Computed tomography in the diagnosis of subcapsular and perirenal hematoma.

Six patients are described in whom subcapsular and perirenal hematomas were demonstrated by computed tomography. This new diagnostic tool provided a rapid noninvasive means of visualizing the hematoma, its extent, location, and relationship to renal parenchyma. Serial examinations were used to follow progress of the hematomas toward resolution. Correlation is made with conventional rediography, angiography, and gray scale ultrasound.     

Nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: CT/angiographic correlation

Cerebral angiography in patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage may or may not uncover the underlying cause of the disorder. The CT and cerebral angiographic studies of 67 consecutive patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage were reviewed to assess the relationship between CT pattern and location of hemorrhage and the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings. Origins of these hematomas were also determined and correlated with radiographic findings. CT revealed 26 temporal, 18 frontal, 17 parietal, three occipital, and three multiple lobar hematomas. Thirty-three patients had "pure" lobar hematomas, 12 had coexistent intraventricular hemorrhage, 12 had associated subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 10 had both intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanying their lobar hematomas. Angiographic findings were diagnostic in 29 cases (43%). In the presence of accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage, angiographic findings were diagnostic in 17 (77%) of 22 patients; in its absence, angiography was diagnostic in 12 (27%) of the remaining 45 patients. Diagnostic angiograms were also more frequent in the presence of a frontal or temporal lobar hematoma than with a parietal or occipital lobar hematoma. While CT patterns do influence the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings, cerebral angiography is recommended in all patients with otherwise unexplained nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Effects of lithotripsy on rat kidney: evaluation with MR imaging, histology, and electron microscopy

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T was used to evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 30 rats and the findings on T1- and T2-weighted (spin echo 600/22, 1,600-2,000/90) images were compared with histology and scanning microscopy. The observed pathologic changes increased in severity with the number of shock waves given (500-5,000 15 kV). Post-ESWL MR findings in 54 kidneys included perirenal and subcapsular fluid (n = 30), diffuse loss of corticomedullary junction definition (n = 28), intrarenal foci of increased (n = 7) or decreased (n = 6) signal intensity, focal indentation of the renal contour (n = 5), and loss of distinction between the renal, splenic, or hepatic contour (n = 7). The subcapsular and intrarenal findings corresponded pathologically to areas of hemorrhage and hematoma formation--the contour changes to foci of renal scarring or perirenal adhesions. Electron microscopy demonstrated marked alterations of the renal tubules and vasculature. The study shows the feasibility of assessing the nature and chronology of renal damage post-ESWL in a rat model by MR.     

Spontaneous subcapsular and perinephric hemorrhage in end-stage kidney disease: clinical and CT findings

Clinical, CT, and pathologic findings were analyzed in six patients with spontaneous subcapsular or perinephric hematomas complicating end-stage kidney disease. Renal failure had been managed by hemodialysis in four patients, by renal transplantation in one, and by conservative methods in one. All patients had nonspecific abdominal pain. CT clearly showed in all cases that the pain resulted from hemorrhage and also revealed the extent and location of hematomas. In addition, in four patients, CT showed underlying acquired cystic kidney disease that was the probable cause of hemorrhage. In one of these patients, CT also showed a renal cell carcinoma in the opposite kidney. Other causes for renal hemorrhage encountered in the series included renal infarction due to small vessel disease, heparinization during hemodialysis, and thrombocytopenia. Abdominal CT is a useful technique for evaluating patients with end-stage renal disease who have abdominal pain or who exhibit clinical evidence of blood loss.     

Ultrasound for initial evaluation of post-traumatic renal lesions in children

PURPOSE: To describe the findings and limitations of color doppler ultrasound (CDUS) compared to enhanced CT in the evaluation of pediatric renal trauma and to determine the indications for first line imaging work up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 17 children (9 girls) aged 3 to 18 years were shown to have one or multiple post-traumatic renal lesions. All renal lesions were unilateral. All children presented with hematuria (microscopic (n=8), gross (n=7), not specified (n=2)). 16 had CDUS and enhanced CT (gold standard). A 13-year old girl had been imaged by both CDUS and IVU. RESULTS: No correlation between the degree of hematuria and the severity of renal lesion could be found. Final diagnosis was: fracture with uro-hematoma (n=6), contusion (n=5), pedicular lesion (n=2), clotted ureter (n=1), intra cystic hemorrhage (n=1), subcapsular hematoma (n=1), urinoma with no evidence of fracture (n=1), extra-urinary lesion (n=7). In four cases, CDUS was abnormal but the diagnosis of fracture had not been made. In 3 cases, a uro-hematoma was present and CDUS misdiagnosed a pedicular lesion. CONCLUSION: Imaging strategy should not rely on the type of hematuria. Presence of a urinoma alters the sensitivity of CDUS. When performed in ideal conditions, a comprehensive normal CDUS examination is probably sufficient to exclude a major renal injury.     

