水化状态对含针刺GCL复合衬里抗剪强度的影响分析

针刺GCL和HDPE土工膜(GM)在防渗工程中应用广泛,含多层界面的复合衬里整体抗剪强度是边坡稳定性分析的关键。介绍了含针刺GCL复合衬里的大单剪试验方法,并且对比分析了针刺GCL初始状态分别为干燥和完全水化两种情况下的复合衬里抗剪强度。结果表明,复合衬里的剪切破坏不会发生在干燥针刺GCL内部界面,而GCL干燥状态下的复合衬里单剪强度未必高于GCL完全水化状态下的复合衬里单剪强度。结合含GCL复合衬里的剪切破坏机理,阐述了针刺GCL的水化状态对复合衬里抗剪强度的影响。含GCL复合衬里在不同水化状态下的界面滑移稳定性都应引起工程人员的重视。     

不同温度下水化针刺GCL+GM复合衬里的剪切特性

针刺GCL和糙面土工膜(GM)组成的复合防渗衬里应用广泛,其在用于处置矿物冶炼废物或固体废弃物等情况时可能面临变化的温度环境。针对复合衬里剪切强度的温度效应问题,利用大尺寸温控水浴直剪仪对水化针刺GCL+GM复合衬里开展了不同温度下不限定剪切破坏面的整体剪切试验。获得了复合衬里在10℃～70℃温度范围内的剪切强度,揭示了复合衬里在不同水化温度条件和法向应力下的剪切破坏特征。试验结果表明:复合衬里的应力位移曲线在所有测试温度下都表现出明显的峰值和后峰值软化现象;复合衬里的峰值剪切强度和大位移抗剪能力均在接近室温的20℃条件下达到最大值,升高或降低温度都将使得复合衬里的剪切强度出现明显减小;温度环境的改变对复合衬里的剪切强度和破坏模式影响显著,温度效应对含土工合成材料边坡稳定安全的影响应引起重视。     

水化针刺GCL剪切破坏机理的试验研究

土工膨润土防水毯(GCL)的内部剪切强度是影响复合防渗衬里边坡稳定性的关键因素,加筋纤维的存在使针刺GCL的内部剪切强度明显高于非加筋GCL。含水化GCL的复合防渗衬里结构剪切试验会发生应力小峰值现象,但大都被研究人员忽视;加筋纤维对GCL峰值剪切强度的贡献处于定性阶段。通过开展GCL内夹钠基膨润土的饱和剪切试验和理论分析,证实应力小峰值现象为水化针刺GCL应力位移曲线的固有特征,并且小峰值应力代表了GCL内夹膨润土的抗剪强度贡献。以应力位移曲线上的应力小峰值现象为基础,将加筋纤维对GCL峰值剪切强度的贡献定量化,结合破坏机理分析了针刺GCL内部剪切破坏和应力位移发展过程。考虑针刺GCL剪切强度各部分贡献,提出了一种能反映针刺GCL破坏机理的峰值强度准则。     

土工膜/GCL界面剪切强度特性的试验研究

土工复合膨润土垫(GCL)是一种新型复合材料,其良好的防渗隔气功能以及抗张拉的能力使其与HDPE土工膜(GM)的联合使用在填埋场具有广泛的应用前景,但GM/GCL界面较低的剪切强度易导致填埋场衬垫系统等失稳。利用大尺寸界面直剪仪进行三种不同土工膜与GCL界面的剪切试验,重点研究GCL不同加载水化顺序对膨润土挤出及界面强度的影响。试验结果表明:干燥状态下,粗糙土工膜/GCL界面的峰值强度较大于光滑土工膜/GCL界面的峰值强度,但粗糙土工膜/GCL界面表现出强烈的应变软化特性,其残余强度接近于光滑土工膜/GCL界面的强度;不同加载水化顺序是影响膨润土挤出的重要因素,并严重影响界面剪切强度;膨润土挤出造成粗糙土工膜/GCL界面的峰值摩擦角降低3.5°,大位移摩擦角降低7.6°,接近光滑土工膜/GCL界面的摩擦角。     

