离心模型试验中离心加速度取值误差探讨

离心力场具有离心力随旋转半径分布不均匀的特点,如果令模型高2/3处的应力与原型一致时,模型中的应力与原型中的应力误差达到最小。试验在模型地基中的影响深度是有限的,应在此范围(最大影响深度)内考虑模型中应力与原型中应力的误差问题。因此,使模型中应力与原型中应力的误差达到最小的条件,应该是令最大影响深度2/3处而不应是模型高2/3处的应力与原型一致。模型高度考虑了边界效应,其值应大于最大影响深度。主要讨论了最大影响深度与模型高度的不同对离心加速度、相似比及模型中应力影响的程度,并且提出对试验前根据模型高度初步确定的相似比进行修正的方法。     

多轮组车辆荷载下公路地基的附加动应力

基于移动集中点荷载作用下的地基附加动应力的理论解,采用数值积分方法计算了移动圆形均布荷载下地基的附加动应力。将交通荷载简化为移动的均布圆形荷载,对比分析了荷载作用半径、荷载移动速度对地基附加动应力的影响规律。分析结果表明:浅层地基和深层地基中的附加动应力分布规律有所差异;荷载移动速度对地基中各应力分量的影响规律与地基深度密切相关;地基中的附加应力分布曲线具有良好的归一化规律。在单个轮轴荷载计算方法的基础上,采用叠加法对多轮组车辆荷载作用下的地基附加动应力进行了研究。计算结果表明:应力的叠加效应和荷载移动速度效应对深层地基的影响较浅层地基更为显著;多轮组车辆荷载作用下,应力路径形式变得更为复杂。     

梯形分布荷载作用下土中附加应力的计算

根据三角形分布条形荷载作用下的土中应力计算公式,对作用于地表面的梯形分布荷载(或长宽比L/B≥10)引起的土中任一点附加竖向应力进行了计算,解决了土力学教材中计算公式过于复杂以及通过查表计算带来的误差和麻烦,具有一定的实用价值。     

双向耦合循环剪切条件下饱和砂土体应变发展规律试验研究

砂土的剪胀与循环应力路径密切相关。针对饱和南京细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪(HCA)进行了一系列均等固结条件下轴向–扭转耦合循环剪切排水试验,研究了复杂应力路径下饱和砂土的剪胀性及其体应变量化方法。研究表明:双向耦合循环剪切条件下饱和砂土的剪胀由一个完全可逆的循环体应变分量和一个不可逆的累积体应变分量构成,循环应力路径对累积体应变发展规律影响显著;以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和砂土累积体应变与ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,累积体应变随ESR的增加而线性累积;通过引入参数ESR,提出了双向耦合剪切条件下饱和砂土累积体应变规准化方法。验证性试验表明新的体应变增量模型的预测值与试验结果的吻合度较高,而基于循环直剪试验结果建立的Byrne模型对双向耦合剪切条件下饱和南京细砂的体应变预测偏小。     

大吨位装载机驾驶室滚翻保护结构侧向加载有限元分析与试验

以徐工大吨位装载机驾驶室滚翻保护结构为研究对象,介绍驾驶室滚翻保护结构侧向加载仿真的基础理论、数值模拟方法和基于材料渐进损伤破坏准则,并建立驾驶室滚翻保护结构有限元模型和驾驶室安装螺栓的失效模型,通过计算机仿真分析获取其侧向承载力位移曲线、能量吸收曲线和螺栓损伤应力应变参数。根据仿真结果对滚翻保护结构进行改进设计,并进行试验验证。结果表明:仿真结果与试验结果一致,改进后的ROPS结构侧向承载力与侧向能量吸收匹配较好,在侧向能量吸收满足标准要求的前提下,滚翻保护结构侧向承载力误差为0.7%,侧向变形误差为4.4%,且安装螺栓塑性应变远低于其损伤开始时的等效塑性应变。     

