ICU患者家属不同阶段照护体验的质性研究

目的探讨ICU患者家属在疾病不同阶段的照护体验。方法采用现象学研究法,对36名处于不同照护阶段的ICU患者家属进行非结构式访谈,用质性研究分析法对资料进行分析。结果ICU患者家属不同阶段的照护体验分别为:诊断期,应激反应强烈;治疗期,信息支持不足;转科准备期,缺乏人性化管理;临终期,提倡临终关怀。结论患者入住ICU期间,患者家属在不同照护阶段的需求是动态变化的,医护人员应针对性地提供个性化服务,不断提高医疗服务质量。     

濒死期青年肿瘤患者父母照护体验的现象学研究

目的 探究青年肿瘤患者父母在照护濒死期患者时的体验,为制定针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 采用现象学研究,选取19名濒死期青年肿瘤患者的父母照护者进行深度访谈,访谈资料通过Colaizzi 7步分析法进行整理分析。结果 共提炼出4个主题和14个亚主题：身体状况受损(身体负荷过重、健康水平下降、语言表达不畅、行为改变),心理复杂多变(坚强与无助、温暖与孤独、质疑与逃避、敏感与恐惧),支持系统不足(经济支持不足、知识支持不足、家庭支持不足、社会支持不足),灵性关怀缺乏(宗教信仰缺失、死亡教育缺乏)。结论 父母照护濒死期青年肿瘤患者过程中,身心健康受到威胁,医护人员应联合家庭和社会建立支持性关怀系统,为父母照护者提供身心社灵全方位的关怀,从而提高照护能力和改善哀伤情绪。     

先天性心脏病患儿监护室转出期间父母体验的质性研究

目的了解先天性心脏病患儿父母在患儿转出重症监护室至陪护之初这段时间的体验及感受。方法以半结构式访谈方式深度访谈患儿母亲12名,采用Colaizzi现象学研究法分析资料。结果提练4个主题:情感复杂,心理负担重;照顾角色转变;期望了解更多与患儿相关的信息;希望获得更多的照护支持。结论了解先心病患儿父母在患儿重症监护室转出期间的体验与内心感受,有助于医护人员为父母更好地应对患儿的转出提供支持,改善就医体验,促进患儿康复。     

晚期癌痛患者照顾者不同诊疗阶段照护需求的质性研究

目的 深入了解晚期癌痛患者照顾者不同阶段的照护需求,为照顾者制定阶段性导向式健康指导提供参考。方法 采用目的抽样法,选取天津市某三级甲等医院14例癌痛患者的照顾者为访谈对象。采用描述性质性研究方法分别在患者入院当天、出院前1d、出院1～2周、出院1个月、出院3个月,进行为期3个月的个案纵向追踪,运用内容分析法分析资料和提炼主题。结果 共提炼出4个主题：首次疼痛治疗科住院阶段,镇痛及相关信息的需求;出院准备阶段,居家癌痛应对与不良反应处理的需求;出院1～2周,医护人员监督随访及上门服务的需求;出院1～3个月,照顾者身心社灵的健康需求。结论 照顾者照护需求具有多样化特点,医护人员应根据患者诊疗的不同阶段,为照顾者提供针对性的个性化照护支持,通过满足照顾者照护需求,进而提高患者照护质量。     

脑瘫婴幼儿家长照护体验及应对的质性研究

目的探讨脑瘫婴幼儿家长的照护体验及应对,为促进其心理健康提供参考。方法选择12名脑瘫患儿(年龄≤3岁)家长进行半结构式访谈,资料采用Colaizzi内容分析法归纳主题。结果共提炼4个主题:照护过程中体验到强烈的慢性悲伤,部分家长获得积极心理成长;常用的应对策略是回避与压抑、保持积极乐观;期待医护支持。结论了解脑瘫患儿家长照护过程中的心理体验及其应对措施,有助于医护人员从不同角度提供有效干预,促进其积极心理调适。     

先天性胆道闭锁患儿父母心理感受情况的调查研究

目的 了解先天性胆道闭锁患儿父母的心理感受,为该类疾病的治疗与康复提供依据.方法 便利抽样法选取上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院住院的50例先天性胆道闭锁患儿父母为研究对象,采用中文版患儿家属感受量表(parent experience of child illness,PECI)对其进行调查.结果 先天性胆道闭锁患儿父...     