垃圾填埋场多层复合衬垫的破坏面特征

多层土工合成材料复合衬垫的极限破坏面特性是垃圾填埋场稳定分析的重要问题,单一固定破坏面的观点已经被广泛接受。在多层土工合成材料复合衬垫的整体叠环式单剪试验后发现极限破坏界面并非单一固定,而是随着法向应力的变化发生由一个界面向另一界面转移,且在一定的法向应力范围内还可能同时出现两个具有相同剪切强度的极限破坏界面;多层土工合成材料复合衬垫中各层的剪切应力–位移曲线是硬化型的,衬垫系统的剪切强度总是低于极限破坏界面的剪切强度。试验结果表明,叠环式单剪仪能更正确和合理地模拟填埋场中的多层复合衬垫在加载过程中的实际剪切变形情况和复合衬垫中材料间的相互作用,从而能更好地揭示多层复合衬垫系统的整体剪切特性。     

垃圾填埋场沿底部衬垫双层界面失稳破坏分析

垃圾填埋场底部衬垫系统中黏土-土工膜(GM)界面和土工织物(GT)-土工膜界面的剪切强度较低,极易沿界面发生失稳破坏。提出三阶段界面本构模型描述界面的软化特性,采用有限差分程序建立计算模型,研究了垃圾体弹性模量、密度、高度和背坡坡度变化对界面剪应力和剪切位移的影响。分析结果表明:随着垃圾体弹性模量的增加,基地处界面剪切位移和剪应力均逐渐增大,而背坡处界面剪切位移和剪应力逐渐减小;随着垃圾体密度和填埋高度的增加,界面剪应力和剪切位移均逐渐增大,而背坡坡度对界面剪切位移影响较大;通过GT/GM界面和GM/地基土界面剪应力和剪切位移的对比分析可知,界面失稳破坏往往发生在抗剪强度较小的界面。     

GCL/GM界面膨润土挤出机理研究

土工复合膨润土垫(GCL)具有良好的防渗隔气及抗张拉等性能,在填埋场中具有较好的应用前景。GCL/GM界面由于膨润土挤出而导致其剪切强度较小,将影响GCL在填埋场边坡中的使用。因此,采用改进的固结仪进行了膨润土挤出机理的研究,重点探讨了正应力、加载速率、加载与水化的顺序、土工织物类型以及渗滤液等因素对膨润土挤出的影响,并在实验结果的基础上提出了超孔隙水压力挤出机理:快速加载时,GCL内部产生了较大的超孔隙水压力,导致膨润土颗粒在该渗透力的作用下通过土工织物中的孔隙往GCL/GM界面的间隙迁移。     

带剪切销钉的复合砂浆加固砌体界面抗剪性能研究

通过对16个复合砂浆加固砌体试件进行砌体-复合砂浆界面的抗剪试验,得到了界面的破坏形态、抗剪强度和荷载-滑移曲线。试验结果表明：剪切销钉能显著提高粘结面的抗剪强度,并且随剪切销钉植筋面积增加界面抗剪强度也随之增大;剪切销钉能改变界面的破坏模式,增大界面破坏时的滑移变形;剪切销钉植筋深度是影响界面抗剪强度和破坏形式的另一个主要因素,砌体中剪切销钉的最小植筋深度应取10倍销钉直径;水泥基界面剂对界面抗剪强度有负面影响,因此用水泥复合砂浆加固砌体结构时不宜使用水泥基界面剂。在试验研究基础上,拟合了考虑剪切销钉植筋面积的砌体-复合砂浆界面抗剪强度公式。图10表3参10     

