乳及乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及其理化特性研究

用同时定性定量检测方法和程序对我国部分乳及乳制品中的金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况，季节性变化及分离菌株的生理生化特性进行了研究，结果表明，生鲜牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的平均污染率为３７．２％，其中混装奶桶罐中污染率为５８．８％，高于奶牛个体直接挤出的鲜乳（３９．０％）。生鲜乳中的金黄色葡萄球菌菌数为１０＾１￣１０＾４ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ，乳制品的污染率为６．３％，污染菌数为１０＾１￣１０＾２ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ。６￣９月     

里氏木霉液体发酵法生产纤维素酶

通过比较几株霉菌产纤维素酶活力，发现里氏木霉ＲｕｔＣ－３０活力最高；采用Ａｖｉｃｅｌ与麸皮复合碳源，以及使用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４缓冲系统控制发酵液ｐＨ，２８℃摇瓶发酵６ｄ，最高酶活达到ＣＭＣａｓｅ１００－１２５Ｕ／ｍｌ，ＦＰＡ９－１２Ｕ／ｍｌ。采用２．５升发酵罐培养，通过控制ｐＨ和溶氧，纤维素酶活力为ＣＭＣａｓｅ１３３．４Ｕ／ｍｌ，ＦＰＡ１１．６７Ｕ／ｍｌ。用硫铵盐析法提取制得纤维素酶干粉，其活力为ＣＭＣａｓｅ３０７４．９Ｕ／ｇ，ＦＰＡ１６６．７Ｕ／ｇ。     

盐藻双歧酸奶的研制

本文研究了双歧杆菌和乳酸菌混合发酵生产盐藻双歧酸奶的生产工艺，结果表明采用双歧杆菌与乳酸菌４：１的混合菌，接种量５％，添加鲜藻体１．５ｇ／ｌ，可使酸奶风味和凝固性良好，还含双歧杆菌活菌５×１０＾８ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ以上及２０ｍｇ／ｌ的β－胡萝卜素。     

采用HPLC同时快速测定酱油中的苯甲酸钠,山梨酸

食品防腐剂苯甲酸钠，山梨酸广泛应用于各种食品中，限量使用在０．５～２ｇ／Ｋｇ，本文介绍了测定酱油中食品防腐剂苯甲酸钠，山梨酸含量的高效液相色谱法，本分析方法灵敏度高，操作简便，分析快速，整个过程的２８分钟，该法苯甲酸钠，山梨酸的最低检测限分别为２．４×１０＾－７ｍｇ／ｍｌ，６．１×１０＾－６ｍｇ／ｍｌ变异系数分别为０．０５％，０．０７％。     

Zn—KSCN—次甲基兰—OP—PVA的吸光光度法研究和应用

研究在混合表面活性剂ＯＰ－ＰＮＡ存在下，Ｚｎ－ＫＳＣＮ一次甲基兰显色体系水相光度法测定微量锌的新方法。该缔事物最大吸收波长为５５０ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数∑５５０＝１．９１×１０＾５．Ｌ．．ｃｍ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１．ｍｏｌ＾－１，锌含量在０－８μｇ／２５ｍｌ内遵守Ｂｅｅｒ定律，方法灵敏度高，选择性好，操作方便，用该法直接测定食品中的微量锌获得满意结果。     

冬植甘蔗新台糖1号生长规律与生长模型的研究

本文分析比较了７种常用的一元生长模型，采用非线性最小二乘法的Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ迭代同步求解模型参数的方法，对冬植甘蔗新台糖１号的生长模型进行拟合，得到株高的最佳生长模型为：Ｈ＝ＣＯ＊（１－ｅ＾－ｃ１＊Ｔ）＾１／（１－Ｃ２）＝４３２．８３０３＊（１－ｅ＾－０．０１４１ｅＴ）９．２７６４模型的拟合精度高、适用性强，可在檐州蔗区应用。经模型性质分析，得出植后９４ｄ（４月下旬），甘蔗开始进入快速生长期，生     