合并出血的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的：提高对合并出血的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断准确率。方法：回顾性分析13例经手术病理证实为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤合并出血的患者CT资料,观察其影像学表现。结果：发生于左肾者8例,右肾者4例,1例为双侧者。病灶最大者达25 cm,最小者约3 cm。所有病灶内均可见出血,部分合并肾包膜下或肾周出血。增强后病灶内脂肪成分及出血无强化,实性成分可见轻至中度强化。所有病灶内均可见血管影。4例病灶突破肾包膜,2例同时合并肾周感染。结论：多层螺旋CT尤其是增强检查,对合并出血的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断极有价值。     

肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT和MRI鉴别诊断价值

目的评价CT和MRI对肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法搜集经手术病理证实的肾周脂肪肉瘤18例和肾脏巨大AML(直径>8cm)14例患者资料。32例均行CT检查,10例同时行MRI检查,分析脂肪肉瘤和AML的影像学特点。结果AML有14例显示肾实质缺损、11例发现瘤内扩张血管、5例肿瘤出血及3例伴有更小AML;而脂肪肉瘤无肾实质缺损、出血及不伴有更小AML征象,仅1例发现瘤内血管。肾实质缺损、瘤内扩张血管及肿瘤出血对鉴别两者差异有统计学意义。结论肾实质缺损、瘤内血管和出血是肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大AML鉴别的重要影像学征象。     

Nontraumatic posterior temporal lobe hemorrhage: clinical computed tomographic correlations.

Ten patients with nontraumatic posterior temporal hematomas were analyzed. These hemorrhages were spontaneous (four cases) or hypertensive (six cases). With right posterior temporal hematomas, headache and confusion of sudden onset were the initial common characteristic clinical signs. The absence of prominent lateralizing neurological deficit simulated a diffuse toxic or metabolic encephalopathy. With left-sided hematomas, Wernicke-type aphasia was the initial feature. The 10 hematomas were 1.8 to 2.8 cm in maximal diameter. In these 10 cases, clinical outcome was good, as all patients survived and the hematoma resolved spontaneously.     

肾综合征出血热的腹部CT表现

目的：总结分析肾综合征出血热的腹部CT表现。方法：回顾性分析经临床确诊并行CT检查的35例肾综合征出血热患者的腹部CT表现。结果：双肾肿大、肾实质增厚29例,无明显肿大6例,肾实质血肿1例,肾包膜下出血3例,肾髓质出血1例,肾周模糊伴不同程度渗出液27例,肾周筋膜水肿增厚28例;并发胰腺炎1例,脾大18例,胃壁水肿增厚3例,肝实质密度减低13例,胆囊壁水肿增厚lO例,少量腹水22例,腹壁血肿2例,胸腰筋膜水肿增厚12例。结论：肾综合征出血热可引发腹部诸多组织、器官的病变,水肿、积液与出血是其主要的影像表现。CT对病变的检出及了解病变程度与演变具有重要价值。     

Diffuse Renal Cortical Hemorrhage in the Setting of Subcapsular Hematoma: Diagnosis and Treatment with Embolization

Purpose

To describe radiologic findings, embolization technique, and clinical outcomes in patients with renal subcapsular hematoma and diffuse cortical hemorrhage.

CT evaluation of underlying cause in spontaneous subcapsular and perirenal hemorrhage

We evaluated the CT scans of 13 patients with spontaneous subcapsular or perinephric hemorrhage (SPH) associated with these underlying causes: 4 angiomyolipomas, 2 renal cell carcinomas, 1 renal metastatic malignant melanoma, 1 ruptured renal artery aneurysm, 1 adrenal myelolipoma, 1 ruptured renal abscess, 2 ruptured hemorrhagic cysts, and 1 patient with undiagnosed coagulation disorder. Our objective was to ascertain whether an underlying cause of SPH was identifiable by CT, and to determine the extension of the hematomas. Computed tomography identified the hematoma in all 13 cases (sensitivity 100%). In all 12 cases in which there was a renal or adrenal anatomic lesion, the underlying cause was identified with CT (100%), with correct diagnosis in 11 cases (91.6%). The case in which no lesion was identified was the undiagnosed coagulation disorder. We conclude that CT is a useful technique for the initial evaluation of SPH, permitting diagnosis of hemorrhage and identification of the underlying cause.     