居家失能老人照护者压力性损伤风险认知与照护体验的质性研究

目的 了解居家失能老人照护者对压力性损伤的风险认知与照护体验状况,为提升照护者认知水平及改善其照护体验提供参考。方法 采取半结构深度访谈法,以17名居家失能老人照护者为研究对象进行深入访谈,采用Colaizzi 7步分析法,通过Nvivo11.0plus软件对资料进行整理分析。结果 居家失能老人照护者压力性损伤风险认知归纳为3个主题：风险因素认知不全面、角色认知偏差、对照护结局盲目自信;照护体验归纳为4个主题：照护知识与技能无法保证、压力性损伤预防与照护负担较重、家庭及社会支持不足、照护素养需要逐步培养。结论 居家失能老人照护者对压力性损伤风险的认知存在诸多不足且照护负担较重,应通过普及压力性损伤相关教育、加强知识培训、夯实照护支持系统、注重心理疏导来提高照护者的认知水平,减轻照护者负担,以改善照护体验。     

新生儿重症监护室家庭参与式照护现况调查

目的 了解我国新生儿重症监护室（NICU）家庭参与式照护实践现况，为制订针对性管理方案提供参考。方法 自制NICU家庭参与式照护实践现况调查问卷，对44所三级甲等医院的NICU进行调查。结果 44所医院NICU均鼓励和同意父母参与患儿照护，但介入时机、参与程度不等；患儿父母参与的操作技能有尿布更换、皮肤护理、眼部护理等20项；25所医院NICU（56.8%）组建了多学科团队；家庭参与式照护五大支柱实践中，实施医护人员培训35所（79.5%）、提供资源与环境支持44所（100%）、开展父母教育与支持42所（95.5%）、同伴支持16所（36.4%）、充分沟通43所（97.7%）。结论 我国NICU家庭参与式照护实践处于初级阶段，存在患儿父母参与照护受限、支持系统不完善等问题，需针对现有不足提出解决方案，以促进和完善家庭参与式照护方案与实践。     

精神分裂症患者家属照护体验的质性研究

目的深入了解精神分裂症患者家属(下称患者家属)的照护体验及照护对自身造成的影响,为针对性社区干预提供参考。方法对20名患者家属采取深入访谈和观察法获得其真实感受和体验,采用现象学分析提炼主题。结果获得照护缺乏系统性,获取精神康复知识渠道单一,身心负担过重,经济压力过大,家庭关系恶化5个主题。结论患者家属在照护过程中存在较多问题,应针对性地完善社区护理机构,提供知识、心理援助,减轻其负担,提高照护水平。     

护患及照顾者对食管癌围术期运动康复支持性照护体验的质性研究

目的 了解护患及照护者对老年食管癌围术期运动康复体验，为完善该群体运动康复支持性照护策略提供参考。方法 采用目的抽样法，选取食管外科护理人员9人、老年食管癌患者14例及其主要照护者8人进行半结构化访谈，采用Colaizzi 7步分析法对访谈资料进行分析。结果 护患及照顾者三方对老年食管癌围术期运动康复支持性照护体验主要包括3个主题：老年患者自身障碍因素所致实践困境；老年视域下运动康复方案待优化与完善；与偏好相配适的支持形式使患者获益。结论 老年食管癌患者围术期运动康复支持性照护过程中存在躯体效能低下、负性心理情绪和认知低效等方面的障碍因素，未来可从设置个性化和阶段性的康复目标、拓展运动康复内容、结合患者支持偏好等方面完善，以满足患者支持性照护需求。     

家庭尊严干预对乳腺癌患者照顾者的影响

目的 探讨家庭尊严干预对乳腺癌患者照顾者照顾感受、创伤后成长及照顾能力的影响.方法 将220名乳腺癌患者照顾者随机分为观察组和对照组各110人.对照组给予常规干预,观察组在此基础上实施家庭尊严干预.两组出院时及出院后3个月分别采用照顾者负担量表、创伤后成长评定量表及中文版照顾者能力量表进行调查.结果 观察组照顾负担显著低于对照组,创伤后成长及照顾能力评分显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 家庭尊严干预能有效降低乳腺癌患者照顾者的照顾负担,提升其创伤后成长水平及照顾能力.     

