提高弱刚度坐标测量机的精度行之有效。     

基于灰度预测的三坐标测量机动态测量误差分析与研究

三坐标测量机在进行高速扫描测量时,由于机体的振动会产生较大的动态测量误差。对MC850三坐标测量机在高速测量中的动态特性进行分析,找出其动态误差产生的根源,并根据GM(1,1)灰度预测理论,将三坐标测量机看作线性动力系统,建立其灰度预测模型,运用该模型对坐标测量机进行动态误差预测。实验结果表明该模型可有效减少测量机的动态测量误差,表明灰色建模理论可用于动态误差预测。     

带标准分度转台的激光角度干涉仪的不准直误差模型

为了探讨带标准分度转台的激光角度干涉仪在测量过程中的安装不准直误差对测量结果的影响,在分析回转轴转角误差测量原理的基础上,根据测量光路的几何特征变化规律,提出测量系统的不准直误差模型。研究不准直误差变化对转角误差测量结果的影响,明确了为保证最终测量结果的精度在±1″内宜采取的误差控制措施。通过与自准直仪配合高精度多面棱体方法进行比对实验,并利用不准直误差模型对测量结果进行修正后,可以将测量结果的最大差值减小为-0.52″。结果表明所建立的误差模型的正确性,在准确评估和提高测量系统的精度上有一定的推广价值。     

6-DOF并联坐标测量机结构参数的识别与修正

首先对6-DOF并联机构坐标测量机的组成结构及工作原理进行了介绍,然后针对该坐标测量机的运动特点,提出了一种基于逐次逼近算法的结构参数识别与修正方法.该方法以最小二乘逐次逼近算法为基础,以寻找6自由度并联机构坐标测量机的43个主要结构参数为目的.文中对所提算法的求解过程进行了详细的论述,并通过计算机仿真计算,对结构参数的识别与修正结果进行了验证.仿真结果表明,所提出的逐次逼近算法能够充分利用目标函数值的信息,优化搜索过程具有较强的方向性和目标性,且收敛速度较快.采用该方法对6自由度并联机构坐标测量机的结构参数进行识别与修正以后,可使该坐标测量机的测量精度得到明显改善.     

并联坐标测量机建模理论及其虚拟原型设计

并联运动机构具有结构刚性大、运动速度高、误差不叠加等独特特性,因而若将其应用于坐标测量机中,将有可能使坐标测量机的测量精度及测量效率等综合性能得到很大程度的改善。本文首先介绍了一种基于并联运动机构的新型坐标测量机的结构、特点及工作原理,然后建立了该坐标测量机的测量模型,最后,在Windows 98(Windows NT)开发环境下,通过VC＋＋6．0调用OpenGL图形库中的图形函数,对该坐标测量机的虚拟原型进行了参数化三维建模与仿真,从而为真实样机的制作奠定了基础。     

一种新型三维线性测头结构设计及其误差分析

为减小或消除三维线性测头的阿贝误差,同时降低导轨运动误差对测量机测量不确定度的影响,研制一种尽可能在三维方向上同时符合阿贝原则的线性测头。该测头做三维运动,水平导轨和竖直导轨采用共平面结构;测头三维测量系统的测量线正交于一点且正交点与测头中心点重合,水平方向和竖直方向测量系统的测量线与水平导轨和竖直导轨面共面。针对此测头的特点,在参考常规测头误差分析的基础上,详细分析该测头中各项误差的影响,给出影响测头不确定度的主要误差源,对这些误差提出了修正方法。     

Development of a multi-step measuring method for motion accuracy of NC machine tools based on cross grid encoder

Machining accuracy is directly influenced by the quasi-static errors of a machine tool. Since machine errors have a direct effect on both the surface finish and geometric shape of the finished work piece, it is imperative to measure the machine errors and to compensate for them. A revised geometric synthetic error modeling, measurement and identification method of 3-axis machine tool by using a cross grid encoder is proposed in this paper. Firstly a revised synthetic error model of 21 geometric error components of the 3-axis NC machine tools is developed. Also the mapping relationship between the error component and radial motion error of round work piece manufactured on the NC machine tools are deduced. Aiming to overcome the solution singularity shortcoming of traditional error component identification method, a new multi-step identification method of error component by using the cross grid encoder measurement technology is proposed based on the kinematic error model of NC machine tool. Finally the experimental validation of the above modeling and identification method is carried out in the 3-axis CNC vertical machining center Cincinnati 750 Arrow. The entire 21 error components have been successfully measured by the above method. The whole measuring time of 21 error components is cut down to 1–2 h because of easy installation, adjustment, operation and the characteristics of non-contact measurement. It usually takes days of machine down time and needs an experienced operator when using other measuring methods. Result shows that the modeling and the multi-step identification methods are very suitable for ‘on machine’ measurement.     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Accuracy improvement of miniaturized machine tool: Geometric error modeling and compensation

