序贯高斯模拟在围岩质量预测中的应用

围岩质量的准确划分对隧道工程的建设成本控制和施工安全至关重要。根据局部范围内的围岩信息估计整个隧道址区围岩质量分布时,常规的插值算法(反距离加权插值法、平均法等)未能充分考虑变量空间分布的结构性,因此预测精度较低。为了更好地考虑地质信息间的空间结构性,本文结合RMR14法对围岩质量进行定量评价,将序贯高斯模拟方法应用到掌子面前方围岩质量的预测。利用钻孔、物探、地质素描等采集的地质信息,通过变差函数的模拟对其空间自相关性进行定量描述。采用序贯高斯模拟方法,以RMR14法各评分指标为研究对象分别进行变量估计,进而对未开挖掌子面围岩情况进行定量评估。以试刀山隧道工程为例对该方法进行验证,预测结果保持了近70%的预测精度。研究结果表明:基于指标的序贯高斯模拟方法在RMR值预测方面有良好的表现,同时能反映更多的地质信息;此外,序贯高斯模拟方法能够很好地反应空间中RMR值的细微变化,可以克服克里金方法的“平滑效应”;具有一定的工程应用推广价值。     

可拓学理论在洞室岩体质量评价中的应用

将可拓工程方法与洞室岩体质量评价相结合,从洞室工程的角度选取能够反映岩体综合工程特性的参数进行评价。在物元理论、可拓集合论和关联函数运算的基础上,建立了洞室岩体质量评价的物元模型。通过实际洞室岩体质量等级的关联度计算,对石牌岭公路隧道岩体质量进行了可拓学评价,将评价结果与以往的“RMR”评价方法的评价结果对比分析,认为洞室岩体质量的可拓学评价能够较准确地反映洞室岩体的工程特性。     

基于隧道铣挖施工适应性的围岩质量分级方法

围岩质量分级是悬臂式掘进机隧道铣挖施工方法适应性评价的重要依据。为了建立相应围岩质量分级方法,首先基于瞬时掘进速率(ICR)可综合体现工程地质条件和机械设备因素对隧道铣挖施工影响的特点,提出以铣挖瞬时掘进速率为依据的隧道围岩质量分级标准;然后,在探讨围岩质量分级影响因素和评价指标的基础上,考虑影响因素的模糊性和层次性特点,建立铣挖施工隧道围岩质量分级的三级模糊综合评价模型,并提出诸如连续型和离散型评价指标隶属度及其权重向量等模型参数确定方法;同时,为减小隶属度和权重确定的主观性,提出确保隶属度和权重确定的客观性与合理性的相应策略;最后,通过工程实例计算,并与实测结果进行比较分析,表明本文模型与方法的合理性与可行性。     

基于层次分析-云模型的隧道围岩分级方法研究

隧道工程地质条件具有复杂多变的特点,造成围岩分级存在一定的模糊性。针对围岩分级问题的复杂性,将云模型应用于隧道围岩分级的评价中,建立围岩质量分级评价的层次分析-云模型方法。将岩石单轴饱和抗压强度、岩体完整性系数、隧道涌水量、结构面与洞轴线夹角、围岩弹性纵波波速作为隧道围岩的分级指标,使用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重系数,并构建评价指标的云模型,从而获得隧道围岩分级的确定度。最后,利用层次分析-云模型对营盘山隧道5个洞段的围岩进行分级,并将判定结果与熵权-云模型、可拓法围岩分级评判结果进行对比,验证该判别分析法的有效性。实例结果表明了该方法在隧道围岩分级中的科学性、可行性,为隧道围岩分级提供了新方法。     

岩体质量评价体系的综合应用分析

为了准确地对苏州阳山岩体质量进行评价,采用了BQ、Q、RMR、GSI四种岩体质量评价方法,且分级结果基本一致,评价结果可以用于岩体工程稳定性评价。并对BQ、Q、RMR的两两相关性进行了分析,结果显示BQ与RMR呈线性关系,BQ与Q,RMR与Q呈对数关系。采用Hoek-Brown法对阳山岩体物理力学参数进行了计算,结果显示岩体强度较低,与岩体质量评价结果一致。最后以阳山凝灰岩为例,对岩体结构面强度进行了估算并分析了结构面条件对岩体强度的影响,结果显示结构面法向应力及节理连通率对结构面强度的影响较大且有相互制约的现象。分析结论可以为岩体工程的稳定性评价提供参考。     

基于组合赋权–未确知测度理论的围岩稳定性评价

针对岩体围岩稳定性评价多指标性和不确定性的特点,使用改进的层次分析法和熵值法确定各影响指标权重,并在此基础上,提出一种新的组合赋权规则,得到相对客观准确的结果。依据岩体围岩稳定性影响指标和分级标准,甄选了6个定性指标和8个定量指标,采用组合赋权–未确知测度理论耦合评价模型,构建了评价指标未确知测度函数、评价指标组合赋权值、置信度判别准则,对研究评价12处围岩断面进行了稳定性评价,获得了每个围岩断面稳定性等级,并与现场评价和模糊理论评价结果对比,评价结果基本符合实际情况。研究表明:岩体围岩稳定性的组合赋权–未确知测度模型是一种科学合理的方法,确保了评测对象信息的完整性和评测结果的客观性、准确性、可靠性,为工程岩体围岩稳定性的评价分级提供了一种新思维,具有工程实践指导意义。     

