银杏叶绿体ndhF RNA编辑现象分析及C290位编辑对胁迫处理的响应

RNA编辑是一种转录后修饰加工过程,通过碱基的插入、缺失或替换可改变氨基酸的种类,增加蛋白质的疏水性和同源蛋白在不同物种间的保守性。该文通过DNA与cDNA序列的比对,分析了裸子植物银杏（Ginkgobiloba）叶绿体功能基因ndhF的编辑现象,该基因共含有21个编辑位点,且这21个位点均为部分编辑。生物信息学分析及与其它物种比对结果表明,ndhFC290位编辑可能会影响该蛋白的正确折叠。进一步使用单克隆酶切方法测定了不同胁迫处理对ndhFC290位编辑效率的影响,结果表明该位点的编辑效率对温度和黑暗敏感。     

银杏叶绿体ndhF RNA编辑现象分析及C290位编辑对胁迫处理的响应

RNA编辑是一种转录后修饰加工过程, 通过碱基的插入、缺失或替换可改变氨基酸的种类, 增加蛋白质的疏水性和同源蛋白在不同物种间的保守性。该文通过DNA与cDNA序列的比对, 分析了裸子植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶绿体功能基因ndhF的编辑现象, 该基因共含有21个编辑位点, 且这21个位点均为部分编辑。生物信息学分析及与其它物种比对结果表明, ndhF C290位编辑可能会影响该蛋白的正确折叠。进一步使用单克隆酶切方法测定了不同胁迫处理对ndhF C290位编辑效率的影响, 结果表明该位点的编辑效率对温度和黑暗敏感。     

中国樱桃CBF/DREB转录因子PpcCBF的克隆与表达分析

低温诱导中国樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasus)花芽休眠解除是一个非常复杂的过程。研究花芽响应低温的分子生物学机制将是揭示这一问题的关键。CBF/DREB转录因子在植物低温响应过程中发挥着重要作用。为此,本研究从"短柄"樱桃中克隆了一个CBF/DREB转录因子,命名为PpcC BF。生物信息学分析表明,Ppc CBF基因的开放阅读框为720 bp,编码239个氨基酸。Ppc CBF具有典型的CBF/DREB转录因子的结构特征,AP2结合域高度保守,聚类分析发现李属植物CBF/DREB转录因子亲缘关系较近。实时定量表达分析发现,Ppc CBF受低温诱导表达,且不依赖ABA。在花芽休眠解除过程中,随着低温积累而表达上调,休眠解除临界期之后下调表达,与花芽休眠解除具有极大相关性。     

First record of Stigmatijanus Wei (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)from South Korea with description of a new species

The genus Stigmatijanus Wei, 2007 is recorded from Korea for the first time. A diagnosis of the genus is briefly discussed. A new species, Stigmatijanus koreanus sp. nov., is described from Mt. Homyeong, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. A key to the three species of the genus is provided.     

桃(Prunus perscia)中一个AGAMOUS同源基因第二内含子序列的克隆和鉴定

本研究首先从桃中克隆了AGAMOUS(AG)同源基因PpMADS4的第二个内含子--pPpMADS4,全长约2.1kb。序列分析表明,该内含子含有一些对基因表达十分重要的调控元件。同时,克隆了七个不同桃品种中的PpMADS4基因的第二内含子,序列比对和SNP测算表明,PpMADS4第二内含子是一段SNP富集区域,具有高度的核苷酸多态性,但是在这段序列上各个调控元件的序列和位置都非常保守,暗示了这些调控元件可能具有很重要的生物学功能。为了认识这一内含子的调控功能,将pPpMADS4与minimal35S连接并与GUS基因融合,构建表达载体转入野生型拟南芥中。GUS染色显示,其表达主要分布在花的两轮生殖器官上,这与拟南芥中AG第二内含子调控的GUS着色部位相似,但存在着差异。PpMADS4第二内含子能够特异启动GUS在花发育晚期的表达。     