附加应力法对湿陷性黄土地基的纠偏效果分析

根据应力附加法纠偏原理,建立Mohr-Coulomb有限元模型,应用ADINA分析软件,与工程实例纠偏结果进行对比,分析了应力附加法的挖孔深度与地基沉降变形、应力分布之间的关系,得到挖孔深度与地基沉降变形、应力分布之间的规律,找出最佳挖孔深度,确定应力附加法的最佳挖孔深度为基础宽度的1/3时,两侧沉降差最大,纠倾效果达到最佳状态,对建筑物纠偏具有一定指导意义。     

塑料土工格栅加筋土结构的振动台试验研究

对塑料土工格栅加筋土结构的缩尺比例模型进行了振动台试验研究。试验过程中，采用两组试验模型，一组测定筋材的动应力应变；一组测定土筋间的动似摩擦系数。试验结果表明：塑料土工格栅筋材在地震作用下最大动拉应力的分布与静拉应力的分布沿筋材的埋深大致相同，只是应力的值大小不同；地震作用下土筋间的动似摩擦系数是随地震加速度的增加而减小。据此，提出了加筋土结构在地震区的设计建议。     

水下爆炸离心机试验中爆炸荷载的缩比关系研究

水下爆炸原型试验受到场地环境等多种因素的制约,离心机缩比试验为研究结构在水下爆炸作用下的破坏提供了新的思路。离心机缩比模型试验通过放大一定倍数的加速度对模型进行缩比,同时模型在几何布局上缩小相应的比例达到与原型试验的几何相似。文章首先建立80kgTNT装药水下爆炸数值模型,并将计算结果与原型试验进行对比,确定合理的比例爆距观测点,验证模型可靠性,继而采用相同的材料参数与建模方式建立1gRDX装药(等效1.62gTNT装药)在不同离心加速度条件下的水下爆炸缩比试验数值模型,并将计算结果与离心机试验结果进行对比,讨论相似率在水下爆炸离心机缩比试验中的应用,研究不同的物理量在离心机试验中的缩比关系以及附加离心加速度对缩比试验中水下爆炸动态荷载的影响。     

深埋洞室岩体开挖卸荷诱导的围岩开裂机制

 针对深埋圆形隧洞爆破开挖,采用双向受压条件下的压剪裂纹扩展模型和应力强度因子计算公式,分析开挖面上岩体应力瞬态释放和邻近的围岩应力瞬态调整对围岩开裂过程的影响。结果表明,与准静态卸载条件相比,开挖面上岩体应力瞬态释放在围岩中产生附加动应力,导致围岩径向卸载和环向加载效应放大,加剧了深埋洞室围岩开裂效应,导致开裂范围增大;开挖卸载速率越快,围岩中产生的附加动应力幅值越大,围岩的开裂效应越显著。     

交通荷载下层状路基动附加应力的弹性计算模型

 针对路基路面系统成层性的特点,应用弹性层状体系理论对车辆循环动载下路基动附加应力的计算模型进行探讨。首先假设路基路面各层为弹性层状体,将弹性动力学控制方程中的应力和位移变换为模态坐标下的状态矢量,分离并消去动附加应力表达式中的时间变量;然后借助Laplace变换将偏微分动力学方程转化为含积分变量的线性方程组,再用矩阵方法求得层状路基在变换域中的传递矩阵,结合路面车辆动载边界条件,建立层状道路系统动附加应力量化模型;最后采用Matlab编程语言对模型进行数值计算。算例表明,所建议的模型在路面结构层中产生的误差较小,不超过12%,而在路基层中产生的误差较大,将近35%,但总体上,本模型能较好模拟交通荷载下,路基路面层中动附加应力的分布规律,具有实际工程应用的价值。     