条斑紫菜中四个多糖组分的提取及组成分析

利用离子交换柱层析和凝胶柱层析法对条斑紫菜热水提取物中的多糖进行了分离纯化,共获得四个不同的多糖组分,柱层析法测定它们的分子量分别为２．２＊１０＾５、２．０＊１０＾４、１．８＊１０＾５和１．５＊１０＾４。采用气相色谱及化学分析等方法测出多糖各种组成成分的含量。     

里氏木霉 Rut C-30 液态发酵法生产纤维素酶

探讨了增强里氏木霉ＲｕｔＣ－３０产纤维素酶的方法，添加葡糖糖于培养基中，可促进菌体生长，但不能提高产酶；采用Ａｖｉｃｅｌ与麸皮复合碳源，以及使用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４缓冲系统控制发酵液ｐＨ，在摇瓶发酵条件下，可获得很高活力的纤维素酶，培养６ｄ，酶活可达到ＣＭＣａｓｅ１６６７～２０８４ｎｍｏｌ·ｓ－１·ｍｌ－１，ＦＰＡ１５０～２００ｎｍｏｌ·ｓ－１·ｍｌ－１．采用２．５Ｌ发酵罐培养，通过控制ｐＨ和溶氧，纤维素酶活力为ＣＭＣａｓｅ２２２３．８ｎｍｏｌ·ｓ－１·ｍｌ－１，ＦＰＡ１９４．５ｎｍｏｌ·ｓ－１·ｍｌ－１．     

西藏扎布耶盐湖冬季卤水25℃等温蒸发研究

本文依据Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋／／ＣＯ３＾２－、ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｃｌ＾－－Ｈ２Ｏ五元水盐体系介稳相图，对西藏扎布耶盐湖冬季卤水进行了２５℃等温蒸发试验，研究了该卤水蒸发过程中盐类富集行为和析出规律，为该盐湖卤水的综合利用提供可靠的依据。     

化学中和法制备高效浓缩乳酸菌发酵剂的研究

本文对化学中和法制备称浓缩乳酸乳酸菌发酵剂的工艺进行了研究。试验表明：１１％ＮＦＭ为基础的复合生长培养基，进行混菌发酵以１５％ＮａＣｏ３＋１５％ＮＨ４ＯＨ为中和剂，经１６ｈ发酵后可得到４．６×１０＾９ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ的浓缩菌液。菌液中立即加入４％的蛋白澄清剂Ｍ，将基人１２００ｒｐｍ转速下降离心５０ｍｉｎ，收集其沉积物，加入等量的１１％ＮＦＭ组成悬浮液，再加抗冻保护剂Ｆ，经冻结４０－６０ｍｉｎ真空冷冻干     

响应面法优化卡氏芽孢杆菌ST-1产芽孢发酵培养基

以卡氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cabrialesii)ST-1为研究对象，芽孢数为响应值，采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及响应面试验对其发酵培养基进行优化。结果表明，影响卡氏芽孢杆菌ST-1芽孢数的主要因素为蔗糖、麸皮和蛋白胨、磷酸二氢钾，卡氏芽孢杆菌ST-1产芽孢的最适宜培养基配方为：蔗糖13.1 g/L，麸皮+蛋白胨(1∶2)17.0 g/L，磷酸二氢钾2.0 g/L。在此最优条件下，卡氏芽孢杆菌ST-1发酵液中芽孢数达到5.96×10⁹ CFU/mL，是优化前的32.21倍。     

Optimizing enrichment culture conditions for detecting Helicobacter pylori in foods

The survival and growth of Helicobacter pylori under enrichment conditions in fresh, autoclaved and irradiated ground beef were determined. H. pylori grew in autoclaved ground beef at 37 degrees C under microaerobic conditions in brain heart infusion broth with 7% horse serum at pH 7.3 after 3 to 7 days of lag time but did not grow within 7 days in irradiated (10 kGy) ground beef under the same enrichment conditions. Adjustment of the enrichment broth to pH 5.5 enabled the growth (ca. 2 log10 CFU/ml) of H. pylori within 7 days in the presence of irradiated ground beef and the prolific growth (ca. 3 to 4 log10 CFU/ml) of H. pylori within 3 days in the presence of autoclaved beef. H. pylori in fresh ground beef could not be isolated from enrichment media with antibiotics; however. H. pylori ureA could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in such enrichment media after 1 to 3 days of incubation at 37 degrees C. The addition of supplements, i.e., 0.3% mucin, 0.05% ferrous sulfate, and 0.05% sodium pyruvate or 0.008 M urea, or the adjustment of the enrichment broth pH to 5.5 or 4.5 enabled the detection of H. pylori ureA in enrichment media incubated for 1, 2, 3, and/or 7 days at 37 degrees C. H. pylori in sterile milk refrigerated at 4 degrees C at an initial level of 10(6) CFU/ml was inactivated to an undetectable level within 6 days; however, H. pylori was not detected either by a PCR assay or by the plating of enrichment cultures of 120 raw bovine milk samples.     