垃圾填埋场土工合成材料的界面特性试验方法研究

拉拔、直剪、单剪试验常用于材料间界面特性研究,通过对垃圾填埋场中组成复合衬垫的土工膜、土工布和砂土、黏土界面分别进行了土工膜与砂土、土工膜与黏土、土工布与砂土、土工布与黏土的拉拔试验,土工布与砂土、土工膜与黏土的直剪试验及土工网–土工膜–黏土组合界面的单剪试验。研究结果表明:土工合成材料与土界面特性主要取决于土工合成材料的表面性质,直剪和单剪试验得到应力–位移曲线的初始斜率高于拉拔试验;法向应力由低向高变化时控制滑动面也发生了变化,界面特性受到防渗结构层中相邻材料的影响;在3种试验中拉拔试验得到的界面强度包线最高,单剪次之,直剪最低;单剪试验能较合理地模拟垃圾填埋场复合防渗结构的工作条件,建议利用单剪试验技术确定界面的强度参数,直剪试验也是可选择的试验方法。     

不同水灰比注浆锯齿结构面剪切力学特性试验研究

岩体结构面对围岩强度控制作用较为明显,为了解决破碎围岩变形较大问题,一般采用注浆支护技术作为防止工程灾害的有效手段。依据人工锯齿结构面开展未注浆与不同水灰比铝酸盐水泥注浆加固的室内直剪试验,揭示注浆加固机制。试验结果表明:(1)注浆支护对结构面的峰值强度、黏聚力、界面刚度有提高作用。同一法向应力条件下,随着水灰比的增大,剪切峰值强度和界面黏聚力均减小。(2)界面的破坏形式:锯齿由不同起伏角组成,未注浆界面在发生剪切破坏时,模式为剪断,磨损,爬坡,啃断耦合效应。注浆后界面发生剪切破坏时,在峰值强度过后,曲线波动振幅较大,破坏从黏结力的破坏转化为滑移破坏。注浆滑移破坏与未注浆界面破坏表征相似。(3)法向位移与剪切位移曲线表明,未注浆结构面以剪胀性为主,注浆结构面呈现出先剪缩,后剪胀的特性。     

Shear strength of geosynthetic composite systems for design of landfill liner and cover slopes

Torsional ring shear tests were performed on composite specimens that simulate the field alignment of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill liner and cover system components. Simultaneous shearing was provided to each test specimen without forcing failure to occur through a pre-determined plane. Composite liner specimens consisted of a textured geomembrane (GM) underlain by a needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) which in turn underlain by a compacted silty clay. Hydrated specimens were sheared at eleven different normal stress levels. Test results revealed that shear strength of the composite liner system can be controlled by different failure modes depending on the magnitude of normal stress and the comparative values of the GCL interface and internal shear strength. Failure following these modes may result in a bilinear or trilinear peak strength envelope and a corresponding stepped residual strength envelope. Composite cover specimens that comprised textured GM placed on unreinforced smooth GM-backed GCL resting on compacted sand were sheared at five different GCL hydration conditions and a normal stress that is usually imposed on MSW landfill cover geosynthetic components. Test results showed that increasing the GCL hydration moves the shearing plane from the GCL smooth GM backing/sand interface to that of the textured GM/hydrated bentonite. Effects of these interactive shear strength behaviors of composite liner and cover system components on the possibility of developing progressive failure in landfill slopes were discussed. Recommendations for designing landfill geosynthetic-lined slopes were subsequently given. Three-dimensional stability analysis of well-documented case history of failed composite system slope was presented to support the introduced results and recommendations.     

