真空-堆载联合预压法加固机理及工程实例

预压地基处理方法在软弱土地区,特别是淤泥土较厚的地区应用广泛。论文结合福建省某化工项目地基处理时所采用的真空~堆载联合预压法的工程实例,介绍了真空~堆载联合预压法的应用,供设计与施工人员参考。     

真空预压联合堆载法加固吹填淤泥地基室内试验研究

针对传统真空预压法加固吹填淤泥地基过程中,存在真空应力小,孔隙水压力消散过慢,深层土体加固效果欠佳,加固后地基标高不够等缺陷,提出了真空预压联合堆载法,即在真空预压真空度稳定后通过堆载满足后期机械进场施工之前宕渣所需的回填,分别采用5Kpa、10Kpa、15Kpa的砂袋堆载方式进行,以增加地基土的标高和总应力,从而增大了排水效率,快速有效的加固了吹填土。试验结果表明,采用真空预压联合堆载法能够加快孔隙水的消散,加速了土体的固结,加固后的土体剪切强度、含水量均优于普通真空预压法,说明真空预压联合堆载法能够更好的加固吹填土淤泥地基。     

打孔管道真空预压加固高含水率淤泥效果影响试验研究

针对打孔管道联合真空预压法在处理高含水率淤泥时的适用范围与加固效果尚不明确的问题。采用打孔管道—真空预压室内模型试验与预制竖向排水板(PVD)—真空预压室内模型试验对两种不同级配的高含水率淤泥在真空预压过程中的沉降、孔隙水压力、出水量等进行了分析。试验结果表明打孔管道—真空预压法适用于处理砂粒含量较高的高含水率淤泥,同时,打孔管道联合真空预压法的影响范围较PVD—真空预压法小。     

集装箱码头道路和堆场工程地基处理技术

本文结合工程实例,对码头工程后方道路和堆场的地基处理方式进行了探讨,并对真空预压联合堆载法、插打塑料排水板后堆载预压法、强夯碎石桩法进行了分析。     

真空联合堆载预压处理软土地基测试与分析

结合山东某港口大面积吹填软土地基处理实践,阐述了真空联合堆载预压施工相关监测和检测内容及其基本操作方法;分析了真空联合堆载预压施工过程中土体表面沉降、分层沉降、深层水平位移以及孔隙水压力的发展变化过程和规律。表明真空联合堆载预压法加固软土地基具有真空预压和堆载预压的双重加固特征,堆载能加速软土地基的固结变形,但在堆荷较小情况下,被加固土体总体仍表现为土体向加固区中心位移的收缩固结变形特征。从工后现场原位测试及试样室内土工试验成果可以看出,淤泥土层加固后含水量、孔隙比均有大幅减小,土体物理力学性质得到较大改善,土体强度增长幅度可达100%～300%。说明真空联合堆载预压应用于处理大面积吹填软土地基是成功可行的,其加固效果明显,有效影响范围可达排水板深度。     

增压式真空预压软基处置的对比试验研究

目前软土地基在国内沿海地区大范围存在,因此如何使这些含水率高,承载能力很低的淤泥尽快排水固结,便成为一大技术难题。在传统真空预压技术短期难以实现的基础上,提出了增压式真空预压法对软土地基进行加固,并在淤泥粘度较高的连云港某港区进行现场试验。试验结果表明:增压真空预压工法由于采用了新型塑料排水板、直连工艺和增压技术,比真空联合堆载预压法产生更高的超孔压,软土中的孔隙水可以更快速地排出,地表沉降量大幅增加,地基处理效果更好。     

