Integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines based on the acoustic wave method

With the development of natural gas transportation systems, major accidents can result from internal gas leaks in pipelines that transport high-pressure gases. Leaks in pipelines that carry natural gas result in enormous financial loss to the industry and affect public health. Hence, leak detection and localization is a major concern for researchers studying pipeline systems. To ensure the safety and improve the efficiency of pipeline emergency repair, a high-pressure and long-distance circular pipe leakage simulation platform is designed and established by similarity analysis with a field transmission pipeline, and an integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines is proposed. Given that the spread velocity of acoustic waves in pipelines is related to the properties of the medium, such as pressure, density, specific heat, and so on, this paper proposes a modified acoustic velocity and location formula. An improved wavelet double-threshold de-noising optimization method is also proposed to address the original acoustic wave signal collected by the test platform. Finally, the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method is applied to determine the leakage degree and operation condition. Experimental results show that the integrated model can enhance the accuracy and precision of pipeline leakage detection and localization.     

A new leak location method based on leakage acoustic waves for oil and gas pipelines

In order to study a new leak detection and location method for oil and natural gas pipelines based on acoustic waves, the propagation model is established and modified. Firstly, the propagation law in theory is obtained by analyzing the damping impact factors which cause the attenuation. Then, the dominant-energy frequency bands of leakage acoustic waves are obtained through experiments by wavelet transform analysis. Thirdly, the actual propagation model is modified by the correction factor based on the dominant-energy frequency bands. Then a new leak detection and location method is proposed based on the propagation law which is validated by the experiments for oil pipelines. Finally, the conclusions and the method are applied to the gas pipelines in experiments. The results indicate: the modified propagation model can be established by the experimental method; the new leak location method is effective and can be applied to both oil and gas pipelines and it has advantages over the traditional location method based on the velocity and the time difference. Conclusions can be drawn that the new leak detection and location method can effectively and accurately detect and locate the leakages in oil and natural gas pipelines.     

压力脉冲波法复杂天然气管道堵塞检测实验研究*

为了解决复杂天然气管道堵塞定位难题,快速定位出堵塞位置,提出利用压力脉冲波法检测复杂管道堵塞。改造搭建长18.1 m、包含17个三通结构的压力波堵塞检测实验台,进行不同堵塞率以及气液混输管道的堵塞定位实验。结果表明:管道三通会引起频率范围为150~200 Hz的高频反射波,利用FFT谐波变换方法可以有效地对原始信号进行滤波分析,更利于对堵塞定位分析。在堵塞率100%时,定位误差为1.07%;在堵塞率50%时,定位误差最大,达到1.93%;对于含液率8%的气液混输管道,100%堵塞时,定位误差为0.48%。研究结果有效地证实了压力脉冲法检测复杂输运管道堵塞的可行性,可为该方法的现场应用提供指导和数据支撑。     

喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台设计与验证*

为研究油气并行管道中,天然气管道喷射火对相邻输油管道内流体与管壁的热影响,设计并搭建天然气喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台。实验平台由环道及冷却系统、火焰系统、控制及数据采集系统3个部分组成。完成平台搭建并验证环道系统气密性后,以0#柴油为介质,开展验证实验。研究结果表明:火焰系统工作可靠且可控,冷却系统能够将柴油温度控制在初馏点以下,数据采集系统能够正常采集油品压力、温度、流量、管壁温度、火焰温度等预定数据,实验平台具备一定可行性与安全性。实验平台可进行在不同管道规格及材质、火灾形式、油品介质及流速条件下的热影响实验。实验平台结合材料性能进行测试,可研究喷射火对管材性能的影响,为油气并行管道的安全运行提供相关实验依据。     