冻结盐渍土三轴剪切试验过程中的损伤及压融分析

三轴剪切过程中损伤及压融等力学性质对冻结盐渍土的强度及变形影响显著。通过对-15℃德令哈含盐砂土进行一系列的三轴剪切循环试验及CT扫描试验,分析冻结盐渍土在三轴试验过程中的损伤演化以及压融量变化规律。研究发现,在三轴剪切中损伤变量随静水压力的变化而改变,在本文条件下当静水压力在1~12 MPa之间时,损伤变量随围压的增加而增加,当静水压力超过12 MPa时,损伤变量反而呈现减小趋势。同时,定义压融阈值p_s以及压融量达到最大值时对应的静水压力值p_m,研究表明:当静水压力小于p_s时,试样内部几乎不存在压融现象;当静水压力大于p_s且小于p_m时试验内部的压融量可用二次函数描述;当静水压力超过p_m时,试样中的压融量达到最大值λ_m,且压融极值点与损伤变量极值点对应的静水压力值基本一致。     

Kaiser效应方向独立性的控制参数理论分析

基于Kaiser效应由裂纹扩展释放弹性波的认识,当远场应力为压应力时,从断裂力学角度对Kaiser 效应随加载方向变化规律进行了分析,建立了临界应力${{\sigma }_{\text{c}}}$与裂纹面方向夹角$\beta $、裂纹面摩擦系数$f$的理论联系,揭示了Kaiser 效应方向独立性机理及其控制参数。结果表明：Kaiser效应方向独立性受临界应力相对值影响,其控制参数为初始加载方向与微裂纹面方向的夹角${{\beta }_{1}}$、裂纹面的摩擦系数$f$。夹角${{\beta }_{1}}$越大,FR值大于1.1所需加载偏转相对角度$\gamma $越小,加载方向偏转后所得应力与初始加载应力相差越大,Kaiser效应方向独立性越明显,即Kaiser效应测量初始应力精度与岩体初始微裂纹分布有关。摩擦系数$f$越小,FR值大于1.1所需加载偏转相对角度$\gamma $越大,加载方向偏转后所得应力和初始加载应力相差越小,Kaiser效应方向独立性越不明显,即岩样如越湿润,Kaiser效应测试初始应力结果离散性越大。以上结论与既有试验在变化规律上具有一致性,并通过特征曲线对比确定了试验控制参数为微裂纹面摩擦系数$f$小于0.5、初始加载方向与微裂纹面方向夹角${{\beta }_{1}}$在30°~40°之间,这均与试验条件较为吻合。以上结论可为进一步研究Kaiser效应机理提供参考。     

Effect of artificial cementation on cone tip resistance and small strain shear modulus of sand

A series of cone penetration and bender element tests were performed on sands artificially cemented with gypsum in a calibration chamber to investigate the effect of cementation on the cone tip resistance (q _c) and small strain shear modulus (G _max) of sand. It was found that both the q _c and G _max of cemented sand are significantly affected by the degree of cementation while the effects of stress and density are reduced due to the cementation bonds. As the degree of cementation increases, the relationship between the q_\textc -D_\textR -s_\textv^￠ q_{{\text{c}}} {-}D_{{\text{R}}} {-}\sigma _{{\text{v}}}^{\prime } of cemented sand is observed to be similar to that of quartz sand with low compressibility. As the density and stress level affect q _c more significantly than G _max, the G _max/q _c of cemented sand decreases with increasing q _c. However, as the cementation causes a larger increase in G _max than q _c, the G _max/q _c ratio of cemented sand increases as the gypsum content increases. It was also observed from the G_max /q_\textc - (q_\textc /p_\texta )(p_\texta /s_\textv^￠ )^0.5 G_{{\max }} /q_{{\text{c}}} - (q_{{\text{c}}} /p_{{\text{a}}} )(p_{{\text{a}}} /\sigma _{{\text{v}}}^{\prime } )^{{0.5}} relation that the G _max/q _c ratio of cemented sand locates above the upper bound suggested by previous studies.     

