气举采油技术在124区Azraq区块的研究与应用

本文系统介绍了气举采油技术在苏丹124区Azraq区块高气油比低压油气藏的研究与应用,通过对Azraq油田油藏地质的研究,提出了针对Azraq油田的气举采油方法、优选了气举参数、配套了气举管柱,并在现场试验中将3口停产井成功复产,取得了非常显著的增产效果。     

对江苏苏北区块水平井钻井的研究与分析

水平井作为一项非常先进的钻井及采油技术,对于老油田的开发具有非常重要的意义,正是由于水平井特有的适用性和先进性,可以实现油藏的地质特征研究及钻完井技术、采油作业技术的有机结合,所以在油田的生产作业中发挥着越来越重要的作用。而水平井又可以解决边水突进过快的问题,且具有成本低、产量高的特点,所以近几年在江苏苏北区块的油田开发中加大了水平井钻井技术的研究与应用。江苏油田苏北区块是典型的复杂小断块低渗砂岩油藏,沉积类型较多,而且储层的非均质性非常严重,含油井段长而且油层多而薄,这些特征决定了油气层非常容易受到污染和损害,开发难度相对较大。本文针对江苏苏北区块油藏的这一特点,就水平井钻井问题进行了研究和分析。     

M油田A区块构造特征认识及新老断层变化

M油田A区块含油面积6.03km2,探明未动用地质储量123.13×104t。研究区一直以二维地震资料为主,对断层的解释精度不高,2010年钻井有2口井因钻遇断层而导致地质报废,2013年完成了三维地震资料的采集工作,因此在区块开发动用前进行三维地震资料构造精细解释非常必要。为此开展了M油田A区块构造精细解释及构造特征认识,加大对影响开发效果因素的研究力度,为下一步区块开发提供技术储备,以降低开发风险,为油藏的进一步的精细挖潜提供理论基础和技术保障,为后期的井位部署工作和注采关系调整奠定基础。     

小井眼侧钻技术在苏丹FN-2ST井的应用

侧钻井技术是降低老油田开发成本、提高采收率的有效手段。本文介绍了小井眼开窗侧钻技术在苏丹6区的成功应用情况;在施工中,通过应用长城钻探具有自主知识产权的侧钻井开窗、扩孔、完井等配套技术,顺利完成了苏丹首口5寸半小井眼开窗侧钻先导试验井FN-2ST,为苏丹的6区降本增储开辟了一条新的道路。     

提高渗透率解释精度的方法

在油田的勘探开发过程中,始终都离不开渗透率这个参数。因此,提高渗透率的解释精度就成为解释人员的一项重要工作。很多情况下,渗透率的误差可能会达到数量级的水平。如何提高渗透率的解释精度,国内外的很多学者提出不同的研究方法。本文以秘鲁1-AB区块SAN-JACINTO油田为例,利用试油试采的动态资料对测井解释的渗透率进行校正,从而能够真实地反映出原始地层的渗流特点。     

加强老井资料对比分析,高效滚动开发义901块

义901块位于渤南油田义99井区南部,义141块北部,为一断层遮挡的断鼻构造,南北均被断层遮挡。通过该块的精细构造解释,并且与南北已钻老井资料的对比分析,加大沉积规律研究力度,利用相控储层描述技术,滚动开发义901块。     

精细构造解释在苏丹GU油田的应用

苏丹GU油田的3D地震资料信噪比和分辨率较低,该区处于断陷盆地、构造复杂,精确构造解释是保证有效开发的前提。在对该区地震资料进行重新精细构造解释过程中,综合运用了合成地震记录标定技术、方差体技术、蚂蚁体识别小断层技术、时深转换技术、三维可视化等技术,使断层解释和构造解释精度有了很大提高,为建立精确的地质模型和油田开发打下了良好基础。     

文南油田文33块沙二下水淹层研究

目前中原油田广泛采用注水开发,并且已经进入高和特高含水开发阶段,水淹层解释的难度越来越大,因此进行水淹层解释已是一项非常重要的工作。本文对中原油田重点区块文33块沙二下油藏水淹层的电性特征进行研究,以期建立一套适合该区水淹层研究的图版。     

浅层水平井IGD地质导向技术在苏丹稠油油藏的应用

水平井技术在油田开发中被广泛的应用,为了开发浅层的稠油油藏,增大井眼与油藏的接触面积,提高单井的产量。在苏丹S-C/F区块进行了稠油油藏水平井技术的应用,将IGD地质导向技术引入到水平井钻井施工中,油藏钻遇率100%。本文以该区块水平井为例,将三维地质建模与传统地质导向技术相结合,充分利用LWD实时数据,取得高油层钻遇的良好效果。地质导向技术在该油田的成功实施,为水平井技术及地质导向技术在稠油油田的应用提供借鉴,并就现今现有的技术存在的问题提出研究建议。     