基于可拓学理论的黄土隧道围岩分级方法研究

为解决现有黄土隧道围岩分级方法理论依据不足的问题,在总结分析黄土隧道围岩力学性能、构造特性评价指标的基础上,利用可拓学理论建立关联函数,解决各评价指标之间的融合问题,对黄土隧道围岩分级做一些探索性的工作,以期为黄土隧道的设计与施工提供理论依据。研究结果表明:基于可拓学理论的黄土隧道围岩分级方法综合考虑了黄土的强度性质、变形性质、各向异性、构造特性,使得其分级结果更加客观、准确;利用可拓围岩分级方法求得的掌子面围岩的关联度不仅可判定掌子面围岩级别,而且其数值大小可定量反映掌子面围岩质量好坏程度;可拓围岩分级结果与现场围岩级别分类的结果基本一致,存在的分级误差基本属于“亚级”之间的差异,未出现“跳级”现象;且该结果与规范中围岩分类结果相比,其准确度更高。     

隧道围岩分级方法综合研究

在总结国内外有一定代表性的隧道围岩分级方法的基础上,阐述了围岩分级方法发展现状,探讨了围岩分级方法的发展趋势,从而促进隧道围岩分级方法的研究,更好地反映各类工程岩体的质量好坏。     

用隧道围岩站立时间确定复合式衬砌的荷载分配

 利用RMR 分级数据库, 通过对其中有效的95 个实例的分析, 建立了隧道特征指标与岩体站立时间的线性关系, 证实了围岩的稳定程度主要受岩体质量的控制, 隧道的跨度只起次要作用。结合我国铁路隧道中的围岩压力与站立时间的概率分布相互独立的特点, 推出了初期支护和二次衬砌各自在承担围岩压力时的比例计算公式。     

模糊评判理论在围岩分级中的应用

基于围岩等级确定的重要性,分析了模糊综合评价的基本原理,探讨了隧道围岩分级的概念及指标,论述了隧道围岩分级的模型及步骤,并通过具体工程实例,验证了模糊评判理论有良好的可操作性.     

层状岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性的模糊评价

在现有多种围岩分类标准的基础上,结合层状岩体的工程特性,采用多因素的岩体分类,并运用模糊数学的处理方法,对层状岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性进行了合理的综合因素模糊评价,以较好地解决围岩稳定性评价问题。     

On the use of the RMR system for estimation of rock mass deformation modulus

Estimation of rock mass deformation modulus is the subject of many studies in rock engineering research work. Although numerous predictive models have been developed for the estimation of the deformation modulus, they cannot be generalized for other sites because of inadequate accuracy. Furthermore, it is very valuable that the predictive models involve some accessible input parameters. The rock mass rating (RMR) is a well-known geomechanical parameter, which is usually determined to describe the quality of rock mass in rock engineering projects. In this study, five parameter ratings of the RMR classification system are used to predict the deformation modulus of rock mass in the abutment of the Gotvand earth dam. Statistical analysis and an artificial neural network are employed to present two new predictive models. Finally, probabilistic analysis is used to predict the rock mass deformation modulus, which overcomes the low accuracy caused by the inherent uncertainty in prediction. The results indicated that the parameter ratings used in the RMR classification system can predict the rock mass deformation modulus with a satisfactory correlation. However, the parameters don’t have the same influence on the rock mass deformability with the joint condition and the groundwater as the major and minor influencing parameters, respectively.     

A methodology for evaluation and classification of rock mass quality on tunnel engineering

In this paper a new methodology for evaluation and classification of rock mass quality that can be applied to rock tunneling is presented. An evaluation model based on combing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) for assessing the rock mass rating is the main procedure. This research treats rock mass classification as a group decision problem, and applies the fuzzy logic theory as the criterion to calculate the weighting of factors. The main advantage of this procedure is that it can effectively change the weighting of each rating parameter with the variation of geological conditions. The proposed method was evaluated and applied to the actual cases that are the two tunnels along the Second Northern Highway around Taipei area in Taiwan, namely Mu-Zha and Hsin-Tien tunnels. It was found that the determined results were in a good agreement with the original data assessed by the RMR. Results of the analyses show that it can be provided a more quantitative measure of rock mass and hence minimize judgmental bias. The proposed method should be more feasible for future tunnel construction and for suggestions of tunnel support design in the geological area of Taiwan.     