Individual risk analysis of high-pressure natural gas pipelines

Transmission pipelines carrying natural gas are not typically within secure industrial sites, but are routed across land out of the ownership of the pipeline company. If the natural gas is accidentally released and ignited, the hazard distance associated with these pipelines to people and property is known to range from under 20 m for a smaller pipeline at lower pressure to up to over 300 m for a larger pipeline at higher pressure. Therefore, pipeline operators and regulators must address the associated public safety issues.This paper focuses on a method to explicitly calculate the individual risk of a transmission pipeline carrying natural gas. The method is based on reasonable accident scenarios for route planning related to the pipeline's proximity to the surrounding buildings. The minimum proximity distances between the pipeline and buildings are based on the rupture of the pipeline, with the distances chosen to correspond to a radiation level of approximately 32 kW/m². In the design criteria for steel pipelines for high-pressure gas transmission (IGE/TD/1), the minimum building proximity distances for rural areas are located between individual risk values of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶. Therefore, the risk from a natural gas transmission pipeline is low compared with risk at the building separated minimum distance from chemical industries.     

An integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network

Natural gas industry is developing rapidly, and its accidents are threatening the urban safety. Risk management through quantitative assessment has become an important way to improve the safety performance of the natural gas supply system. In this paper, an integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network is proposed. This method is composed of the probability assessment of accidents, the analysis of consequences and the evaluation of risk. It is noteworthy that the consequences analyzed here include those of the outside and inside gas pipelines. The analysis of consequences of the outside pipelines focuses on the individual risk and societal risk caused by different accidents, while those of the inside pipelines concerns about the risk of the economic loss because of the pressure re-distribution. Risk of a sample urban gas pipeline network is analyzed to demonstrate the presented method. The results show that this presented integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network can be used in practical application.     

架空天然气管道泄漏事故后果数值模拟研究

针对架空天然气管道泄漏引起的火灾爆炸问题,采用事件树分析泄漏扩散引起的事故后果,并在数值模拟中着重分析了模拟数学模型的选择。在三种不同泄漏孔径、两种不同风速、两种不同运行压力条件下分别应用ALHOA软件对事故后果进行数值模拟,结果表明:泄漏孔径、运行压力与危害影响范围成正比关系;在闪火和蒸气云爆炸中,风速与危害影响范围成反比关系,而风速对射流火灾的热辐射范围基本没有影响。     

Numerical investigation of surface conduit parallel gas pipeline explosive based on the TNT equivalent weight method

With the rapid development of petroleum industry, the transport pipelines of oil and gas are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Therefore, the parallel pipelines are unavoidable in order to save land resource, reduce the pipeline construction and maintenance costs. The economy and security of pipeline laying and running is the primary problem considered in pipeline construction, which the parallel spacing plays a decisive role to. The leakage of natural gas is very serious and dangerous due to its flammable and combustible. The explosive of leak gas causes impact failure to parallel pipeline. Specific to the surface conduit parallel gas pipeline, numerical simulation of leak natural gas explosive was carried out based on TNT equivalent weight method. Explosive damage degree of pipeline decreased with the pipeline distance increasing. Consulting with the pipeline ovalization strain design criteria and the combustion effect, the safety parallel natural gas pipeline space maybe at least 4 m to ensure the surface conduit parallel pipeline safely and steadily operation.     

Corrosion failure probability analysis of buried gas pipelines based on subset simulation

Corrosion is the main reason for the failure of buried gas pipelines. For effective corrosion failure probability analysis, the structural reliability theory was adopted in this study to establish two calculation models for pipeline corrosion failure: the pressure failure model and von Mises stress failure model. Then, two calculation models for the corrosion failure probability were established based on a corrosion depth growth model obtained from actual survey data of soil corrosion characteristics. In an example, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and subset simulation (SS) were used to analyze the corrosion failure probability of pipelines, and the results were compared. SS can compensate for the shortcomings of MCS as it has higher computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, SS was adopted to simulate variations in the corrosion failure probability of buried pipelines with the service time for the two failure probability calculation models, which were applied to a natural gas pipeline located in a chemical industry park in Zhuhai, China. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the relevant parameters that affect the failure probability. The results showed that multiple loads caused by the covering soil, residual stress, temperature differential, and bending stress have a non-negligible effect on the pipeline reliability. The corrosion coefficients gradually become the most important factors that affect the failure probability with increased service time. The proposed methodology considers the actual operating conditions of pipelines to provide a reliable theoretical basis for integrity management.     