Utilization of fluorogenic assay for rapid detection of Escherichia coli in acidic fruit juice

This study was undertaken to investigate interference by acids commonly found in fruit juice in Escherichia coli assays involving the use of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) as a fluorogenic substrate for enzyme reaction. Fluorescence intensity was negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with the volume of fresh citrus juice tested by the lauryl tryptose broth (LST)-MUG assay, and the permissible sample sizes were limited to 0.3 and 0.5 ml for fresh citrus juices with pHs of 3.3 and 3.9, respectively. In addition, false-negative results were visually observed under UV light when the E*Colite assay was used to test large volumes (5 to 10 ml per test) of fresh citrus juice or when the test broth used for the LST-MUG assay was supplemented with citric, malic, or tartaric acid at 2 to 4 g/liter. These results suggest that the size and pH of acidic samples should be controlled in MUG-based fluorogenic assays. The inhibitory effect on fluorescence was due to high acidity, which reduces fluorescence from 4-methylumbelliferone. Buffering improved the assays. When sodium bicarbonate was incorporated in the enrichment broth at 10 g/liter, the permissible sample sizes for fresh grapefruit juice (pH 3.1) increased from 0.3 to 1 ml for the LST-MUG (with 9.9 ml of broth) assay and from 3 to 10 ml for the E*Colite (with 99 ml of broth) assay.     

Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods.

Many selective enrichment and plating media for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods are described. However, at present no single isolation procedure is available for the recovery of all pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Cold enrichment in phosphate-buffered saline plus 1% sorbitol and 0.15% bile salts (PBSSB) and two-step enrichment with tryptone soy broth (TSB) and bile oxalate sorbose (BOS) broth are very efficient methods for the recovery of a wide spectrum of serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. Enrichment in irgasan ticarcillin chlorate (ITC) broth was found to be the most efficient method for the recovery of strains of serotype 0:3, which is the most common clinical serotype of Y. enterocolitica in Europe. Post-enrichment alkali treatment often results in higher isolation rates. Cefsulodin irgasan novobiocin (CIN) agar and Salmonella-Shigella deoxycholate calcium chloride (SSDC) agar are the most commonly used plating media. For the recovery of serotype 0:8 strains, the common clinical isolates in North America, enrichment in BOS and plating on CIN seems the most efficient procedure. Selection of the proper enrichment procedure will depend on the bio/serotypes of Yersinia spp. sought and on the type of food to be examined. The use of more than one medium for both enrichment and plating will result in higher recovery rates of Yersinia spp. from foods. Parallel use of the following two isolation procedures is recommended. (1) Enrichment in ITC for 2 days at 24 degrees C; plating on SSDC agar (2 days at 30 degrees C). (2) Pre-enrichment in TSB for 1 day at 24 degrees C; enrichment in BOS for 5 days at 24 degrees C; alkali treatment (mixing 0.5 ml enriched broth with 4.5 ml of 0.5% KOH in 0.5% NaCl for 5 s); plating on CIN agar (2 days at 24 degrees C).     