水平排水板真空预压–碱激发矿渣固化联合法处理高含水率淤泥的试验研究

疏浚淤泥具有含水率高、强度低、渗透性低等特点,快速高效的加固处理这些淤泥并实现其资源化利用具有重要意义。通过模型试验开展水平排水板真空预压–化学固化(PHDVPS)联合方法快速处理高含水率淤泥的研究。模型试验采用的固化剂包括不同配比的活性氧化镁激发粒化矿渣粉和硅酸盐水泥,并将联合方法的处理效果和效率与单一真空预压方法进行对比。在模型试验中,监测真空预压排水量和淤泥体积的变化;在模型试验结束后,测试不同养护龄期固化土样的无侧限抗压强度(UCS),并对固化土样的微观结构进行分析。试验结果表明：与单一真空预压法相比,PHDVPS法具有更优越的减量效率和加固效果。固化剂会产生絮凝效应,有助于提高真空脱水效率和效果,使后续的固化反应在更密实的土体骨架中进行,从而进一步大幅提升土体强度。此外,对于PHDVPS方法,以活性氧化镁激发粒化矿渣粉作固化剂比以水泥为固化剂具有更好的减量效果和加固效果。     

吹填淤泥在真空联合堆载预压过程中的工程性质变化特征

本文以深圳前湾A区真空联合堆载预压处理吹填淤泥的工程为例,采取室内试验和原位测试分析,详细地研究了吹填淤泥在砂垫层施工阶段、插塑料排水板后加载前阶段、联合堆载前纯真空预压阶段、真空联合堆载预压阶段的工程性质变化特征,随着施工推进,吹填淤泥的含水量和孔隙比逐渐降低,湿密度和干密度逐步增加,吹填淤泥土性质不断得到改善,强度持续增加。最后,对真空联合堆载预压达到设计卸载标准后的吹填淤泥加固效果进行了检测和分析,结果表明加固效果达到了设计要求,为吹填淤泥的处理提供了借鉴作用。     

塑料排水板联合堆载预压法设计计算

简要介绍了杭州某工业园区软基联合堆载预压处理方案,堆载预压法施工工艺,并对软基处理效果进行了计算分析,得出了塑料排水板联合堆载预压法能增加地基承载力的结论,可供类似工程参考。     

超软土地基交替式真空预压法加固效果影响因素分析

针对目前常规真空预压法处理超软土地基时常出现的排水板易淤堵、加固效果欠佳等工程问题,提出一种新型的交替式真空预压技术.为深入了解交替式真空预压技术处理超软土地基的加固效果及其影响因素,对天津滨海新区新近吹填淤泥进行室内模型试验.试验结果表明,与常规真空预压法相比,交替式真空预压法可以有效防止淤堵泥层的加剧,使得土体加固...     

Comparative analysis on performance of vertical drain improved clay deposit under vacuum or surcharge loading

This paper presents two well-instrumented large-scale field tests of PVD-improved soft soil with vacuum and surcharge preloading, respectively. The two large-scale field tests were conducted adjacent to each other with the same preload. A comparative analysis was performed to investigate the performance of subsoil (i.e., the ground settlement, the layered settlement, the lateral displacement of subsoil and pore water pressure) under vacuum preloading and equivalent surcharge preloading. Some design methods were verified based on the field data. Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and Vane Shear Tests (VST) were conducted to assess the improvement effects on subsoil after preloading. The results showed that as compared with surcharge preloading, vacuum preloading mitigated the differential settlement of the ground. The vacuum pressure transmitted into the soil with a minor loss through the PVD length. From a practical point of view, the improvement effects by vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading were similar in terms of influence depth and soil strength based on the in-situ tests.     

Predicting deformation of PVD improved deposit under vacuum and surcharge loads

A series of modified triaxial tests was conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics of mini-prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) unit cells. The factors considered are the (1) magnitudes of surcharge load (p_s) and vacuum pressure (p_vac); (2) pre-vacuum consolidation period (t_va) before applying surcharge load; (3) surcharge loading rate (SLR); and (4) initial effective stress state in the specimens. Based on the test results, relationships between the coefficient of earth pressure (K_es) at the end of surcharge load application and the normalized horizontal and vertical specimen strains are established. Further, a method is proposed for estimating the value of K_es, and therefore the horizontal and vertical strains of the PVD improved soil layer subjected to combined vacuum pressure and surcharge load using loading conditions and basic soil properties. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a case history reported in the literature and good agreement between the field-measured and calculated lateral displacement and settlement was obtained, which suggesting that the proposed method can be a useful tool for designing preloading projects involving combined vacuum and surcharge loads.     