海外大型石化项目EPC总承包管理实践——苏丹喀土穆炼油厂扩建项目

1 项目综述 苏丹喀土穆炼油厂是由中国石油大然气集团公司和苏丹能源矿产部合资(各持有50%的股份)兴建的,工程采用中国标准规范设计、施工,是中国海外最大的一座现代化炼油厂,也是苏丹技术最先进,规模最大的炼油厂,装置加工能力250万t/a.工程于1998年5月开工建设,2000年5月实现了一次开工成功并实现安全平稳运行.开工以来,在苏丹国民经济发展中扮演了重要角色,投资双方取得了双赢的良好局面.     

现代陶艺之低温烧

现代陶艺低温烧造技术的成熟作为现代陶艺发展的一个重要方面,不仅颠覆了传统陶艺的烧成模式,更带来了适应现代视觉经验的审美选择,如今它已经成为国际陶艺界的流行语汇。从现代低温烧陶艺的历史、发展以及主要工艺等方面进行了阐述。     

压裂防砂技术的研究与应用

在油气田开发的时候,油井出砂具有非常大的危害性,从轻的说可以影响油井的生产,重者使油井停产.因此,在生产过程中采用有效的防砂措施.目前对生产井常用防砂方法主要是化学固砂和管内井下砾石填充两种方法,虽然有不错的防砂效果,但都产能比较低,严重制约了油井的正常开采,不能从根部解决油井出砂难题.为此,有必要找到防砂效果好,效果持久,还不制约油井产量的防砂法,压裂和防砂相结合的复合技术,被称为压裂防砂.     

漂珠-微硅复合低密度水泥浆体系在苏丹1-2-4区块应用中的抗压强度与密度和温度之间的相关性研究

固井水泥浆抗压强度是固井质量的重要参数,而地层温度和水泥浆密度是影响抗压强度的重要参数指标。本文结合近年来苏丹1-2-4区块漂珠+微硅复合低密度高强度水泥浆体系的广泛应用与国内学者对该水泥浆体系进行的室内理论研究,利用多元回归分析方法对实验所得该水泥浆体系的抗压强度等重要参数数据进行线性回归分析,得到线性回归模型。结果表明:漂珠+微硅复合低密度高强度水泥浆体系抗压强度与实验温度(模拟地层温度)、水泥浆密度之间确实存在着线性相关关系,应用回归模型可以利用温度和密度数据来计算抗压强度,从而对固井现场施工工作起到指导作用。     

Characterisation of block copolymer self‐assemblies by thermal field‐flow fractionation

The ability of block copolymers to self‐assemble into various nanostructures (such as micelles) has attracted significant attention over the years as these block copolymers provide a versatile platform that can readily be modified for a wide range of applications. As such, the solution behaviour of block copolymers has been at the forefront of the modern nanotechnology revolution. However, these novel block copolymer‐based self‐assemblies lack suitable characterisation techniques to determine size, molar mass and compositional distributions simultaneously. This mini‐review gives a short background on the current techniques used to determine important micelle properties as well as their limitations for characterising complex samples. Current column‐based fractionation techniques used for determining property distributions are addressed. As a result of the limitations of column‐based fractionations, a multidetector thermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) approach is put forward as a powerful alternative for determining not only size and molar mass distributions, but also other micelle properties as a function of temperature. More importantly, ThFFF is highlighted as the only current characterisation platform capable of addressing the analytical challenges associated with compositional distributions of polymer self‐assemblies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Tomographic Measurement Techniques – Visualization of Multiphase Flows

Tomographic measurement techniques have become increasingly popular for the application in the field of chemical and process engineering. With this techniques, the fields of density, concentration, temperature, velocity or local void fraction can be measured without interfering with the multiphase flow. These fields are often either instationary or even have transient character. Therefore, the used tomographic measurement techniques have to have a high spatial and temporal resolution. In this paper known tomographic measurement systems are described and compared to each other. The sensor systems and reconstruction methods are explained. As an example, the applications of electrical and x-ray tomography are described for the imaging the flow inside random and structured packings. With the electrical tomographic measurement technique a temporal resolution of up to 100 frames per second is achieved, whereas with the x-ray tomography spatial resolutions of 0.4mm are possible.     