Comparison of conventional culture methods and FTA filtration-nested PCR for the detection of Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei on tomato surfaces

Detection of Shigella boydii UI02 and Shigella sonnei UI05 artificially inoculated onto tomatoes was evaluated using enrichment protocols of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) and the American Public Health Association's Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Food (CMMEF), enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment (EE) broth supplemented with 1.0 microg/ml novobiocin and incubated at 42 degrees C, and FTA filtration-nested PCR. To assess the effect of natural tomato microflora on recovery, conventional culture enrichments were repeated using rifampin-adapted inocula and enrichment medium supplemented with 50 microg/ml rifampin. The lowest detection levels for S. boydii UI02 were > 5.3 x 10(5) (BAM, CMMEF, and EE broth) and 6.2 CFU per tomato (FTA filtration-nested PCR). For S. sonnei UI05, the lowest detection levels were 1.9 x 10(1) (BAM), 1.5 x 10(3) (CMMEF), 1.1 x 10(1) (EE broth), and 7.4 CFU per tomato (FTA filtration-nested PCR). Natural tomato microflora had a large impact on recovery of S. sonnei UI05 and completely inhibited recovery of S. boydii UI02. EE broth was inhibitory to S. boydii UI02. FTA filtration-nested PCR provided superior detection (P < 0.05) compared with the conventional culture enrichment protocols.     

Rapid quantification of Vibrio vulnificus in clams (Protochaca staminea) using real-time PCR

We used a rapid DNA extraction and purification method to obtain the DNA from Vibrio vulnificus seeded into clam tissue homogenates for real-time PCR quantification of the organism. Without enrichment, the limit of detection was 1 x 10(2) cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(8) cfu/g. With a 5 h non-selective enrichment, the limit of detection was 1 cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1 to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of tissue. We found a 10-fold higher detection limit with seeded clam tissue homogenates compared to pure culture in TSB(+). The detection limits with pure broth culture and seeded tissue homogenates were identical, 1 cfu/ml and 1 cfu/ml, respectively, following 5 h non-selective enrichment. However, the Ct value with tissue homogenates was about 3 threshold cycles higher than with pure culture.     

嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌麦芽复合汁增菌培养基的优化筛选

研究了在麦芽汁中添加不同的营养因子对嗜热链球菌S.t-3的细胞生长量的影响,进一步采用正交试验优化筛选出S.t-3的麦芽复合汁增菌培养基,并对保加利亚乳杆菌L.b-DR和L.b-S1进行了验证性增菌试验。结果表明,S.t-3、L.b-DR和L.b-S1在麦芽汁中能进行正常的产酸代谢,大豆蛋白胨、牛肉膏、酵母膏可显著促进S.t-3的细胞生长(P<0.05);K2HPO4不仅可以促进菌体增殖,而且还可缓冲基质pH值的变化,避免了低pH值对乳酸菌的伤害;利用L9(33)正交试验,筛选出S.t-3的麦芽复合汁增菌培养基最佳配比为:在10%的麦芽汁中添加0.5%大豆蛋白胨、0.5%酵母膏、1%牛肉膏、0.2%K2HPO4;在麦芽复合汁增菌培养基中,S.t-3、L.b-DR和L.b-S1,37℃恒温培养16 h,活菌数分别为2.42×109cfu/mL、2.85×109cfu/mL和4.81×109cfu/mL,与液体MRS培养基的活菌数相当,成本较MRS培养基降低1 000元人民币/t。     

Application of SYBR green real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a SYBR Green 1 real-time PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples. Previously reported 119-bp invA gene was selected for specificity, and 124 Salmonella spp. including type strains and 116 non-Salmonella strains were evaluated. All Salmonella strains tested were invA-positive and all non-salmonella strains yielded no amplification products. The melting temperature (Tm=79 degrees C) was consistently specific for the amplicon. Correlation coefficients of standard curves constructed using the threshold cycle (C(T)) versus copy numbers of Salmonella Enteritidis showed good linearity in broth (R2=0.994; slope=3.256) and sterilized milk (R2=0.988; slope=3.247), and the minimum levels of detection were >10(2) and >10(3) colony forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. To validate the real-time PCR assay, an experiment was conducted with both spiked and naturally contaminated samples. Lagoon water, feed/silage, bedding soil, and bulk tank milk samples obtained from dairy farms were spiked with 10(0) to 10(5) CFU/ml of Salmonella Enteritidis. Sensitivities for detecting Salmonella in these sources were 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml of inoculums in broth without enrichment. Detection limits were reduced to <10 CFU/ml of inoculum in broth after 18 h enrichment. Ninety-three environmental samples including fecal slurry, feed/silage, lagoon water, drinking water, bulk tank milk, farm soil, and bedding soil were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella by real-time PCR, results were compared with those obtained by conventional culture methods. All samples analyzed were negative for Salmonella by both real-time PCR and standard culture method. No false positive or false negative results were detected.     