大黄属(蓼科) 植物ｎｄｈＦ 基因的适应性进化

大黄属(Rheum L.)是蓼科(Polygonaceae)中一个高度分化的大属,广泛分布在亚洲和欧洲的高山和沙漠地区,全世界约60种,其中在青藏高原及其邻近地区发现了约40种。该属种的高度分化曾被推测是第三纪末青藏高原的快速隆升以及第四纪气候的反复变化所引发的适应性辐射导致。为进一步了解大黄属植物辐射式物种分化的分子适应机制,该研究选取34个形态上多样化的大黄属物种,利用系统发育分析软件,在时间框架下采用位点模型和分支模型对大黄属的叶绿体ndhF基因进行了适应性进化分析。结果表明：大黄属植物的分子进化系统树呈现短而平行的辐射式分支式样,显示出典型的物种快速辐射多样化特征;用位点模型检验ndhF基因是否存在经受正向选择(ω>1)时,在氨基酸水平上共鉴定出3个NDHF亚基的正选择位点(188H,465H,551L),对NDHF亚基的二级结构进行分析后发现编码的188H氨基酸位于α螺旋上。大黄属植物可能通过这些结构域的适应性进化,适应青藏高原的快速隆升以及第四纪气候的反复变化而引发的陆地生态系统改变。该研究结果可为今后对该属植物的实验分析提供首选位点。     

学名索引

学名页Aeaeia aurieulaeformis············……(116) catechu·····························,···……(116) confusa···‘·····························……(116)Acalypha L.···························……(62) kerrii Craib························……(62) v irginica L.··、···················,·…(62)Acanthus ebractratus···············……(217) 11…     

封面说明

正梅花(Prunus mume)是蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus)的落叶乔木,原产中国西南部,在中国分布广泛,川、滇、藏交界的横断山区是梅的自然分布中心与变异中心。梅花通常在冬春季节先叶开放,栽培品种多样,与松、竹并称为"岁寒三友",自古以来备受人们喜爱。照片示:梅花品种‘二绿萼’(1)、‘乌羽玉’(2)、‘江南台阁’(3)的花以及‘锦红垂枝’(4)的植株(相关内容详见本期正文304～307页王富廷等的文章)。本期封面图由北京林业大学姜良宝和郝瑞杰老师拍摄。     

鼠类对山杏(Prunus armeniaca)种子扩散及存活作用研究

虽然有关鼠类搬运森林种子的证据已很清楚,但这些被移走种子的存活情况却知之甚少.提出了一个新的标记和跟踪种子的方法--标签法,即将种子拴一带有编码的细长金属片,研究了北京东灵山地区山杏(Prunus armeniaca)种子的扩散距离和存活率.于1998年6月19～20日,7月3日和10月23日共在24个样点释放1440粒山杏种子.几乎所有释放的种子在10d内被鼠类取走.夏天释放的种子比秋天释放的种子消失的速度快.大多数种子的扩散距离在20m以内,小于鼠类的活动距离.鼠类吃掉种子的速度很快,但当种子变得稀少时,种子存活率有所提高.山杏种子6、7月份的每日存活率小于其它月份的每日存活率.     

The phylogenetic utility of nucleotide sequences of sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Prunus (Rosaceae)

Sequences from s6pdh, a gene that encodes sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the Rosaceae, are used to reconstruct the phylogeny of 22 species of Prunus. The s6pdh sequences alone and in combination with previously published sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the cpDNA trnL-trnF spacer are analyzed using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Both methods reconstructed the same phylogeny when s6pdh sequences are used alone and in combination with ITS and trnL-trnF, and the topology is in agreement with previous studies that used a larger sample size. The s6pdh sequences have about twice as many informative sites as ITS. A molecular clock is rejected for s6pdh, most likely due to greater rates of evolution in subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus than in the rest of the genus. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Prunus as determined by analysis of the combined data set suggests an early split into two clades. One is composed of subgenera Cerasus, Laurocerasus, and Padus. The second includes subgenera Amygdalus, Emplectocladus, and Prunus. Species of section Microcerasus (formerly in subgenus Cerasus) are nested within subgenus Prunus. The order of branching and relationships among early diverging lineages is weakly supported, as a result of very short branches that may indicate rapid radiation.     

Calcium oxalate crystal types and trends in their distribution patterns in leaves ofPrunus (Rosaceae: Prunoideae)

Calcium oxalate crystal types and distribution within leaves ofPrunus sensu lato (Rosaceae; Prunoideae) were surveyed from mostly herbarium specimens (196 specimens of 131 species of all five subgenera usually recognized). Rehydrated samples were bleached, mounted unstained, and viewed microscopically between crossed polarizers. Six patterns were recognized based on crystal type and relative distribution around veins and in mesophyll. Druses predominate in four subgenera, but prismatics are most common in subgenus Padus. Prunophora and Amygdalus, considered to be the most advanced subgenera, have virtually only druses, which are almost always associated with veins. Cerasus and Laurocerasus, intermediate subgenera, have the greatest diversity of patterns, but few species with prismatics. A trend is evident from mostly mesophyll prismatics in Padus to fewer prismatics and more druses of mixed distribution in Laurocerasus and Cerasus, to mostly druses restricted to veins in Amygdalus and Prunophora.     