Small-angle X-ray scattering investigations of fractal dimensions of hybrid inorganic organic network (ceramers) based on tetraethylorthosilicate and polytetramethylene oxide

Over the last 2 years the sol gel technique has become very popular because of its ability to yield multicomponent inorganic glasses at low temperatures. More recently techniques to incorporate functionlized organic species into a sol gel network of metal alkoxides have been developed and studied in our laboratory as well as others. Most of these studies have focussed on the structure-property behavior of these materials, with an emphasis on understanding the properties in terms of the level of microphase separation that occurs during the network buildup in these systems. While much has been gained in this respect, the desire exists to characterize better the structure of the inorganic phase in such systems, and in this respect, utilization of small-angle X-ray scattering profiles can provide information about this structure through fractal analysis. The work discussed here focuses specifically on the fractal character of specific ceramer materials produced as a result of the reaction between tetraethylorthosilicate and end-functionalized polytetramethylene oxide. It is shown that the cosolvent system utilized to compatibilize the reactants plays a very important role in development of the structure of the inorganic phase in these hybrid materials.     

Critical aspects in the electrochemical study of unstable coated metallic substrates

Electrochemical methods are largely employed for the study of coated metallic substrates. Electrochemical techniques are very useful for investigation of coating performances also in the field of corrosion protection of aluminum alloys where replacement of chromate based coatings is an important issue. Application of sol–gel technique has recently made available thin inorganic protective coatings that can be considered as an alternative to chromate systems. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour of defect free inorganic films which can be considered an inert material. As a consequence, investigation of this inert material might generate critical aspects related to rapid fluctuations of its open circuit potential and current density during open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Moreover, the unstable nature of the sol–gel very thin films is a critical issue also in electrochemical impedance measurements carried out under potential control because variation of the open circuit potential of the system during data acquisition might lead to sample damage. Impedance measurements under current control is an alternative method for data acquisition. This technique is considered in the present paper for the investigation of AA2024 substrate coated with a thin sol–gel layer and for chromate conversion coated alloy.     

苏丹3/7区水平井轨迹剖面设计解析

苏丹3/7区水平井施工存在着邻井井距大、参考井相对少、目的层不确定的地质特点,而在工程方面甲方要求不作导眼设计和施工中不能填井,为此为满足甲方需求及水平井油层钻进的最大钻遇率,在工程设计上采用了与国内不同的剖面设计。通过长城钻探和其它国际公司在该区块实施的水平井总体来看,该区块水平井轨迹剖面设计有一定的可借鉴性。本文通过解析该区块水平井剖面设计,介绍了苏丹3/7区水平井轨迹剖面设计情况,以望为国内类同地质情况下的水平井设计提供一点参考作用。     

致密砂岩气藏的压裂增产和压裂后储层保护技术

致密砂岩气是一种非常重要的非常规资源,它具有低孔（4%~12%）、低渗（﹤0.1×10-3 um2）、含气饱和度低、含水饱和度高、孔喉半径小等特征。由于致密砂岩气藏具有复杂的储层结构,多种孔隙、喉道、微裂缝发育,因此通过压裂技术实现低渗致密气藏增产是很重要的。致密砂岩气藏的压裂增产技术主要有分层压裂技术、大型压裂技术、水平井分段压裂技术、CO2泡沫压裂技术等,这些技术现在在国内外致密砂岩气藏增产中都取得了一定的成果。本文对这几种主要的压裂方法做了介绍。同时,由于压裂增产改造后,外来颗粒和滤液侵入会对储层造成一定的损害,因此压裂改造后的储层保护也非常重要,现在主要使用屏蔽暂堵技术来降低损害程度,保护储层,为今后的开发提供保障。     

Application of GPC in the Study of Stereospecific Block Copolymers

Abstract

Three different techniques involved in the preparation of Stereospecific block copolymers were studied using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These techniques involved the use of a monofunctional organo-lithium catalyst, a difunctional organolithium catalyst, and a combination of a monofunctional organolithium catalyst and a coupling technique. GPC curves were obtained on the block copolymers using two different column sequences and solvents. The ABA block copolymers studied contained styrene, vinyl toluene, or α-methyl styrene as thermoplastic monomers and butadiene as the elastomeric monomer. The results obtained showed that block copolymers prepared using monomers and catalyst systems free of impurities generally exhibited single peaked GPC curves. In systems where impurities were found to be present, small amounts of A block homopolymer and AB block copolymer were formed. In such cases, the GPC curves were observed to have two or three peaks.