基于一维卷积神经网络的燃气管道泄漏声发射信号识别*

为保障燃气管道系统安全运行,及时诊断管道故障,基于VGG-16模型提出基于一维卷积神经网络的燃气管道故障诊断模型,提取原始声发射信号特征参数,有效诊断燃气管道故障。结果表明:基于一维卷积神经网络的燃气管道故障诊断模型,能够有效解决燃气管道故障诊断过程中数据预处理复杂、特征提取困难以及识别准确率低等问题,可为燃气管道故障诊断提供技术支撑。     

压力脉冲波法天然气管道堵塞检测研究*

为快速检测出天然气管道堵塞位置、长度及堵塞程度,解决天然气输运管道中堵塞定位难题,探讨压力脉冲波法管道堵塞检测的可行性与效果。搭建长220 m的压力脉冲波堵塞检测实验系统,进行多组连续性长堵塞检测实验和水堵检测实验。结果表明:连续性长堵塞检测实验中堵塞前沿反射信号为负压波,堵塞后沿信号为正压波,且波形清晰可辩,其多组实验的堵塞位置、堵塞长度及堵塞率的平均检测误差分别为0.23%,0.75%和2.67%;水堵反射信号清晰可辨但波形复杂,其多组实验的堵塞位置、堵塞长度及堵塞率的平均检测误差分别为0.78%,9.61%和43.28%。实验结果有效地证实了压力脉冲法的可靠性与实用性,并为压力脉冲波法堵塞检测现场应用提供指导。     

Experimental study on leak detection and location for gas pipeline based on acoustic method

The leak of gas pipelines can be detected and located by the acoustic method. The technologies of recognizing and extracting wave characteristics are summarized in details in this paper, which is to distinguish leaking and disturbing signals from time and frequency domain. A high-pressure and long distance leak test loop is designed and established by similarity analysis with field transmission pipelines. The acoustic signals collected by sensors are de-noised by wavelet transform to eliminate the background noises, and time-frequency analysis is used to analyze the characteristics of frequency domain. The conclusion can be drawn that most acoustic signals are concentrated on the ranges of 0-100 Hz. The acoustic signal recognition and extraction methods are verified and compared with others and it proves that the disturbing signals can be efficiently removed by the analysis of time and frequency domain, while the new characteristics of the accumulative value difference, mean value difference and peak value difference of signals in adjacent intervals can detect the leak effectively and decrease the false alarm rate significantly. The formula for leak location is modified with consideration of the influences of temperature and pressure. The positioning accuracy can be significantly improved with relative error between 0.01% and 1.37%.     

Estimating sonic gas flow rates in pipelines

This paper presents a detailed review and analysis of sonic gas flow in pipelines, adding considerably more detail to the analysis, particularly for long pipelines. Our results show that (1) the mass flow rate is asymptotic as the velocity head pipe loss increases (2) the asymptotic value is identical for both adiabatic and isothermal conditions and (3) a maximum is found in the gas flow, although this maximum is near the asymptotic value. A graphical method for isothermal flows and a simple, shortcut formula is presented using asymptotic analysis which accurately estimates gas flow rates in long pipelines under both adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Process safety applications are provided.     

基于超压值地铁上覆管道爆炸对隧道及人员安全影响研究*

为分析地铁上覆管道爆炸对乘客安全影响,采用基于超压冲击波阀值数值模拟,通过将泄漏气体能量等效为TNT当量,分析不同泄漏模式爆炸冲击波对地铁隧道及人员安全影响。结果表明:爆炸产生的超压冲击波对隧道及人员影响小于限值,不会造成人员伤亡,研究结果可为地下工程下穿油气管线安全影响分析提供理论支撑。     