基于等效骨架孔隙比指标的饱和砂类土抗液化强度评价

为探讨各类饱和砂类土的物理特性对其抗液化强度CRR的影响,将具有不同细粒含量FC的福建、南京和南通砂类土分为3组:(1)相同的相对密度Dr;(2)相同的孔隙比e;(3)相同的骨架孔隙比esk。对具有不同物理特性的三类饱和砂类土进行了一系列均等固结不排水循环三轴试验,结果表明:e或Dr相同的饱和砂类土的CRR随FC的增加而降低;但esk相同的砂类土的CRR随FC的增加而增大。结合文献中十类砂类土的CRR试验数据,分析表明:各类饱和砂类土的CRR随其等效骨架孔隙比*ske的增大而单调地降低,且两者呈现较好的幂函数关系。这表明能综合反映砂类土颗粒组成,密实状态和粗细粒接触状态的*ske是表征饱和砂类土CRR的一个有效物理特性指标;并首次发现饱和砂类土的CRR–*ske关系曲线的最佳拟合参数A和B值由砂粒和细粒的物理特性共同决定。据此,饱和砂类土的CRR可仅由其物理特性指标较好地预测。     

Impact d’une galerie étanche peu profonde sur l’écoulement d’une nappe

While many studies have been achieved on the interactions between groundwater and deep tunnels, in order to identify the evolution of pore pressure around the structure and to characterize the flow to its leaky parts, few studies have dealt with the impact of the carrying out of an impervious gallery in a shallow aquifer. The induced change in the piezometric level of the aquifer and the one in the hydraulic gradient of the flow however can, in this case, have significant consequences, in particular when the linear structure is located in an urban environment. This paper investigates, in steady state, the case of a straight tunnel having a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of the regional groundwater flow and a circular or square cross section. The aim is to determine the additional lost head Δh _s due to the tunnel (i.e. additional to that resulting from the regional flow, supposed to be uniform with a hydraulic gradient i ₀). In the context of a horizontal confined aquifer having a thickness 2B and of a tunnel of radius R located in the middle part of the aquifer, an analogy can be established with the flow above a hydraulic threshold resulting from a local rise of the elevation of the base of an aquifer, having a thickness B, on a width 2R and with a vertical maximum amplitude R. When neglecting the vertical component of the hydraulic gradient compared to its horizontal component, analytical solutions are developed for various hydraulic threshold shapes (rectangular, triangular and circular), based on the equivalence with a local change in the transmissivity of an aquifer keeping a constant thickness. The corresponding formulas take the form: $ {\frac{{\Updelta h_{s} - \Updelta h_{0} }}{{\Updelta h_{0} }}} = f(a) $ , with $ a = {\frac{R}{B}} $ and Δh ₀ = 2Ri ₀. The use of these formulas shows that the additional lost head Δh _s due to the hydraulic threshold is proportional to i ₀ and that, for values of the ratio a < 0.5, the change in the piezometric surface is small. These conclusions are therefore limited by the fact that the vertical conductivity is supposed to be very large. In order to remove this hypothesis, numerical simulations are achieved using the MODFLOW code. It is considered a confined aquifer of length 2L = 110 m and thickness B = 10 m, a ratio $ a = {\frac{R}{B}} = 0.25 $ and a horizontal hydraulic conductivity $ K_{H} = 10^{ - 5} \,{\text{m}}\,{\text{s}}^{ - 1} $ . In the case of an isotropic medium ( $ \alpha = {\frac{{K_{H} }}{{K_{V} }}} = 1 $ ), the simulations allow to check the linearity of the relationship between Δh _s and i ₀, with therefore a homogeneous variation in the proportionality coefficient compared to analytical solutions. Simulations also reveal that, in the case considered, the width of influence upstream and downstream L _i , corresponding to a value of the vertical component of the hydraulic gradient <1% of i ₀, is below 5.5R for the three hydraulic threshold shapes, and that it was few influenced by the hydraulic gradient i ₀. In the case of an anisotropy of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, simulations reveal the significant importance of the anisotropy ratio $ \alpha = {\frac{{K_{H} }}{{K_{V} }}} $ when it is more than 1, the most common case, and indicate that the proposed analytical solutions give an asymptotic value of $ {\frac{{\Updelta h_{s} }}{{\Updelta h_{0} }}} $ for the isotropic case and for the values of the component α < 1. In the context of an unconfined aquifer, the hydraulic threshold model is not directly applicable. The model studied, using the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption, is the one of a water table aquifer with a sloped base (slope value: p ₀). The simulations focus on an aquifer of length 2L = 85 m, with a tunnel of circular cross section having a diameter 2R = 5 m, bottom of which is located 5 m above the base of the aquifer, the isotropic hydraulic conductivity being equal to $ K = 10^{ - 5} \,{\text{m}}\,{\text{s}}^{ - 1} $ . The definitions of water heights d ₀ and d between the water table and the top of the tunnel are given in Fig. 7. The water table can be located above (fully submerged tunnel) or below (partially emerged tunnel) the top of the tunnel. The difference d ₀ ? d represents the half of the additional lost head Δh _s due to the tunnel. Simulations are performed for various values of p ₀ and d ₀. They provide the values of i ₀, d and Δh _s . In the case of a fully submerged tunnel (d > 0), a significant rise of the water table upstream of the tunnel is obtained only for high values of the hydraulic gradient (5 and 10%), but, even in this case, it remains less than the tenth of the wetted height of the aquifer h _m . It is also highlighted that the ratio $ {\frac{{\Updelta h_{s} }}{{i_{0} }}} $ varies as a linear function of (R + d) and that, in the studied case, there is no influence of the tunnel for d ≥ 4R. In the case of a partially emerged tunnel (d < 0), the aquifer is locally confined under the tunnel. It is suggested that an equivalence is possible with the case of a confined aquifer having a thickness equal to the wetted height in the unconfined aquifer. This is verified with one of the simulations. In the case of a partially emerged tunnel, the change in the water table due to the tunnel remains low.     

Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds

We studied moist pine needle beds burning under the effect of wind, in order to determine the upper moisture limit for which there is fire propagation for different wind velocities. For this purpose we built a wind tunnel that allowed us to burn a 600 mm by 150 mm by 40 mm bed under wind velocities between 0.5 m/s and 5.0 m/s and controlled air temperature. Results show an increase in moisture limit from 54% to approximately 140%, for the velocity range indicated. Combustion at limiting conditions proceeds mainly by smoldering with some periods of flaming combustion. It was observed that, for conditions close to extinction, the smoldering front is not quenched at the surface. Additionally, it was also observed that a strong flow of hot gases exit from the fuel bed at the free surface. These two observations lead to the conclusion that the main heat sink is moisture evaporation and that heat losses to the surroundings is reduced by the blowing effect of the hot gases coming off the bed. A dimensional analysis suggests a correlation between moisture limit and wind velocity of the form M = A ? B/ \( {v} \) _w ² , where M is moisture limit for fire propagation, A and B are constants, and \( {v} \) _w is wind speed. Two dimensionless numbers helped to plot the smoldering temperature and fire propagation velocity in a more meaningful way. They are \( \Uppi_{1} = {{T_{sml} c_{p,g} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{T_{sml} c_{p,g} } {v_{w}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {v_{w}^{2} }} \) and \( \Uppi_{2} = {{Mh_{fg} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{Mh_{fg} } {v_{w}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {v_{w}^{2} }} \) , where T _sml is smoldering temperature, c _p,g is the gas specific heat, M is fuel moisture content and h _fg is the latent heat of water evaporation. A relatively high moisture limit at 5 m/s wind velocity is possible due to the relatively high air flow into the smoldering front and the efficient heat feedback produced in forward smoldering.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Effluent of a Sewage Treatment Station on the Eastern Red Sea Coast∶ Daily Cycle,Flux and Impact on the Coastal Area

The Al Khumra Sewage Treatment Station discharges daily more than 100,000 m 3 of treated and untreated sewage into the coastal Red Sea south of Jeddah. In the effluent water, ${\rm NH}_4^+-{\rm N}$     

Causes of Fish Mortality Along the Qatari Waters (Arabian Gulf)