Shear strength and failure mechanism of needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner

The internal shear strength of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) within composite liner systems is crucial for the stability of landfills and should be carefully considered in the design. To explore the shear strength and failure mechanism of the extensively used needle-punched GCL, a series of displacement-controlled direct shear tests with five normal stress levels (250–1000 kPa) and eight displacement rates (1–200 mm/min) were conducted. The shear stress to horizontal displacement relationships exhibit well-defined peak shear strengths and significant post-peak strength reductions. The monitoring results of the thickness change indicate that the degree of volumetric contraction is related to the reorientation of fibers and dissipation of pore water pressure. Furthermore, the peak and residual shear strengths both depend on the displacement rate because of the rate-dependent tensile stiffness of needle-punched fibers and shear strength of the soil/geosynthetic interface. Through additional tests and lateral comparison, it was discovered that the shear behavior of sodium bentonite, degree of hydration, and pore water pressures all affect the shear mechanisms of the NP GCL. In particular, the failure mode transfers from fiber pullout to fiber rupture with the increase in water content as the hydrated bentonite particles facilitate the stretching of needle-punched fibers.     

Failure mechanisms of geosynthetic clay liner and textured geomembrane composite systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate shear behavior and failure mechanisms of composite systems comprised of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and textured geomembrane (GMX). Internal and interface direct shear tests were performed at normal stresses ranging from 100 kPa to 2000 kPa on eight different GCL/GMX composite systems. These composite systems were selected to assess the effects of (i) GCL peel strength, (ii) geotextile type, (iii) geotextile mass per area, and (iv) GMX spike density. Three failure modes were observed for the composite systems: complete interface failure, partial interface/internal failure, and complete internal failure. Increasing normal stress transitioned the failure mode from complete interface to partial interface/internal to complete internal failure. The peak critical shear strength of GCL/GMX composite systems increased with an increase in GMX spike density. However, the effect of geotextile type and mass per area more profoundly influenced peak critical shear strength at normal stress > 500 kPa, whereby an increase in geotextile mass per area enhanced interlocking between a non-woven geotextile and GMX. Peel strength of a GCL only influenced the GCL/GMX critical shear strength when the failure mode was complete internal failure.     

Evaluation of interface shear strength of composite liner system and stability analysis for a landfill lining system in Thailand

The paper presents the case history of laboratory evaluation of the interface shear strength properties of various interfaces encountered in a modern day landfill with emphasis on proper simulation of field conditions and subsequent use of these results in the stability analyses of liner system. Over 70 large direct shear tests were systematically conducted to evaluate the interface shear strength properties of composite liner system using project specific materials under site specific conditions, being used at non-hazardous and hazardous landfills project situated in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. The critical interfaces were located between the geotextiles and the smooth geomembrane (GM), the smooth GM and the geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), and the smooth GM liner and the compacted clay liner (CCL) with the interface friction angles ranging from 6.5° to 10.5° for dry conditions and 6.5° to 9.5° in wet conditions. The residual shear stress for these interfaces was attained at a displacement less than 4 mm. Three methods, namely, limit equilibrium method (LEM), limit method (LM), and the simple composite column (SCC) approach were used to evaluate the tensile loads induced in the geosynthetic components. The SCC approach proposed by Liu, C.N. [2001. Tension of geosynthetics material regarding soils on landfill liner slopes. Proceedings, National Science Council ROC(A), 25(4), 211–218] that takes into account the force equilibrium as well as displacement compatibility yielded satisfactory results. The factor of safety for geosynthetic components in the liner was found to be greater than 3.0 for both types of landfill.     

Shear strength of landfill liner interface in the case of varying normal stress

Landfills are sequentially filled by solid waste lifts, thus normal stress on the liner interface changes in different shear stages, which may affect selection of interface strength in landfill slope stability analysis. Shear tests were conducted at the liner interfaces of geomembrane/geotextile (GM/GT) and geomembrane/geocomposite/sand (GM/GC/Sand), and the normal stress changed in different shear stages. Values of friction angles on both the GM/GT and GM/GC/Sand interfaces obtained by direct and simple shear tests under increasing normal stress in the hardening, softening, and large-displacement stages were lower than those obtained by the traditional direct shear test. The reduction was greater for peak friction angles. Since the peak liner interface strength obtained by staged loading is lower than the peak interface strength by using the traditional shear test method, using the peak shear strength obtained from the traditional direct shear test for the base floor liner to conduct slope stability analysis may cause an un-conservative result. It is necessary to consider the effects of normal stress changes on the liner interface strength in landfill slope stability analysis.     