A novel capacitance–sensor based multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) measurement system has been developed for measuring geometric errors of a miniaturized machine tool (mMT) overcoming the size limitations. In the present work five geometric error components of a three-axis mMT are measured simultaneously along each axis and the squareness errors are determined by the slopes of straightness error profiles. Least-squares fitting method is used to represent the analytical models of geometric errors. A kinematic chain consisting of various structural members of mMT is introduced to establish the positional relationships among its coordinate frames. Based on this kinematic chain a general volumetric error model has been developed to synthesize all geometric error components of a miniaturized machine tool. Then, a recursive compensation method is proposed to achieve error compensation efficiently. Test results show that the positioning accuracy of miniaturized machine tool has been improved with compensation.     

机床转台角度与偏心误差的分析与校正

机床转台的几何精度对零件的加工精度产生很大影响。针对转台在运行时所产生角度误差和偏心误差,提出旋转台误差的分离方法。通过配合使用常规测量工具水平仪和角摆仪,快速检测和校正旋转台几何误差,从而减小机床转台的加工误差。通过实验验证校正前后机床转台角度的定位误差。结果表明：校正后转台的定位精度提高了23%,证明该校正方法能够有效提高机床转台的几何精度,而且操作简便、成本低。     

Validation of volumetric error compensation for a five-axis machine using surface mismatch producing tests and on-machine touch probing

In order to validate volumetric error compensation methods for five-axis machine tools, the machining of test parts has been proposed. For such tests, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) or other external measurement, outside of the machine tool, is required to measure the accuracy of the machined part. In this paper, a series of machining tests are proposed to validate a compensation strategy and compare the machining accuracy before and after the compensation using only on-machine measurements. The basis of the tests is to machine slots, each completed using two different rotary axes indexations of the CNC machine tool. Using directional derivatives of the volumetric errors, it is possible to verify that a surface mismatch is produced between the two halves of the same slot in the presence of specific machine geometric errors. The mismatch at the both sides of the slot, which materializes the machine volumetric errors is measured using touch probing by the erroneous machine itself and with high accuracy since the measurement of both slot halves can be conducted using a single set of rotary axes indexation and in a volumetric region of a few millimetres. The effect of a compensation strategy is then validated by comparing the surface mismatch value for compensated and uncompensated slots.     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.     

基于激光跟踪仪的数控机床空间误差测量及补偿

为了改变机床空间误差综合性的测量手段和补偿技术在国内机床制造和生产中应用较少的现状和研究数控机床空间精度提升方法，介绍数控机床平动轴的21项误差和激光跟踪仪的空间误差测试原理，阐述测量与辨识机床空间误差的步骤和方法。在桥式五轴加工中心上进行空间误差测试，给出数控机床空间误差结果，并生成误差补偿文件，通过西门子的VCS功能进行了误差补偿。并对比分析了补偿前后的21项误差，对补偿前后数据的差异进行原因分析，并通过对机床空间体对角线的测量验证了空间误差测量与补偿的实际效果，补偿后误差缩小为原来的11.2%,应用该技术能够大大提高机床的空间精度。     

Measurement of spindle thermal errors in machine tool using hemispherical ball bar test

The assurance of top-quality products in machining processes requires improved machine tool accuracy. Among the various errors related to machine tools, thermal errors of a spindle have a significant effect on machining accuracy and directly influence both the surface finish and the geometric shape of the finished workpiece. Accordingly, the current paper proposes a new measurement method for spindle thermal errors in a machine tool based on the use of a ball bar system instead of the conventional capacitance sensor system. The novel measurement method is more efficient and easier to use compared to conventional measurement systems. Furthermore, a single ball bar system is sufficient for the simultaneous measurement of both geometric and thermal errors.     

Investigation of accuracy of aerostatic guideways

Aerostatic guideways are often used in machines requiring very high motion accuracy such as coordinate measuring machines. Currently, positioning error analysis for such machines focuses on the relationship between volumetric errors on one hand and axes’ motion errors and axes’ relative location errors on the other. The internal mechanisms causing motion errors are rarely considered. In order to gain a deeper understanding of aerostatic guideways, this paper investigates the relationship between the motion errors of the axis’ carriage and the guideways’ geometric errors both mathematically and experimentally. The analytical model uses bearings location and stiffness, guideway geometry and static equilibrium to produce a model in matrix form. Validation experiments are conducted on a machine axis moving on aerostatic guideways with and without preload.