天然气管道不同孔径泄漏失效概率量化方法研究*

为研究不同孔径泄漏下天然气管道失效概率,首先基于EGIG数据库和UKOPA数据库天然气管道历史失效数据,计算由不同失效原因导致3种孔径泄漏所占比例;然后将我国管道各原因基础失效概率按照对应比例分别进行修正,获得较适用于我国天然气管道特点的不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率;最后分别考虑第三方破坏、腐蚀、施工缺陷/材料失效、误操作、自然力破坏5种失效原因,完成对天然气管道不同孔径泄漏基础失效概率的修正计算。研究结果表明:小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和破裂泄漏的基础失效概率分别为0.173,0.128,0.048次/（103 km·a）;修正因子包括管径、埋深、壁厚、管龄、防腐层类型、管道所处区域,上述因子能够满足不同场景下天然气管道失效概率的修正计算;概率量化方法综合考虑失效原因、泄漏孔径以及管道本体信息,能够定量化预测天然气管道失效概率,为天然气管道定量风险评价提供数据支撑。     

某单井站场管道积液及腐蚀特性研究*

为应对湿天然气管道存在的明显积液,导致管材腐蚀,目前经验性的检测点选择方式导致检测成本和工作量过大问题。基于某单井站场工况条件和现场壁厚检测数据,针对站场主管线,采用Fluent软件建模分析管线内液相分布规律。结果表明:含液率大小随原料气含水量、流量、压力的变化而呈正相关变化,运用Correl函数对现场壁厚检测数据和模拟结果进行对比验证,发现两者的相关度达到0.61以上,这为现场合理选择腐蚀检测点提供依据,降低了现场检测工作量和检测成本。     

双线地铁隧道下穿管道安全性对比研究

地铁与燃气管道等高危管道均为线性工程,地铁隧道下穿管道的情况不可避免,一旦因地铁施工导致管道泄漏,后果难以承受,管道沉降值是考量其安全性的关键指标。为对双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管线安全性进行预测,采用修正的Peck公式理论方法进行计算,并与数值模拟结果相对比,研究结果表明:双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管道安全风险可控,修正Peck公式及数值模拟法均能较真实地描绘地表以下任意土层的沉降槽曲线,进而可以比较准确地计算土体竖向沉降,可作为一种用于计算隧道开挖所引起管道竖向位移的方法。     

基于声信号特征分析的燃气管道探测识别方法

为了探测和辨识地下燃气管道,避免燃气管道改扩建的过程发生第三方破坏引发安全事故,提出1种基于声信号特征分析的燃气管道探测识别方法,该方法考虑燃气管道声信号声压级低以及易衰减的特点,采用Hilebert-Huang变换算法分析燃气管道流噪声信号特征,建立燃气管道流噪声信号的特征数据库,并通过BP神经网络进行模式识别,判别...     

压力管道泄漏声发射源定位的实验研究

结合实验室声发射仪和油气管道设备,建立了充气管道泄漏声发射检测系统模型,分别在传感器间距、管道压力和泄漏量三种变化状态下进行了泄漏源定位影响实验。对管道泄漏声发射信号的时域统计特征、频域分布特征以及泄漏信号的相关性作了分析;从声信号能量累计和衰减特性方面对互相关定位法和幅度衰减测量区域定位法的可行性进行了计算,表明在传感器间距较小和泄漏量较小的状态下,在背景噪声较小的环境中,用互相关法具有较好的定位精度;而幅度衰减测量区域定位方法对泄漏源的定位误差较大。     

基于小波包熵与AFSA-SVM的压力管道泄漏识别

为了快速、准确地诊断出输气压力管道不同的泄漏状态,提出了一种基于小波包熵与人工鱼群优化支持向量机(AFSA-SVM)相结合的压力管道泄漏模式识别方法。该方法首先对管道泄漏时产生的声发射信号进行小波包分解,并对分解的最后一层节点重构信号进行相关性分析,以获得敏感的节点信号。然后求取这些敏感节点信号的小波包熵值,作为管道不同泄漏信号的特征向量。最后将小波包熵值输入到SVM中,并运用AFSA方法对SVM分类器中惩罚因子C与核函数参数g进行全局优化,以提高其分类准确率。实验结果表明,该方法能准确地识别压力管道不同的泄漏状态,为天然气管道泄漏状态监测提供新方法。