真空预压与堆载预压加固软基的微观效果评价

本文以某高速公路路基软土为研究对象,在地质条件相近的、不同试验路段的软基加固方法（堆载预压、真空预压、真空．堆载联合预压）前后（加固时间达到3个月）,工程单位分别进行了原位试验并采取软土样,开展了室内物理力学试验。结合工程单位所取的软土样进行了软土的微观结构试验,在试验的基础上,获得了软土在天然状态以及3种不同工况下的微结构图像,通过对图像处理得到加固前后的微结构特征参数。研究得出：在工程地质条件相近以及加固时间相同的情况下,无论是从宏观、微观结构,还是从固结过程和强度的增长上来看,3种工况的加固效果依次为：堆载预压→真空预压→真空．堆载联合预压。     

PVD improvement combined with surcharge and vacuum preloading including simulations

This paper presents the study of PVD improved reconstituted specimen with and without vacuum preloading on large-scale consolidometer in the laboratory tests. Subsequently, the results of the laboratory tests were analyzed and simulated by 2D (axisymmetric) finite element method (FEM) to back-analyze and confirm the related design parameters which were used further in subsequent numerical experiments. The laboratory test results indicated that the increased hydraulic conductivity in the smear zone of PVD with vacuum preloading (Vacuum-PVD) resulted in the increase in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation (Ch) by 16% as well as the decrease in the ratio between the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the undisturbed zone (Kh) to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the smear zone (Ks) or (Kh/Ks) of about 10%. The Vacuum-PVD and PVD only have the same settlement magnitudes with similar equivalent loads.     

预压作用下软土固结蠕变及微观结构试验研究

为了揭示预压荷载作用下软土路基工后沉降的机理,开展了室内模拟真空、堆载以及真空—堆载联合预压加固软土的固结蠕变三轴试验及微观结构试验。分析了在三种不同的预压作用下土体固结蠕变性状的不同和微观结构的变化机理。结果表明:在三种不同的预压荷载作用下,固结过程中,是真空—堆载联合预压条件下土体的沉降量最大,其次是堆载预压,最小的是真空预压。蠕变过程的沉降量是堆载预压的最大,其次是联合预压,最小的是真空预压。预压荷载作用下土体的固结和蠕变具有耦合效应;微观结构参数的变化受预压加载方式的影响。微观结构参数的变化率与宏观物性参数的变化率有相似的性质。     

海南海花岛软基处理工程中真空预压法的改进与机理分析

疏浚淤泥这种超软土地基目前主要采用排水固结法进行加固,然而,工程实践发现,淤堵是一个重要的问题,新型防淤堵材料和施工工艺是研究的热点。依托恒大海南海花岛真空预压处理工程,引入一种应用于超软土地基处理的新型防淤堵真空预压法。该方法是直排式真空预压方法的进一步改进,将防淤堵排水板取代传统排水板,在连接方式上,将无孔钢丝软管取代了水平波纹管,也将传统的包扎捆绑改进成了三通密封接头,枪钉固定。结合施工动态监测和加固后检测,表明了该方法的加固效果和实用性。在此基础上,结合已有的室内模型试验研究,阐述其抽真空过程中在排水板附近防淤堵的原理和改善机制。     