Spontaneous intramural small-bowel hematoma: imaging findings and outcome

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to review the imaging findings and outcomes of patients with nontraumatic spontaneous intramural small-bowel hematoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records and radiologic studies of 13 patients with known intramural small-bowel hemorrhage. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 64 years. Sixty-two percent of patients had warfarin toxicity. The diagnosis was evident on CT performed in all patients. Small-bowel obstruction was present in 85% of patients, and biliary obstruction was present in 8%. A single hematoma was present in 85% of patients, and multiple hematomas were present in 15%. The jejunum was the most common site of the hematoma (69%), followed by the ileum (38%) and duodenum (23%). The hematoma extended into the cecum in 15% of patients. The estimated average length of the hematoma was 23 cm, and the shortest segment was 8 cm. Resolution of the hematoma was seen on CT as early as 1 week after onset. Eleven patients (85%) with non-extensive hematomas were dismissed from the hospital without any short- or long-term complications (mean follow-up, 35 months). Two patients with extensive hematomas involving more than half the length of the small intestine died. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous intramural small-bowel hematoma is rare. It occurs in patients who receive excessive anticoagulation with warfarin or who have some other risk factor for bleeding. CT characteristics include circumferential wall thickening, intramural hyperdensity, luminal narrowing, and intestinal obstruction. Early diagnosis is crucial because most patients are treated nonoperatively with a good outcome.     

自发性肾包膜下血肿临床分析

目的探讨自发性肾包膜下血肿的发生原因,总结其临床特点及诊疗体会。方法本组6例自发性肾包膜下血肿患者通过CT和B超检查明确诊断。根据肾包膜下血肿严重程度和合并肾脏病变情况分别选择非手术治疗、经皮肾穿刺引流术和手术探查。结果 6例患者中有2例肾包膜下血肿严重且合并有肾脏占位性病变者进行手术探查,并实施患肾切除术,术后证实为血管平滑肌脂肪瘤出血。有2例血肿较轻者行非手术治疗,有2例血肿较重者行经皮肾穿刺引流术,这4例患者均痊愈出院,无肾萎缩、肾性高血压、肾积水和肾脏感染的发生。结论自发性肾包膜下血肿多由于患肾合并有其他肾脏疾病,CT和B超检查是诊断肾包膜下血肿并明确血肿严重程度的主要检查方法 ,同时明确肾脏合并疾病的诊断。根据肾包膜下血肿的严重程度分别选择非手术治疗和经皮肾穿刺引流术可取得良好治疗效果,急诊手术增加失肾率甚至危及生命,应严格掌握手术探查指征。     

Radiology of perinephric fluid collections

The perinephric spaces consist of the subcapsular, perirenal, anterior and posterior pararenal spaces. Fluid may collect in one or more of these compartments; this can be readily demonstrated by cross-sectional imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT). This pictorial review illustrates the radiological manifestations of perinephric fluid collections with their differential diagnosis including perinephric abscess, perirenal urine collection, subcapsular and perirenal hematoma, renal lymphangiomatosis, pancreatic pararenal fluid collections and transudate fluid associated with nephropathies.     

闭合性肾损伤的CT评价

目的:探讨闭合性肾损伤的CT表现及其临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经临床或手术证实的54例闭合性肾损伤的临床及CT资料。结果:肾挫伤8例,肾内血肿3例,肾撕裂伤11例,肾碎裂伤2例,肾盂输尿管连接处撕裂1例,肾被膜下血肿33例,肾周血肿15例。漏诊肾盂输尿管损伤1例。结论:CT可快速、准确地判断肾损伤的程度及范围,为临床制订治疗方案提供依据。     