Motivating Adult Children to Provide Support to a Family Caregiver

This study compared altruistically and egoistically framed messages for encouraging adult children to support a parent providing care for an elderly relative. Undergraduate students imagined their mother filling a caregiving role while reading a message about family caregiving and the physical and psychological stresses it involves. The message encouraged participants to support the caregiver either for altruistic (other‐oriented) or egoistic (self‐oriented) reasons. Thereafter, participants completed self‐assessment surveys of attachment style and willingness to provide support. Securely attached (less self‐oriented) participants were not differentially influenced by the two messages. However, insecurely attached (more self‐oriented) participants were more willing to help if they received the egoistic message than if they received the altruistic message. Thus, knowledge of a family member's attachment style can be useful for selecting an appropriate method for encouraging caregiver support. Whereas the type of message used does not matter for securely attached individuals, an egoistically framed message may be more influential than an altruistically framed message among insecurely attached individuals. It is important that clinicians work with families to establish appropriate levels of individual commitment to caregiving responsibilities or supportive behaviours such that involvement is beneficial to the health of the caregiver, the care recipient and supporters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chronic parenting stress and mood reactivity: The role of sleep quality

Sleep is a basic biological process supporting emotion regulation. The emotion regulation function of sleep may be particularly important in the context of chronic stress. To better understand how chronic stress and sleep interact to predict mood, 66 parents of children with autism completed daily diaries assessing parenting stress, negative mood, and sleep quality for 6 consecutive days. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that daily negative mood was predicted by between‐person differences in parenting stress and between‐person differences in sleep efficiency. Further, between‐person differences in sleep efficiency and within‐person differences in sleep satisfaction moderated the impact of stress on mood. These data suggest that sleep disturbances may exacerbate the association between stress and mood in the context of chronic parenting stress. Further, high parenting stress appears to heighten the impact of transient sleep disturbances on mood.     

配偶照护负担与乳腺癌患者生活质量相关性研究

目的了解配偶照护负担与乳腺癌患者生活质量的相关性,为构建优质社会支持系统提供依据。方法采用癌症患者生活质量核心问卷(QLQ-C30)和Zarit负担量表对330例乳腺癌患者及其配偶进行调查。结果患者生活质量评分(32.45±4.09)～(69.77±10.86)分;配偶照护负担(37.08±6.95)分。配偶照护个人负担、责任负担、总体负担与患者的情感功能、整体健康呈负相关(均P0.01)。结论乳腺癌患者生活质量较差,配偶照护负担较重,二者存在负相关关系,护理人员应关注患者配偶的照护负担,给予必要的社会支持,以提高患者的生活质量。     

社区失智老人照顾者积极感受及影响因素分析

目的了解社区失智老人照顾者积极感受现况并探究其影响因素,为制定有效的社区护理干预方案提供指导。方法应用照顾者积极感受量表对80名社区失智老人照顾者进行测评。结果80名社区失智老人照顾者积极感受得分(28.53±5.37)分,得分率63.40%;回归分析结果显示,失智老人患病严重程度及是否患有其他慢性疾病是影响照顾者积极感受的主要因素(均P0.01)。结论社区失智老人照顾者积极感受水平中等,生活展望态度不佳。建议完善失智症患者的社区医疗服务,减轻失智症家庭的疾病负担,同时可开展社区失智症照顾指导干预,提高社区失智老人照顾者应对失智症的信心,提升居家照顾者的积极感受。     

Psychological characteristics and physiological reactivity to acute stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder

Stress related to parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder can differently affect caregiver's physiological reactivity to acute stress. Here, parental stress levels, psychological characteristics, and coping strategies were assessed alongside measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, and cortisol during a psychosocial stress test in mothers of children with ASD (M‐ASD, n = 15) and mothers of typically developing children (n = 15). M‐ASD reported significantly higher levels of parental stress, anxiety, negative affectivity, social inhibition, and a larger preference for avoidance strategies. M‐ASD showed larger heart rate and cortisol responses to the psychosocial stress test. A positive relationship was found between parental stress levels and the magnitude of the cortisol stress response in both groups. The present findings indicate exaggerated physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in M‐ASD and prompt further research to explore the role of individual differences in mediating the effects of parental stress on physiological stress responses.     

