基于DSP/GPRS的长输管道阴极保护在线监测系统的设计

针对人工巡检长输管道阴极保护的不足,设计了一种长输管道阴极保护在线监测系统.整个系统分为硬件部分和软件部分.硬件部分基于DSP和GPRS技术,实现管道阴极保护电位的在线测量和信息的传输.软件部分基于VC ++,实现数据的接收、保存和计算机辅助分析.现场试验表明:研制的在线监测系统实时性好、可靠性高.     

输气管线防腐层修复及阴极保护恢复

港沧φ529mm输气管线建于1976年，因外防腐层年久失修，阴极保护未能投产且管线所经地区土壤腐蚀性强，造成管线腐蚀严重，多处穿孔。介绍了管线腐蚀及阴极保护的现状，对管线外防腐层修复及阴极保护恢复的具体实施方法及效果进行了阐述。     

长输管线末段储气系统的研究

主要研究长输管线末段管道储存天然气系统。介绍了长输管线末段管道储存天然气的两种方法，阐明了长输管线末段管道的工况特点，给出了末段管道在输气的情况下储气能力的计算方法及应用条件，设计了长输管线末段管道储存天然气与原有相结合的计算程序。根据长输管线的供气方式采用末段管道储存天然气更加经济合理，对工程施工具有现实意义。     

大庆至哈尔滨炼油厂输油管线阴极保护的设计及问题探讨

大庆至哈尔滨炼油厂输油管道工程是大庆油田石油外输的一项重要工程。大庆油田设计院土防室承担了本工程的阴极保护及防腐保温设计工作。设计根据相应的设计标准及具体实际开展，但在阴极保护工程竣工后出现了一些特殊问题。通过测试发现管道的阴极保护电位出现异常，根据调查发现阴极保护电位异常的原因是由IR降引起的，通过采用两种断电法测量消除了IR降并得到了真实保护电位。对大庆至哈尔滨炼油厂输油管线工程中的阴极保护设计及出现的问题进行说明，并提出相应的解决方法，对长输管道的阴极保护设计、测试具有借鉴意义。     

天然气长输管道的防腐与防护措施

天然气输送管道尤其是长输管道的防腐保护效果,直接关系到天然气输送的安全性和可靠性以及输送管道的使用寿命.因此,加强对天然气长输管道的防腐保护至关重要.介绍了天然气输送管道腐蚀的主要影响因素与腐蚀机理,并且对输气管道提出了必要的防腐措施要求,提出了为确保防腐保护达到应有的效果,在设计、施工、运行中应注意的问题.长输管道的防腐保护要从所涉及的主客观因素出发进行综合考虑.     

煤焦油瓷漆应用问题探讨

通过对塔里木沙漠油、气管线，轮库输油复线，靖西输气管线施工过程进行技术服务，针对现场施工人员提出的问题和现行设备中存在的问题进行讨论，对于正确指导煤焦油瓷漆应用具有一定参考价值。     

油田集输管线的联合阴极保护

外防腐层与阴极保护是油田集输管线最经济有效的防腐蚀措施,但是管线的阴极保护往往与油田地面设施的防雷/静电技术不匹配,管线的阴极保护效果受影响。文中介绍了采用联合阴极保护油田集输管线的极化水平不均的问题。从绝缘接头绝缘性、管线阻性以及站内地面设施接地等方面进行了阴极保护系统调查,指出绝缘接头失效、现有接地系统是导致电流漏失的因素。对集输管线原有阴极保护系统提出了在恒电位仪输出阴极串联具有强制分流的阴极接线箱、绝缘接头保护、接地改造等改进措施。     

管道输气系统的模拟研究

分析了天然气长输管线系统的实际运行规律,建立了带压气站的长输管线静、动态混合数学模型,并对其进行求解,得出长输管线一般的运行规律.     

埋地钢质管道补口材料的优化研究

针对目前管道建设中应用的几种主要防腐层补口材料的 9种基本性能 ,采用权重系数法进行了优化 ,计算出几种主要防腐层补口材料的s值 ,认为其s值为 0 9以上的补口技术成熟 ,s值小于 0 9的补口材料还需要进一步研究 ;根据优化结果确定了单层FBE、双层FBE、煤焦油瓷漆、三层PE防腐层各自比较适宜的补口材料。单层FBE和双层FBE针对熔结FBE和液体环氧而言 ,补口技术比较成熟 ;煤焦油瓷漆和三层PE防腐层针对热收缩套补口材料而言 ,其补口技术还不成熟 ,有待进一步研究。     

机坪管线外防腐对阴极保护影响的分析

某机场机坪加油管线扩建工程竣工验收阶段,在对牺牲阳极保护系统进行测试时,发现阴极保护电位没能达到规范要求的-850 m V。经过分析调查,造成此问题的原因可能是管线外防腐层的变化、旧机坪的杂散电流以及管线土壤电阻率的变化,重点从管线外防腐层自身性质和工艺计算两个方面分析了对牺牲阳极保护系统效果的影响情况。该工程牺牲阳极阴极保护系统管道保护电位不达标的原因主要是新旧机坪管线绝缘问题和牺牲阳极组数量不足,据此进行整顿后管道保护电位达标。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。