Phylogeny and Classification of Prunus sensu lato （Rosaceae）

The classification of the economically important genus Prunus L. sensu lato （s.L） is controversial due to the high levels of convergent or the parallel evolution of morphological characters. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses of fifteen main segregates of Prunus s.I. represented by eighty-four species were conducted with maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches using twelve chloroplast regions （atpB- rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, rbcL, rpL 16, rpoC1, rps16, trnS-G, trnL, trnL-F and ycfl） and three nuclear genes （ITS, s6pdh and Sbel） to explore their infrageneric used to develop a new, phylogeny-based classification relationships. The results of these analyses were of Prunus s.I. Our phylogenetic reconstructions resolved three main clades of Prunus s.I. with strong supports. We adopted a broad-sensed genus, Prunus, and recognised three subgenera corresponding to the three main clades： subgenus Padus, subgenus Cerasus and subgenus Prunus. Seven sections of subgenus Prunus were recognised. The dwarf cherries, which were previously assigned to subgenus Cerasus, were included in this subgenus Prunus. One new section name, Prunus L. subgenus Prunus section Persicae （T. T. yu ＆ L. T. Lu） S. L. Zhou and one new species name, Prunus tianshanica （Pojarkov） S. Shi, were proposed.     

Phylogenetic resolution within the tribe Episcieae (Gesneriaceae): congruence of ITS and NDHF sequences from parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses

Generic relationships within Episcieae were assessed using ITS and ndhF sequences. Previous analyses of this tribe have focussed only on ndhF data and have excluded two genera, Rhoogeton and Oerstedina, which are included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using both parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. Results from partition homogeneity tests imply that the two data sets are significantly incongruent, but when Rhoogeton is removed from the analysis, the data sets are not significantly different. The combined data sets reveal greater strength of relationships within the tribe with the exception of the position of Rhoogeton. Poorly or unresolved relationships based exclusively on ndhF data are more fully resolved with ITS data. These resolved clades include the monophyly of the genera Columnea and Paradrymonia and the sister-group relationship of Nematanthus and Codonanthe. A closer affinity between Neomortonia nummularia and N. rosea than has previously been seen is apparent from these data, although these two species are not monophyletic in any tree. Lastly, Capanea appears to be a member of Gloxinieae, although C. grandiflora remains within Episcieae. Evolution of fruit type, epiphytic habit, and presence of tubers is re-examined with the new data presented here.     

Molecular phylogeny of selected Old World Astragalus (Fabaceae): incongruence among chloroplast trnL-F, ndhF and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences

This study reports maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of selected Old World Astragalus using two chloroplast fragments including trnL-F and ndhF and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS). A total of 52 taxa including 34 euploid Old World and New World Astragalus , one aneuploid species from the Neo-Astragalus clade as a representative and 14 other Astragalean taxa, plus Cheseneya astragalina and two species of Caragana as outgroups were analyzed for both trnL-F and nrDNA ITS regions. ndhF was analyzed in 30 taxa and the same number for the combination of these three datasets were examined. In general, the trnL-F dataset and the ndhF and nrDNA ITS datasets generated more or less the same clades within Astragalus . However, in the trnL-F and ndhF phylogenies, Astragalus species are not gathered in a single clade, the so-called Astragalus s.s., as indicated by the nrDNA ITS tree. Visual inspection of these three phylogenies revealed that they were inconsistent regarding the position and relationships of Astragalus hemsleyi , A. ophiocarpus , A. annularis–A. epiglottis / Astragalus pelecinus, A. echinatus and A. arizonicus . Incongruence length difference test suggested that the trnL-F , ndhF and nrDNA ITS datasets were incongruent. In spite of this, phylogenetic analyses of the combined datasets as one unit or as three partitions generated trees that were topologically similar as a mix of the cpDNA and the nrDNA ITS trees. However, the combined dataset provided more resolved and statistically supported clades. The recently described A. memoriosus appeared closely related to A. stocksii (both from sect. Caraganella ) based on both trnL-F and nrDNA ITS sequences.     