Anger and Health in Dementia Caregivers: Exploring the Mediation Effect of Optimism

Although previous studies indicate a negative association between caregivers' anger and health, the potential mechanisms linking this relationship are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mediating role of optimism in the relationship between anger and caregivers' physical health. Dementia caregivers (n = 108) were interviewed and filled out instruments assessing their anger (reaction), optimism and health (vitality). A mediational model was tested to determine whether optimism partially mediated the relationship between anger and vitality. Angry reaction was negatively associated with optimism and vitality; optimism was positively associated with vitality. Finally, the relationship between angry reaction and vitality decreased when optimism was entered simultaneously. A non‐parametric bootstrap approach confirmed that optimism significantly mediated some of the relationship between angry reaction and vitality. These findings suggest that low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality. The results provide a specific target for intervention with caregivers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

以家庭功能为导向的首发脑卒中患者照顾者支持干预方案实施

目的 评价以家庭功能为导向的首发脑卒中患者照顾者支持干预方案的实施效果。 方法 便利抽取103名首发脑卒中患者照顾者,按时间段分为对照组51名和干预组52名。对照组实施常规护理;干预组在此基础上实施以家庭功能为导向的照顾者支持干预方案,共3个月。比较两组照顾者做好家庭护理的准备、综合照顾能力及家庭功能得分。 结果 干预组出院时照顾者做好家庭护理的准备得分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组综合照顾能力总分及各维度得分、家庭功能得分比较,组间效应、时间效应和交互效应差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。 结论 以家庭功能为导向的照顾者支持干预方案的实施可提高首发脑卒中照顾者家庭护理准备、综合照顾能力及改善患者家庭功能水平,可帮助患者更好地从医院过渡到家庭。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者照顾者睡眠质量、照顾负担与心理弹性的关系

目的评估脑卒中偏瘫患者照顾者睡眠质量、照顾负担与心理弹性状况,探索脑卒中偏瘫患者照顾者心理弹性在照顾负担和睡眠质量间的中介和调节作用。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数、照顾负担量表、Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表对306名脑卒中偏瘫患者照顾者进行测评。结果照顾者睡眠质量总分为9.3±3.7,睡眠障碍检出率为57.8%;照顾负担总分为35.9±11.2,心理弹性总分为55.0±16.1。照顾负担得分与心理弹性得分呈负相关,与睡眠质量得分呈正相关;心理弹性得分与睡眠质量得分呈负相关(均P0.01)。心理弹性在照顾负担和睡眠质量间起到部分中介和调节作用。结论增强脑卒中偏瘫患者主要照顾者的心理弹性水平,有利于减轻其照顾负担,改善其睡眠质量。     

Cortisol outcomes among caucasian and latina/hispanic women caring for a family member with dementia: a preliminary examination of psychosocial predictors and effects of a psychoeducational intervention

A host of interventions are now known to be helpful to alleviate subjective distress and improve well‐being in dementia caregivers. However, few intervention studies have focused on measures of physical health, and none have examined cortisol as an outcome—despite the fact that cortisol is regarded as a crucial biological intermediary by which chronic stress leads to disease. In this study, we examined demographic and psychosocial factors as predictors of salivary cortisol at a baseline assessment, among a sample of 175 Latino/Hispanic and Caucasian women caring for a family member with dementia. We also examined the influence of a cognitive–behaviour‐based psychoeducational intervention (Coping with Caregiving) on cortisol at a post‐treatment assessment, compared with a minimal support condition. Results revealed that caregivers with high intensity caregiving situations, characterized by long hours of care and co‐residence with the care recipient, tended to have less adaptive cortisol patterns. However, these ‘at‐risk’ caregivers benefited most from the Coping with Caregiving intervention and had more normal cortisol patterns at post‐treatment, compared with caregivers in the control condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.