Evaluation of universal preenrichment broth for growth of heat-injured pathogens.

Universal preenrichment broth (UPB) was developed to enable enrichment of injured foodborne pathogens of different genera simultaneously in lieu of having to undergo separate simultaneous enrichment cultures for subsequent detection or isolation of each pathogen. Enrichment conditions in UPB for growth of injured pathogens to populations that will enable pathogen detection by rapid immuno-based or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have not been defined. Hence, studies were done to determine recovery and growth rates of heat-injured Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis. and Listeria monocytogenes in UPB. Bacterial cells were heat injured in tryptic phosphate broth at 57.2 degrees C and inoculated at populations of ca. 0.17 to 63 injured cells per ml with raw ground beef, fresh chicken, lettuce, and environmental sponge samples. Enrichment cultures were sampled at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h at 37 degrees C postinoculation, and pathogens were enumerated on appropriate selective media. Results revealed that recovery and growth of pathogens during the first 6 h of enrichment were not sufficient to ensure adequate numbers of bacteria (> 10(3) CFU/ ml) for detection by most immunoassays or PCR assays. Cells often required 3 to 4 h for recovery before growth was initiated. Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, or L. monocytogenes cell populations in enrichment cultures with ground beef or lettuce at 6 h were 0.5 to 2.9 log10 CFU/ml. At 24 h of incubation, cell counts of enrichment samples for the three pathogens from all food and environmental sponge samples ranged from 4.0 to 8.3 log10 CFU/ml. Enrichment in UPB at 37 degrees C of foods or environmental sponge samples containing heat-injured cells of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, or L. monocytogenes reliably provides at 24 h of incubation-but not at 6 h-sufficient cell populations for detection by rapid immunoassay or PCR assay procedures that can detect at least 4 log10 CFU/ml. These results raise questions regarding the sensitivity of rapid detection methods that employ an abbreviated enrichment protocol of 6 h or less.     

Evaluation of culture enrichment procedures for use with Salmonella detection immunoassay

To design efficient culture strategies for use with immunoassays to detect Salmonella in food, the growth of these organisms was investigated according to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) and enrichment-immunoassay (EI) culture procedures. The cultures were further evaluated using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The BAM procedure includes pre-enrichment in nutrient broth (NB) for 16 h followed by selective enrichment in either Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) or tetrathionate brilliant green (TBG) broth for 16 h. The EI procedure includes pre-enrichment in NB for 4 h, selective enrichment in RV for 16 h and post-enrichment in NB for 4 h. The effects of different incubation times for pre- and post-enrichment, and different culture media for selective enrichment (TBG and RV) and post-enrichment in NB and Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) on the growth of the bacteria and ELISA titers in the EI procedure were also investigated. Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium inoculated at different initial concentrations between 0.1 and 35 CFU/ml grew to similar concentrations of 10(7) to 10(8) colony forming unit (CFU)/ml in pure culture and generally 2 to 4 fold lower concentrations (P<0.05) in mixed culture using spiked chicken rinse. In the BAM procedure, the concentration of Salmonella cultured in RV was higher (P<0.01) than that in TBG. The cultures in TBG showed positive results for ELISA, but those in RV were generally negative. In the EI procedure, the ELISA titers from cultures post-enriched in NB or BHI were higher (P<0.01) when TBG, as compared to RV, was used for selective enrichment. Post-enrichment in BHI yielded higher numbers of Salmonella and higher ELISA titers than those in NB (P<0.05) for post-enrichment. This study demonstrated that in both culture procedures small numbers of Salmonella could be increased to at least 10(7) CFU/ml which is detectable by most ELISAs, and that the type of the culture media used may have a significant impact on ELISA results.