Molecular systematics of the fern genus Hymenophyllum s.l. (Hymenophyllaceae) based on chloroplastic coding and noncoding regions

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the filmy fern genus Hymenophyllum s.l. using the rbcL and rps4 genes and the intergenic spacer rps4-trnS. Because of variation in length of the noncoding marker, we tested and compared three methods for integrating indels. They proved to be useful for estimating a phylogeny of the genus. The rps4-trnS marker, with coded indels integrated, produced better resolution than analysis of either rps4 or rbcL, and combining the three data sets allowed us to obtain a well resolved and strongly supported topology. We interpret our data as showing support for the classical bigeneric system for the family, and call into question several classifications proposed in the past century. The segregate genera Cardiomanes, Hymenoglossum, Serpyllopsis, and Rosenstockia are embedded within Hymenophyllum s.l. Although the deepest relationships within the genus remain uncertain, two subgenera described by Morton do have some support: (1) Sphaerocionium, in which the problematic section Microtrichomanes is embedded; and (2) a diverse Hymenophyllum, including species that were placed originally in Serpyllopsis, Rosenstockia, Hemicyatheon, and Craspedophyllum by Copeland. Subgenus Mecodium appears to be polyphyletic; nevertheless, a subgroup within Mecodium is strongly supported. Several unexpected associations gain support from cytological data and certain morphological characters not previously used to distinguish species groups within Hymenophyllum s.l.     

Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae)

The systematic position and intrageneric relationships of the economically important Pistacia species (Anacardiaceae) are controversial. The phylogeny of Pistacia was assessed using five data sets: sequences of nuclear ribosomal ITS, the third intron of the nuclear nitrate reductase gene (NIA-i3), and the plastid ndhF, trnL-F and trnC-trnD. Significant discordance was detected among ITS, NIA-i3, and the combined plastid DNA data sets. ITS, NIA-i3, and the combined plastid data sets were analyzed separately using Bayesian and parsimony methods. Both the ITS and the NIA-i3 data sets resolved the relationships among Pistacia species well; however, these two data sets had significant discordance. The ITS phylogeny best reflects the evolutionary relationships among Pistacia species. Lineage sorting of the NIA-i3 alleles may explain the conflicts between the NIA-i3 and the ITS data sets. The combined analysis of three plastid DNA data sets resolved Pistacia species into three major clades, within which only a few subclades were supported. Pistacia was shown to be monophyletic in all three analyses. The previous intrageneric classification was largely inconsistent with the molecular data. Some Pistacia species appear not to be genealogical species, and evidence for reticulate evolution is presented. Pistacia saportae was shown to be a hybrid with P. lentiscus (maternal) and P. terebinthus (paternal) as the parental taxa.     

Addressing the "hardest puzzle in American pomology:" Phylogeny of Prunus sect. Prunocerasus (Rosaceae) based on seven noncoding chloroplast DNA regions

Prunus subg. Prunus sect. Prunocerasus (Rosaceae) is a North American taxon with 17 commonly recognized taxa. To test the hypothesis of monophyly for the section we sequenced the trnG and rpL16 introns and the trnH-psbA and trnS-trnG intergenic spacers for at least two representatives of each of the five subgenera in Prunus. Additionally we sampled heavily among Prunus subg. Prunus sections Prunus and Armeniaca and Prunus subg. Amygdalus because these groups are putatively most closely related to Prunocerasus. Once monophyly of sect. Prunocerasus was shown we added the sequences of trnL and rpS16 introns and the trnL-trnF spacer in an attempt to increase resolution within the section. The species of sect. Prunocerasus showed an initial split with P. subcordata, the only species from western North America, sister to the rest of the group. The remaining species fell into three primary clades. Within each of the three primary clades there was little phylogenetic resolution. Lastly, we present evidence that P. texana, previously classified in subg. Amygdalus, may be a plum or at least contain a Prunocerasus chloroplast. This is the first phylogenetic hypothesis presented for sect. Prunocerasus, and the clades recovered contrast sharply with previously defined groups based on morphological characters.     

A phylogenetic analysis of Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on morphological, nuclear ribosomal (ITS), and chloroplast (trnL-F) evidence.

A phylogenetic analysis of the Old World genus Doronicum (26 species, 4 subspecies) based on sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the chloroplast spacer trnL-F, and morphology is presented. Congruence among the three data sets was explored by the computing of several indices, all of which suggest homogeneity between only the two molecular matrices. We argue that the morphological data set contains poor phylogenetic signal and advocate simultaneous analysis of the three data sets (total evidence approach) so that morphological characters are tested for homology by congruence with molecular data. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis allows several well-supported conclusions including the placement of a Corsican endemic (D. corsicum), sister to the remainder of the genus, and the inference that an early southern European or Mediterranean diversification took place in the genus. Shifts in morphological characters (e.g., homocarpy to heterocarpy) are confirmed to have evolved several times. Results from comparative studies of sequence data of the chloroplast gene ndhF support inclusion of Doronicum in tribe Senecioneae.