基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助检测研究进展

CT是检查肺癌的主要方法之一,而精度越来越高的CT在获得更清晰图像的同时,其数据量也在急剧增加,加重了医生阅片的负担.检测速度快、检测精度高的CT图像肺结节计算机辅助检测系统成为帮助医生诊断的有效工具.该综述阐述了CT图像肺结节计算机辅助检测方法的研究意义、检测过程、各类算法、研究难点,并对CT图像肺结节计算机辅助检测的现状进行了总结和展望.     

CT图像肺结节计算机辅助检测与诊断技术研究综述

肺结节计算机辅助诊断（Comput er-aided diagnosis,CAD）能够从CT图像中检测、分割和诊断肺结节,提高早期肺癌的生存率,因而具有重要临床意义。由于肺结节的形态根据其类型、尺寸、位置、内部结构及恶性与否等动态变化,导致肺结节检测和诊断已经成为一个重大的挑战问题。本文对比分析了CAD系统中肺实质分割、肺结节检测、肺结节分割以及肺结节良恶性判断等4个步骤所运用的关键技术及挑战,并指出开发有效CAD系统需要进一步优化不同类型结节诊断算法灵敏度、降低结节检测误报数量、提高诊断自动化水平,同时需要集成影像存储与通信系统（Picture archiving and communication systems, PACS）以及电子病历系统（Electronic medical record systems, EMRS）,以便在日常临床实践中应用。     

肺结节DR图像的计算机辅助诊断技术

在胸部DR图像中,肺结节一直是备受关注的焦点,其早期检出及良恶性的鉴别对肺癌的早期诊断和治疗尤为重要。但是由于肺结节形态多变,大小各异以及位置不固定等因素,其检测诊断一直是放射学家的一个难点,随着计算机辅助诊断逐渐成为医学领域的研究热点之一,越来越多的学者致力于开发肺结节的计算机辅助诊断系统,利用计算机辅助诊断系统提高医生在肺结节检测和诊断上的准确率和减少漏诊率。本文介绍了计算机辅助诊断系统的构成,重点讨论了计算机辅助检测和诊断的关键技术,最后采用实验对胸部DR图像进行了肺结节的识别工作。     

动态多分类器集成在肺结节辅助检测中的应用

针对肺结节病灶数据具有多样性及异质性特点,提出了动态多分类器选择集成算法（Dynamic Multiple Classifiers Selection,DMCS）,将特征空间随机划分为若干特征子集,针对每个特征子集样本分布不同,对不同的特征子集选择适合的基分类器,最后进行集成学习。实验表明,该算法比目前有代表性的肺结节检测病灶分类算法具有更好的稳定性和检测性能。     

基于注意力机制的肺结节分类研究

为进一步提升肺结节分类的效果,引入一种基于注意力机制的分类算法.通过在神经网络中添加空间和通道注意力因子,使得肺结节分类网络生成更有效的特征映射,结合梯度提升树算法,进一步提升模型的性能.经过大量实验后,证明了该方法的有效性.     

深度学习在肺结节辅助诊断中的应用

肺癌位居癌症死亡率首位,对其进行早期诊断和治疗可降低肺癌患者的死亡率。深度学习能够自动提取结节特征,并完成肺结节的良恶性及恶性等级分类,因此深度学习方法成为肺癌早期诊断的重要手段。对常用数据集进行介绍,系统阐述了栈式去噪自编码器（SDAE）、深度置信网络（DBN）、生成对抗网络（GAN）、卷积神经网络（CNN）、循环神经网络（RNN）和迁移学习技术在肺结节良恶性分类中的应用,阐述了深度卷积生成对抗网络（DCGAN）、多尺度卷积神经网络（MCNN）、U型网络（U-Net）和集成学习技术在肺结节恶性等级分类中的应用,针对肺结节分类的深度学习方法进行了综合分析,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

检测肺结节的3维自适应模板匹配

目的 针对传统模板匹配方法检测肺结节存在的问题,提出一种用于CT图像中检测肺结节的3维自适应模板匹配算法。方法 首先,从CT序列图像中分割出3维肺实质,采用Canny算子等方法从分割出的3维肺实质中提取3维感兴趣区域作为候选肺结节;然后,确定每个3维感兴趣区域的主方向和中心层,并以此中心层作为信息层,沿主方向对信息层进行3维扩展生成3维模板;最后,对自适应模板和候选结节的3维归一化互相关(NCC)相关系数进行计算,将相似性高于设定阈值的区域标记为肺结节。结果 采用66个临床CT病例对本文方法进行了肺结节检测实验,结果显示本文方法对肺结节检测的敏感率为95.29%,假阳性为12.90%。结论 本文方法对检测肺结节具有较高的敏感率和准确率,可在临床上有效辅助放射科医生对肺结节进行检测,从而提高放射科医生检测肺结节的准确性和工作效率。     

基于NRU网络的肺结节检测方法

肺癌的早期发现和早期诊断是提高肺癌患者生存率的关键.由于肺癌早期结节很小,目前已有的肺结节检测系统在检测这些结节时很容易漏诊.准确检测早期肺癌结节对于提高肺癌治愈率至关重要,为了降低检测系统对早期结节的漏诊率,需要优化候选结节的提取步骤.在U-Net网络中引入残差网络的捷径,有效解决了传统U-Net网络由于缺乏深度而导...     

