Trace metal content of chicken eggs.

Results are presented for the levels of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc in each of 100 shelled chicken egg samples, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The range and mean for each of the trace metals are as follows: cadmium, n.d. to 0.03 and 0.01 parts/million; chromium, n.d. to 0.15 and 0.06 parts/million; cobalt, n.d. to 0.06 and 0.03 parts/million; copper, 0.54 to 0.88 and 0.66 parts/million; iron, 17.1 to 27.5 and 21.5 parts/million; lead, n.d. to 0.08 and 0.01 parts/million; manganese, 0.14 to 0.53 and 0.29 parts/million; mercury, 0.001 to 0.023 and 0.006 parts/million; nickel, n.d. to 0.35 and 0.04 parts/million; zinc, 10.7 to 18.4 and 14.6 parts/million. No apparent differences were observed among the different regions of the country.     

Concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from the region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland.

Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc were quantified using a validated ICP/MS method in the tissues and organs of 82 specimens of red deer of different sexes and ages, which had been hunted at the Great Lakes Land region in the north-eastern of Poland in 2000-01. Copper and zinc occurred in liver, kidney and muscle tissue of red deer at concentrations of 6.4-29, 3.3-7.2 and 1.9-6.4, and of 19-43, 17-41 and 19-64 mg kg(-1), respectively, which are considered typical for the species, age and gender compared with values noted for some other wild and domestic ruminant species elsewhere. For cadmium and lead, the concentrations decreased in the order kidney > liver > muscle tissue, with overall means of 2.2, 0.19, and 0.10, 0.31, and 0.26, 0.22 mg kg(-1) wet weight, respectively. The cadmium content of the kidney of a proportion of red deer sampled exceeded the legal tolerance limits set in Poland. The means (but not individual animal data) obtained for cadmium in kidney and liver correlated (0.99) with the age of red deer. Also, the lead content of the muscle meat of red deer for many carcasses exceeded the legal limit, which was probably due to contamination from the fine dust particle remains from the lead bullets used.     

Determination of Cd,Co, Cu,Fe, Pb,Mn, Ni and Zn in diets: Development of a method

A method useful for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in diets is described. Organic matter is destroyed applying a wet procedure, and element content is measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in the case of copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and by graphite furnace (GF-AAS) in the case of cadmium, cobalt and lead. The matrix interference study is carried out. Values found for linearity, detection and quantitation limits as well as accuracy show that the described method is useful to determine the elements taken into account at usual levels in diets.     

Determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn in diets: development of a method.

A method useful for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in diets is described. Organic matter is destroyed applying a wet procedure, and element content is measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in the case of copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and by graphite furnace (GF-AAS) in the case of cadmium, cobalt and lead. The matrix interference study is carried out. Values found for linearity, detection and quantitation limits as well as accuracy show that the described method is useful to determine the elements taken into account at usual levels in diets.     

Trace metals in cod from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 201 cod (Gadus morhua) netted in 1983 in different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained related to wet weight (mg/kg) for cod muscle tissue were: 0.005 Cd, 0.086 Pb, 0.15 Cu, 3.9 Zn, 3.7 Fe, 0.21 Mn, and 0.081 Ni. The results are compared with values reported previously for cod from the Baltic Sea by other authors.     

Trace metals in flatfish from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 35 turbot Psetta maxima, 27 plaice Pleuronectes platessa and 103 flounders Platichthys flesus netted in 1983 in a different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained for turbot, plaice and flounder were 0.012, 0.009 and 0.013 for cadmium, 0.16, 0.17 and 0.12 for lead, 0.15, 0.14 and 0.18 for copper, 5.0, 4.5 and 4.4 for zinc, 2.2, 1.9 and 3.4 for iron, 0.14, 0.087 and 0.14 for manganese, and 0.24, 0.19 and 0.14 for nickel (mg/kg wet weight), respectively. The contents of cadmium and lead in muscles of flatfish examined appear to be generally low and poses no threat for human consumption.     