特殊部位硬膜下血肿的CT诊断

目的 探讨大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT特点。资料与方法 回顾性分析32例大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT和临床资料。结果 32例中大脑镰硬膜下血肿20例,CT表现为内缘平直,外缘弧形或波浪形的带状高密度影;小脑幕硬膜下血肿12例,CT表现为高密度片状影3例,新月状影3例,U形影2例,累及大脑镰后部4例,呈Y形或镰刀状。结论 大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT表现具有特征性,CT复查对其诊断和鉴别诊断很有意义。     

First experiences in using a new ultrasound mode and ultrasound contrast agent in the diagnosis of blunt renal trauma: a feasibility study in an animal model

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic value of the new ultrasound mode "wide-band harmonic" (WBH) using an ultrasound contrast agent in blunt renal trauma in an animal model. METHODS: A defined blunt renal trauma was induced in 10 rabbits according to published standards. Ultrasound (B-mode, color and power Doppler, WBH) was performed before and after trauma, with and without using a contrast agent (Levovist). Ultrasound features were compared with histologic findings. RESULTS: In 2 of the 10 rabbits, three focal renal intraparenchymal lesions with diameters ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 mm were found that could be identified only using WBH with contrast. Six of the 10 rabbits developed a subcapsular hematoma with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm, which was identified by conventional B-mode as well as WBH. Histologic workup confirmed these findings of intraparenchymal hematomas and did not reveal further lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Only 20% of the experimental subjects developed parenchymal lesions with diameters of 1.0 mm or larger. All these lesions were identified only using WBH. These results indicate the potential to use WBH plus contrast for the diagnosis of blunt renal trauma.     

CT and sonography of severe renal and perirenal infections

Twelve patients with urosepsis and severe renal or perirenal infections were evaluated with both computed tomography (CT) and sonography. Six patients had nine proven renal or perirenal abscesses larger than 2 cm in diameter. One patient had multiple microabscesses smaller than 1 cm. Five patients had CT or sonographic evidence of focal or multifocal bacterial nephritis. Computed tomography correctly diagnosed all renal (six) and perirenal (three) abscesses. Sonography was falsely negative in a patient with multiple microabscesses and in another patient with a gas-forming perinephric abscess. In one patient with four bilateral renal abscesses, sonography correctly diagnosed only one of the abscesses. In the five patients with focal or multifocal bacterial nephritis, CT demonstrated poorly defined, poorly enhancing lesions in all cases. Sonography was normal in three of these patients. Although this report is based on a limited experience, computed tomography seems to be the more sensitive method of evaluating severe renal and perirenal infections.     

Medical treatment of renal and perirenal abscesses: CT evaluation

AIM: A retrospective study of our experience of CT evaluation and follow-up of 16 solitary and multiple renal abscesses treated successfully with antibiotics alone and evaluated with CT at the onset of symptoms and after therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients had a solitary renal abscess, five had multiple renal abscesses and four had renal and perinephric abscess. None of the abscesses were larger than 5 cm. RESULTS: In all 16 patients, the CT examination showed total renal and extrarenal regression of the abscesses. In four patients, scarring of the renal outline was observed on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the opportunity to avoid aggressive interventional or surgical treatment of renal and perirenal abscesses of 5-cm diameter or less which can completely regress after antibiotic therapy of at least 4 weeks. The CT examination results are important both in the diagnostic phase to establish the extent of the lesions and in the follow-up to check the results of medical treatment.     

创伤性肾包膜下血肿的诊治体会

目的总结创伤性肾包膜下血肿的临床特点及诊疗策略。方法选择18例创伤性肾包膜下血肿病例,其中外伤性肾包膜下血肿13例,医源性肾包膜下血肿5例,分析CT和B超检查结果,分别选择保守治疗、B超引导下经皮穿刺引流治疗和手术探查治疗。结果18例中选择保守治疗11例,选择微创治疗5例,手术探查2例。2例手术探查者由于肾包膜下血肿和肾创伤严重均实施肾切除术。保守治疗和微创治疗的16例随访1～5年,14例愈后良好,保守治疗组有2例在1年后复查有不同程度的肾萎缩,患肾功能减低。18例均无肾性高血压、肾积水和肾脏感染的发生。结论医源性肾包膜下血肿是由于诊疗过程中操作不规范所致,13例外伤性肾包膜下血肿,有9例肾合并有其它肾脏疾病,CT和B超检查是诊断肾包膜下血肿并明确血肿严重程度的主要检查方法,根据肾包膜下血肿的严重程度分别选择保守治疗和微创治疗可取得良好的治疗效果,应严格掌握手术探查指征。