Excessive fish mortality were observed along the Qatari coastline and offshore during the summer of 1996 and 1998. Massive amounts (about 40 tons) of dead fish were recorded off the eastern coast. Siganidae, Lethrinidae and Carangidae, coral reef inhabiting fish, were the main species observed dead along the beaches. Hydrographic parameters (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) and main pollutants (ex ${\rm NH}_4^+$     

珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测的应变-损伤状态耦合模型

对南海饱和珊瑚砂进行了4类不同加载模式的不排水动三轴试验,研究了不同相对密度Dr和平均有效围压σ'0下加载第一周的动剪切模量比G1st/G0与剪应变幅值γa的关系,G1st/G0受Dr的影响很小,随σ'0的增大而增大。由于分级加载过程中土体结构与相对密度发生改变,在γa3×10-4时,应变控制的分级循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线位于等应变幅值循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线的上方。结合两类试验结果,给出了饱和珊瑚砂的G1st/G0-γa模型。基于弹性应变能理论,提出了可以描述土体损伤状态的状态参数Pd(damage parameter),探究了不同加载模式下动剪切模量比G/G0随土体损伤状态参数Pd的发展规律。在双对数坐标中,同一应变幅值下的(1-G/G0)-Pd可用直线表示,其斜率与应变幅值γa和历史加载过程中的最大应变幅值γa,max有关。结合G1st/G0-γa和G/G0-Pd关系,给出了可以同时反映应变幅值和破坏状态影响的珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测模型。     

Steinbruchseen—Aufschlüsse im Kluftgrundwasserleiter

Kurzfassung Drei benachbarte Steinbruchseen und die sie umgebenden Grundwasserbeobachtungspegel im Unteren Halleschen Porphyrkomplex (Kautzenberg bei Löbejün) wurden geochemisch untersucht, um die hydrogeologischen Eigenschaften des Gebietes sowie die geochemischen Prozesse beim Eintritt des Grundwassers in einen See besser zu verstehen und hydraulische Verbindungen zwischen den Seen nachzuweisen. Die für die Untersuchung ausgewählten Seen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie nahezu parallel zur Grundwasserfließrichtung hintereinander aufgereiht liegen. Eine schwache thermische Schichtung des Seewassers wurde nur in den Sommermonaten nachgewiesen. Die starke Durchmischung der Wassersäule ist auf die windexponierte Lage der Seen sowie Tauchaktivitäten zurückzuführen.See- und Grundwasser können anhand chemischer und isotopengeochemischer Parameter unterschieden werden. Die Isotopenverhältnisse ¹⁸O/¹⁶O und ²H/H werden durch Verdunstungsprozesse im See verändert und dienen als geochemische Tracer im Abfluss der Seen, während die Sauerstoff- und Wasserstoffisotope des Grundwassers denen des Niederschlages entsprechen. Weiterhin werden durch seeinterne biologische Prozesse im Seewasser geringere Si- und -Gehalte gefunden als im einströmenden Grundwasser. Die Verteilung der leichten Seltenen Erden im See- und Grundwasser gibt Hinweise auf Fließpfade, die auch den tektonischen Merkmalen des Untersuchungsgebietes entsprechen.

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Quarry lakes as part of a fractured rock aquifer

Abstract In this study, three abandoned adjacent porphyry quarries, filled by rising groundwater are investigated together with surrounding groundwater observation wells. The aim of this study is to characterise the hydrogeological situation of the surrounding fractured rocks and investigate if there are hydraulic connections between the three pit lakes. Furthermore, the interaction between lake and groundwater is studied. The three lakes are situated next to each other in a row and nearly parallel to the main ground-water flow direction from south to north. Meteorological conditions and diving activities lead to thorough mixing of the water in the lakes.Lake and groundwater can be distinguished by their different chemical and isotopic data. The isotope ratios ¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ²H/H are influenced by evaporation and can be used as geochemical tracers for the outflow of the lakes. Biological processes in the lakes resulted in decreased Si and concentrations in the lake water. REE patterns reflect the tectonic features of the drainage basin.