Prediction of the blastability designation of rock masses using fuzzy sets

The main objective of rock blasting design is to achieve a balance among optimum powder factor, proper fragmentation, throws, ground vibration, etc. The in-situ rock mass properties are among the most important contributory factors in fragmentation. The term blastability is used to indicate the susceptibility of the rock mass to blasting and its characterization has become a pressing task for blasting operations. Several approaches have been used for estimating blastability. Despite their widespread use in practice, they have some common deficiencies leading to uncertainties in their practical applications through sharp transitions between two adjacent rating classes and the subjective uncertainties on data, which are close to the range boundaries of rock classes. In this study, the fuzzy set theory was applied to blastability designation (BD) classification systems. Furthermore, a new methodology in terms of "Effective Rules" is developed in construction of rule base part of the Mamdani fuzzy inference system structure, to efficiently solve fuzzy inference systems with a large number of fuzzy rules (e.g. nearly 400,000 rules). In comparison with the conventional methods, it was seen that the fuzzy model operated more consistently. Moreover, it was shown that the fuzzy set theory could effectively overcome the uncertainties encountered in the practical applications of conventional classification systems.     

Numerical simulations of rock mass damage induced by underground explosion

The damage prediction of rock mass under blast loads induced by accidental explosions, rock bursts or weapon attacks is crucial in rock engineering. In this paper, parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the effect of loading density, rock mass rating (RMR) and weight of charge on the rock mass damage induced by underground explosions. The numerical simulations are carried out based on the transient dynamic finite element program ANSYS-LSDYNA. The numerical model was calibrated against the data obtained from a field blast test. A fully coupled numerical analysis, incorporating the explosion process, has been performed, where the large deformation zone near the charge is solved by the Arbitrary Lagrange–Euler (ALE) method. The deformable modulus and compressive strength of rock mass of granite are estimated by the RMR system. The peak particle velocity (PPV) damage criterion and the plastic strain criterion were adopted to study the damage zone around the charge hole, and an empirical formula considering the effects of loading density, RMR and weight of charge was obtained to estimate the damage zone in granite based on the numerical results.     

围岩稳定性集对分析–可变模糊集综合评价模型

围岩稳定性评价是一个复杂不确定系统问题。应用集对分析和可变模糊集合理论,建立了围岩稳定性评价的集对分析–可变模糊集综合评价模型,简化了构建相对差异度过程,提高了评价结果的准确性和可靠性,并应用于实际工程,与其它分类方法进行了对比分析,结果表明该法是有效可行的,且更客观。     

国标《工程岩体分级标准》的应用与进展

 依据已发表的与《工程岩体分级标准》(GB50218-94)(简称《国标》)相关的各类文献成果的整理与分析,对《国标》执行以来的工程应用实践效果、《国标》与RMR,Q系统及HC法等分级方法的相关性、在行业标准制订上的推动作用、以及基于《国标》的研究方法进展及相关完善建议等进行总结和综述。基于多个工程200余组实测数据的统计分析,给出《国标》BQ值与RMR分值间的综合统计回归公式,对《国标》BQ法与RMR法级别划分的对应性进行验证。研究表明,该分级方法体系严谨,具有很强的科学性和可操作性。利用岩体基本质量指标BQ,减少分级的主观性,提高分级的精度,降低工作难度,方便不同设计阶段的工程应用。另一方面,在已有实践基础上,有必要对该分级方法作进一步的修订和完善。     

Strength classification of rock material based on textural properties

Rock, as a construction material, has great importance during the construction and service phases in a rock environment. The classification of rock materials based on their strength behavior provides a simple and fast solution to determine the type and application of support system as well as the method for opening underground structures. Intact rock materials are generally classified with regard to the strength, such as uniaxial compressive and point load strength. Rock texture, which consists of grains and matrix, directly affects the strength. The relation between the textural and mechanical properties of rock materials has been investigated, and rock texture was quantified from the texture coefficient (TC). The coefficient can be used to put a number on rock textures with experimental studies carried out on thin sections of rock material using image analysis. The main scope of this research is to classify the rock material according to its TC values based on the binary and fuzzy domain. In this study, TC is divided into five classes from very low to very high, and a fuzzy model is proposed to predict the uniaxial compressive strength from TC. A dataset is prepared to construct an objective study with 12 litho-type rock materials from 19 locations in Turkey. The binary and fuzzy classification as well as fuzzy model for the prediction of compressive strength is also applied to the dataset to illustrate the use of the proposed classification and model for underground construction in rock engineering. The model is applied to determine the intact rock material’s rating in rock mass rating classification (RMR) from the proposed classification as well as from the fuzzy model. The results of the example encourage the application of the proposed methods, especially for pre-feasibility studies of rock engineering projects.     

Fuzzy approach for preliminary design of weak rock slopes in lignite mines

Rock slope failure modes are either driven by structurally controlled mechanisms (planar, wedge, or toppling failure) or lean upon the highly jointed or weak rock mass (circular failure). Developing practical tools for preliminary slope design is a popular topic among geotechnical society. This study proposes a practical methodology to predict a safe overall slope angle for weak rock slopes of lignite mines. Rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) classification systems can be remarkably misleading for weak rocks. Fuzzy modification was proven to improve rock and slope quality predictions. In addition, structurally controlled failures can be estimated more precisely. Later, a popular slope performance chart of Bieniawski that is based on RMR was modified by the fuzzy approach, and the computer models of a weak rock mass failure in a Turkish lignite mine are presented. The modified methodology was proven to be better suited to the weak rock conditions.