Determination of cadmium and selected micronutrients in commonly used and traded medicinal plants in Turkey

BACKGROUND: Medicinal plants commonly used and traded in Turkey were monitored for their cadmium and selected micronutrient (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) content. RESULTS: Cadmium was not detected in any sample of licorice extract, linden flowers or nettle leaves. However, in the rest of the samples, cadmium was found in the range of 7–126 µg kg^?1, with the highest concentration in chamomile leaf. Of all the monitored trace elements, the highest concentration found was 520 mg kg^?1 iron in zahter. The highest copper, manganese and zinc concentrations were found in rose hips (24 mg kg^?1), Turkish oregano (58 mg kg^?1) and zahter (50 mg kg^?1), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study reveal that cadmium and trace element concentrations in medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicines in Turkey are well below the critical levels. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in Ka?ar cheese.

Lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc contents of Ka?ar cheese sold in the markets of Ankara, Turkey, were determined over 12 months. A total of 240 samples comprising 10 different brands were analysed. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption was employed for the determination of lead and cadmium, and flame atomic absorption for iron, copper and zinc. The mean (range) of the lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc content of the samples were 86 (10-421) microg kg(-1), 1.8 (0.3-8.3) microg kg(-1), 4.2 (1.0-14.1) mg kg(-1), 0.7 (0.3-1.6) mg kg(-1) and 37.7 (26.5-63.0) mg kg(-1), respectively. The samples in November, December and January contained higher amounts of lead than those in other months (p < 0.01). Moreover, important differences existed in lead content of the samples between different cheese producers (p < 0.01). The differences in cadmium and iron content of the samples for different months were important (p < 0.01). The iron content of the samples among manufacturers also varied significantly (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in copper and zinc contents of the samples over 12 months (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that some contamination occurred during milk production and/or manufacturing of cheese depending on the equipment used. For a consumption of 100 g Ka?ar cheese, one would ingest approximately 8.6 microg (4% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, PTDI) of lead, 0.2 microg (0.3%) of cadmium, 0.4 mg (0.9%) of iron, 0.07 mg (2%) of copper and 3.8 mg (6%) of zinc. Therefore, it was concluded that Ka?ar cheese is not a significant contributor to the intake of investigated heavy metals.     

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead in muscle meat, liver and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland, 1987

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead concentrations have been determined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of ducks, geese, chickens, hens, rabbits and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland in 1987. The mean values obtained related to wet weight for muscle meat, livers and kidneys of animals were: 0.11-0.27, 0.73-3.3 and 0.90-1.9 mg/kg Mn; 0.52-7.3, 3.8-88 and 2.8-15 mg/kg Cu; 5.7-40, 20-45 and 21-30 mg/kg Zn; 10-35, 27-83 and 50-180 mg/kg Fe; less than 5-5, 16-140 and 250-5100 micrograms/kg Cd; less than 1-3, 2-10 and 5-12 micrograms/kg Hg; and less than 10-20, 100-210 and 120-1300 micrograms/kg Pb, respectively. Substantial differences have been found in the mean copper concentration in muscle meat, livers and kidneys, zinc and iron in muscle meat, and cadmium in kidneys, between some of the species examined. The mean and maximum concentrations of mercury and lead found in muscle meat and organs of animals in the present study were low, and only in the case of cadmium were somewhat higher values found in kidneys of rabbit and hen. The results obtained are compared with the literature data on the concentrations of the metals examined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep in Poland or elsewhere.     

不同浓度海水灌溉对库拉索芦荟中微量元素的影响

采用原子吸收分光光度法分析了不同浓度海水灌溉的3年生库拉索芦荟中Ca、Mg、Na、K、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr共12种微量元素的含量。试验发现:各元素在芦荟中的含量差异较大,其中,Ca、Mg、Na、K含量丰富,Mn、Zn、Fe含量中等,而有毒重金属离子Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr含量很低;无论是凝胶还是全叶中,海水浓度对库拉索芦荟中Ca、Mn元素的影响很大,对其他各种元素的影响不大,但Cd离子的含量随海水灌溉浓度的升高呈略微上升趋势。     

微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速顺序测定枸杞果中的6种金属元素

建立一种微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速测定枸杞果中金属元素的新方法。通过微波消解快速处理样品,用连续光源原子吸收法同时顺序测定枸杞果中的铁、锌、铜、锰、镉、铅6种金属元素,并对仪器使用条件、金属元素含量、精密度、检出限、回收率等进行研究。结果表明：方法检出限为0.006070～0.04975μg/L,RSD为1.5%～5.0%,回收率为86.68%～111.7%。该法用于枸杞中6种金属元素的同时顺序测定,具有快速、简便、成本低廉等特点,分析结果令人满意。     