Investigation of mechanisms of bentonite extrusion from GCL and related effects on the shear strength of GCL/GM interfaces

Two groups of laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the effect of bentonite extrusion from a hydrated GCL on the shear strength of GCL/GM interfaces. All tests were performed with the woven geotextile side of GCL against the GM. The first group of tests were one-dimensional loading tests in which the GCL/GM specimens were subjected to hydration and vertical loading involving different sequences and loading rates. The second group of tests were large direct shear tests that studied the effect of shearing on bentonite extrusion and hence on shear strength reduction. It was found that bentonite extrusion occurs more readily from GCL/GM interfaces subjected to a swelling-loading sequence than those subjected to a loading-swelling sequence. The quantity of extruded bentonite during the normal loading showed an increasing trend with an increase in loading rate. The total mass/area of extruded bentonite during the normal loading ranged from 0 to 21.9 g/m², which was less than the quantity of bentonite extruded during the subsequent shearing (i.e., 10.7 – 81.1 g/m²). It was found that the volume of bentonite extruded at the large shear displacement caused a significant strength loss equivalent with 8° in terms of interface friction angle. The influence of bentonite extrusion on the peak shear strength showed a magnitude of 3.5° in terms of interface friction angle. The relatively insignificant bentonite extrusion during hydration and normal loading was observed to have a minor effect on the strength loss. Observations from the experimental results provide further insight into the mechanisms of bentonite extrusion.     

Dynamic shear behaviors of textured geomembrane/nonwoven geotextile interface under cyclic loading

Textured geomembrane (GMB) and nonwoven geotextile (GTX) are usually used together in liner systems of MSW landfills, but the low shear strength of GMB/GTX interface is extremely detrimental to the stability of landfills, especially under earthquake loading. To study the dynamic shear strength of the GMB/GTX interface, a series of displacement-controlled cyclic direct shear tests are conducted with a large-scale direct shear machine. Normal stress levels ranging from 100 to 1000 kPa and displacement amplitudes ranging from 5 to 25 mm are considered. To compare the failure mechanism, GMB and GTX specimens are tested in not only hydrated but also dry conditions. Different waveforms and excitation frequencies are also applied to analyze the effects of test conditions. It can be seen that the shear deformation develops totally along the GMB/GTX interface when specimens are fully hydrated, while the internal failure of GTX is induced in dry condition. Equivalent linear analyses reveal that the shear stiffness depends on normal stress and displacement amplitude, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitude. Variations of shear strength during the shear process indicate that the softening behavior of the GMB/GTX interface is closely related to cumulative displacement and normal stress level. Furthermore, based on test results, a positive correlation is summarized between the shear strength and displacement rate of the interface.     

Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength between Geosynthetics Under Wet Condition

This paper presents direct shear testing data for interfaces between a nonwoven geotextile or two types of geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) (reinforced and unreinforced) and two types of geomembranes (smooth and textured). In this study, the effect of moisture on interface shear behavior was investigated by performing shear tests in both dry and wet (or hydrated) conditions because the geosynthetic interfaces in a landfill are easily exposed to rain, leachate and groundwater beneath the liners. The degree of strength reduction with increasing displacement and the effect of the normal stress level on friction angles were examined, and the modified hydration method applied for the GCL was also validated. The test results showed that the normal stress level, interface water presence and hydration methods dominated the interface shear strength and behavior. The relationship between the peak secant friction angle and the normal stress demonstrated that the friction angle decreased with increasing normal stress, implying that the shear strength for safe design should be determined by using the maximum value of the normal stress applied in landfills. Finally, comparisons with a few published test results were presented and some design implications for the geosynthetic-installed landfills were discussed.