真空-堆载联合预压加固软基简化计算方法

在深入了解真空预压机理和砂井地基固结理论的基础上 ,根据固结度等效的原则 ,推导了与单井固结理论等效的成层均质地基等效渗透系数 ,从而将复杂砂井地基转化为无砂井成层地基 ,以达到简化计算的目的 ,并结合真空-堆载联合预压的加固特点 ,提出一种简化的真空-堆载联合预压法的有限元计算方法 ,并结合工程实例对简化方法的可靠性进行了研究 ,通过与实测资料和常规砂井地基有限元计算值对比 ,表明该简化方法具有较高的准确性 ,可方便地应用于工程设计和实践。     

Measured and predicted performance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with and without vacuum preloading

This paper presents the effectiveness of vacuum preloading in accelerating the consolidation of PVD improved soft Bangkok clay by comparing with the corresponding results without vacuum preloading. Laboratory tests were conducted using a large scale consolidometer having diameter of 300 mm and height of 500 mm with reconstituted specimens installed with prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) with and without vacuum preloading. In addition, field data were collected from Second Bangkok International Airport (SBIA) site improved by PVD with and without vacuum pressures. Analyses were carried out to compare the compressibility parameters (C_h and k_h/k_s) by back-calculation of laboratory and field settlements using Hansbo (1979) method. From the laboratory tests, the horizontal coefficient of consolidation (C_h) values from reconstituted specimens were 1.08 and 1.87 m²/yr for PVD without and with vacuum pressure, respectively and the k_h/k_s values were 2.7 for PVD only and 2.5 for vacuum-PVD. After the improvement, the water contents of the soft clay were reduced, thereby, increasing its undrained shear strengths. Similarly, the field data analysis based on the back-calculated results showed that the k_h/k_s were 7.2 and 6.6 for PVD without and with vacuum, respectively. The C_h values increased slightly from 2.17 m²/yr for PVD only to 3.51 m²/yr for vacuum-PVD. The time to reach 90% degree of consolidation for soils with vacuum-PVD was one-third shorter than that for soils with PVD only because of higher C_h values. Thus, the addition of vacuum pressure leads to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation which shortened the time of preloading. The PVDCON software was found to be useful to predict the settlements of the PVD improved ground with and without vacuum preloading.     

排水板真空度损耗的排水固结解析解

无砂真空预压吹填软土在国内造地工程中广泛应用,但实践表明传统固结解析解已不足以预测其加固性状和加固效果。从固结方程出发,在原有的等应变假设基础上,在定解条件中增加了吹填土特有的高度欠固结特性和无砂真空预压特别明显的真空度损耗,重新推导得到径向和竖向完全协调的新的等应变解析解——JJJ解答,以解决无砂真空预压吹填软土的排水固结设计理论问题。JJJ法作为固结方程的原生解答,兼容以往所有该类解析解的同时,增加了针对高度欠固结土类和排水板真空度损耗严重的排水固结问题的解决能力。经现场和试验验证,JJJ解析解可相当精确预测无砂真空预压吹填软土的复杂固结过程和加固土体超孔压分布和孔压消散分布,该解答同时也适用于堆载和真空预压的工况。     

Analytical solutions to the axisymmetric consolidation of a multi-layer soil system under surcharge combined with vacuum preloading

Surcharge combined with vacuum preloading is a common technique for accelerating the consolidation process in ground improvement. A unit cell model for the axisymmetric consolidation of a soft soil using a prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) under a surcharge, combined with vacuum preloading, is investigated in this study. Based on this model, analytical solutions for a multi-layer soil system are put forward and the explicit expressions for two-layer and one-layer systems are presented. The accuracy of the proposed solution is verified using an analytical solution available in the literature. In the parametric study, the influencing factors on the consolidation process, such as, the smear zone, the PVD spacing, the hydraulic conductivity in the radial direction, the coefficient of vacuum decrease, are taken into account. The water flow in the radial direction plays an important role in the consolidation process while the impact of the vertical flow mainly develops around the interfaces between two adjacent layers. In addition, the proposed analytical solution is applied in a case history with three different layers and the results are reasonable.