Trace metals in herring from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 187 herring (Clupea harengus) netted in different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained related to wet weight (mg/kg) for herring muscle tissue were: 0.009 Cd, 0.079 Pb, 0.49 Cu, 9.2 Zn, 9.9 Fe, 0.19 Mn and 0.10 Ni. Some differences in the concentration of particular trace metals between herring stocks sampled have been observed. The mean content of cadmium and lead in muscles of herring examined were below recommended tolerance levels of 0.05-2.0 and 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, respectively. A small number of herring contained cadmium in their muscles at a concentration above 0.05 mg/kg. The results are compared with values reported previously for Baltic herring by other authors.     

A comparative study of cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, selenium, manganese, copper and zinc in brown rice and fish by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry

A study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of ICP-MS techniques for determination of metals in brown rice and fish. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, selenium, manganese, copper and zinc were determined by this method. An open digestion with nitric acid (Method A) and a rapid open digestion with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (Method B) were used to solubilize analytes in samples, and these procedures were followed by ICP-MS analysis. Recovery of certified elements from standard reference materials by Method A and Method B ranged from 92 to 110% except for mercury (70 to 100%). Analytical results of brown rice and fish samples obtained by this ICP-MS agreed with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results of this study demonstrate that quadrupole ICP-MS provides precise and accurate measurements of the elements tested in brown rice and fish samples.     

Trace metal content of livers and kidneys of cattle

Results are presented for the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the livers and kidneys of 190 cattle from eight different locations in New South Wales. The mean and range for each of the trace metals, in parts 10^?6, in livers and kidneys, respectively were as follows: arsenic 0.013 (n.d.?0.09) and 0.018 (n.d.?0.10); cadmium 0.08 (n.d.?0.80) and 0.43(0.02–10.7); chromium 0.05 (n.d.-1.0) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.22); cobalt 0.07 (n.d.?0.45) and 0.03 (n.d.?0.25); copper 18.0(0.81–82.8) and 3.9 (1.84–9.2); lead 0.14(n.d.?0.85) and 0.22(n.d.-2.29); manganese 2.72(1.11–4.09) and 1.07(0.58–1.67); mercury 0.005 (n.d.?0.050) and 0.006 (n.d.?0.177); molybdenum 0.88 (n.d.-2.41) and 0.31 (n.d.-1.85); nickel 0.33 (n.d.-4.82) and 0.46 (n.d.-5.80); selenium 0.17(0.01–0.63) and 1.10 (0.47–1.77); zinc 37.5 (13.4–99.2) and 18.6 (12.9–31.6). Significant differences were observed in the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the different regions of the State and between the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the same region. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by analysis of NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver.     

Zinc,copper, lead and cadmium contents in green tea

The levels of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in green tea have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. With the growth and development of tea shoots, zinc, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations decreased gradually. Some of the lead in green tea was eliminated by washing with water before manufacturing. The range and mean of the zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in 139 green teas were as follows: zinc, 23.4–100.5 and 54.4 μg/g; copper, 4.7–36.5 and 11.4 μ/g; lead, 0.11–1.93 and 0.49 μg; cadmium, 0.013–0.098 and 0.036 μg/g. Significant differences in the contents of copper and lead were observed among the different districts of the country. The green tea produced in some districts near the metropolis areas contained the highest concentration of lead.     

Content of metals in rabbit tissues

The purpose of the experiments was the determination of lead, cadmium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and magnesium in some internal organs and muscles of rabbits. The investigations were performed in 1990 with 360 white New Zealand and black-white rabbits which were slaughtered when they had 2.0 kg in weight. The experimental material (180 animals) came from a rabbit farm kept by Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding in the Agricultural Academy of Cracow. The control group constituted 180 rabbits from an area without the industry. With regard to the average lead content in 22% of kidneys and liver of experimental rabbit group an exceeding of the allowable limit and in average cadmium content in 18% of kidneys and liver was stated. The cadmium contents of values for the kidneys, liver, heart and muscles are several times higher compared with the highest values which were determined for the organs and muscles from the control area.     

Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity

Cadmium has been shown to manifest its toxicity in human and animals by mainly accumulating in almost all of the organs and kidney is the main target organ where it is concentrated mainly in cortex. Environmental exposure of cadmium occurs via food, occupational industries, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. At molecular level, cadmium interferes with the utilization of essential metals e.g. Ca, Zn, Se, Cr and Fe and deficiencies of these essential metals including protein and vitamins, exaggerate cadmium toxicity, due to its increased absorption through the gut and greater retention in different organs as metallothionein (Cd-Mt). Cadmium transport, across the intestinal and renal brush border membrane vesicles, is carrier mediated and it competes with zinc and calcium. It has been postulated that cadmium shares the same transport system. Cadmium inhibits protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and drug metabolizing enzymes in liver of animals. Chronic environmental exposure of cadmium produces hypertension in experimental animals. Functional changes accompanying cadmium nephropathy include low molecular weight proteinuria which is of tubular origin associated with excess excretion of proteins such as beta 2 microglobulin, metallothionein and high molecular weight proteinuria of glomerular origin (excretion of proteins such as albumin IgG, transferrin etc.). Recent data has shown that metallothionein is more nephrotoxic to animals. Cadmium is also toxic to central nervous system. It causes an alterations of cellular functions in lungs. Cadmium affects both humoral and cell mediated immune response in animals. Cadmium induces metallothionein in liver and kidney but under certain nutritional deficiencies like protein-calorie malnutrition and calcium deficiency, enhanced induction and greater accumulation of cadmium metallothionein has been observed.     

基于F-AAS、GF-AAS对云南石榴蜂蜜中矿质元素进入途径研究

石榴蜂蜜为云南蒙自地区的特色蜂蜜。本文利用火焰原子吸收光谱仪(F-AAS)、石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪(GF-AAS)测定石榴蜂蜜、石榴植株各器官(根、茎、叶和花)及生境的土壤和水中9种矿质元素(K、Na、Pb、Cd、Zn、Mn、Mg、As和Cu)的含量。表明:石榴蜂蜜中K元素含量最高(283.68 mg/kg),Cd元素含量最低(0.008 mg/kg)。聚类分析和雷达图均显示石榴花对石榴蜂蜜中矿质元素含量的影响最大,其中K元素从花中进入到石榴蜂蜜的比例最大(37.79%);Cd元素的比例最少(0.46%)。相关性分析表明,石榴蜂蜜中的各矿质元素与植株各器官、水均有不同程度的显著相关,其中花中的K、Na、Zn、Mn和Mg,根中的Pb、Cd和As,水中的Na、Mn和As,茎中Pb和Mn,叶中的Zn元素均与石榴蜂蜜呈显著相关。本研究表明,石榴蜂蜜中的矿质元素除直接来源于"土壤-植株-花蜜"这个生物链外,还与环境和人类活动等因素有关。     

Micro,macro mineral and proximate composition of Atlantic bonito and horse mackerel: a monthly differentiation

Atlantic Bonito and horse mackerel were investigated for proximate and elemental composition throughout the year. Two fish species were collected from the Istanbul local fish market from December (2006) to November (2007) during the fishing season. Highest protein values were found in the June for Atlantic Bonito, in July for horse mackerel. Highest fat value of Atlantic Bonito and horse mackerel were determined in November. Trace and potential toxic minerals (mercury, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc) exceeded the legislative limits in some months of the year. The highest concentration among the elements was obtained for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, iodine and selenium throughout the year.     

Variation in heavy metals and microelements in South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets

South African medicinal plants are traditionally harvested from a wide range of undisclosed locations by plant gatherers. Thus, there is a risk that plant material may be exposed to a variety of pollutants. The variation in five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and lead) and six essential elements (boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc) was determined in commonly used South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets. Elemental content was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry. The reliability of the procedure was ensured by analysing a certified reference material. Medicinal plant samples contained arsenic and cadmium at levels exceeding the World Health Organization limits of 1 and 0.3 mg kg(-1) respectively. Lead and nickel were detected in all samples. Elevated iron and manganese levels were recorded in certain plant species. Multiple metal contamination of parts of medicinal plants gives grounds for concern. This study emphasizes the unsafe consequences of the South African practice of collecting medicinal plants from undisclosed locations and making these readily available to the public.