面向CT影像的肺结节计算机辅助诊断算法

为了在早期能够发现肺癌,降低对肺结节的漏诊率,提高病人的生存率;基于模糊C均值聚类的算法,利用直方图统计特性对数据进行优化,在此基础上利用像素的邻域特性,将数据样本对各聚类中心约束条件为1改变为隶属度之和为样本总数;用改进的FCM对肺实质图像进行分割,将分割后的图像应用区域分割算法去除小面积区域,利用肺结节的关键特征,提取可疑区域;运用改进算法后,区域分割效果更好;仿真结果证明算法很好地将"线"形或分枝状结构的血管去除;改进的FCM有很好的实时性和对噪声的鲁棒性,分离血管后,将可疑区域在原图标记出来,使医生的工作更加明确.     

基于混合受限玻尔兹曼机的肺结节良恶性诊断

针对传统计算机辅助诊断中肺结节的特征提取方法依靠人工设计、操作复杂、识别率低等问题,提出了一种基于混合受限玻尔兹曼机的肺结节良恶性诊断方法。首先采用多层无监督卷积受限玻尔兹曼机自动对肺结节图像进行特征学习,然后利用分类受限玻尔兹曼机对获得的特征进行良恶性分类。为避免分类受限玻尔兹曼机在训练中出现的特征同质化问题,引入了交叉熵稀疏惩罚对其进行优化。实验结果表明,该方法有效避免了手动特征提取的复杂性,在肺结节良恶性分类的准确率、敏感性、特异性、ROC曲线下面积值上均优于传统诊断方法。     

Detection and classification of lung nodules in chest X-ray images using deep convolutional neural networks

Lung nodule classification is one of the main topics related to computer-aided detection systems. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been demonstrated to perform well on many tasks, there are few explorations of their use for classifying lung nodules in chest X-ray (CXR) images. In this work, we proposed and analyzed a pipeline for detecting lung nodules in CXR images that includes lung area segmentation, potential nodule localization, and nodule candidate classification. We presented a method for classifying nodule candidates with a CNN trained from the scratch. The effectiveness of our method relies on the selection of data augmentation parameters, the design of a specialized CNN architecture, the use of dropout regularization on the network, inclusive in convolutional layers, and addressing the lack of nodule samples compared to background samples balancing mini-batches on each stochastic gradient descent iteration. All model selection decisions were taken using a CXR subset of the Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative dataset separately. Thus, we used all images with nodules in the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology dataset for evaluation. Our experiments showed that CNNs were capable of achieving competitive results when compared to state-of-the-art methods. Our proposal obtained an area under the free-response receiver operating characteristic curve of 7.76 considering 10 false positives per image (FPPI), and sensitivity values of 73.1% and 79.6% with 2 and 5 FPPI, respectively.     

基于BP神经网络的肺结节自动检测算法研究

长期监测发现近年来我国肺癌发病率上升至原先的4倍,气象等专家经过研究发现,灰霾是致肺癌高发的一个根本原因,特别是在城市。肺癌的早期诊断十分重要。利用计算机图像处理技术检测肺癌早期标志物——肺结节,可以提高肺癌诊断的准确率。据此设计了一个CAD系统,尝试通过四个步骤实现肺结节的检测:肺实质分割、感兴趣区(ROI)的提取、特征的提取与计算、肺结节检测。     

Intensity-based statistical features for classification of lungs CT scan nodules using artificial intelligence techniques

A computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system for effective and accurate pulmonary nodule detection is required to detect the nodules at early stage. This paper proposed a novel technique to detect and classify pulmonary nodules based on statistical features for intensity values using support vector machine (SVM). The significance of the proposed technique is, it uses the nodules features in 2D & 3D and also SVM for the classification that is good to classify the nodules extracted from the image. The lung volume is extracted from Lung CT using thresholding, background removal, hole-filling and contour correction of lung lobe. The candidate nodules are extracted and pruned using the rules based on ground truth of nodules. The statistical features for intensity values are extracted from candidate nodules. The nodule data are up-samples to reduce the biasness. The classifier SVM is trained using data samples. The efficiency of proposed CAD system is tested and evaluated using Lung Image Consortium Database (LIDC) that is standard data-set used in CAD Systems for Lungs Nodule classification. The results obtained from proposed CAD system are good as compare to previous CAD systems. The sensitivity of 96.31% is achieved in the proposed CAD system.     

Optimized feature selection-based clustering approach for computer-aided detection of lung nodules in different modalities

Pattern Analysis and Applications - Early detection of pulmonary lung nodules plays a significant role in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Computed tomography (CT) and chest radiographs (CRs) are...     

Top-hat和Gabor filter在肺结节ROI自动检测中的应用研究

在自动诊断大量带有病变区域的CT图像时,计算机辅助诊断起着重要的作用。提出了一种自动检测肺结节感兴趣区域的方法。对肺实质进行分割;利用Top-hat滤波提取包含血管和结节在内的初始感兴趣区域;用Gabor filter对图像进行第二次处理;对图像进行比对,从而得到更为精确的疑似结节的病灶区域。实验证明该方法能准确完整地提取出感兴趣区域。     

基于三维形状指数的肺结节自动检测方法

针对在肺结节计算机辅助检测中存在误诊率、假阳性率较高,检测准确率较低等问题,提出一种基于三维形状指数和Hessian矩阵特征值构建类球形滤波器的结节检测方法。首先,提取肺实质区域,并计算各体素点Hessian矩阵的特征值和特征向量;其次,通过二维形状指数推导出三维形状指数公式,构建改进的三维类球形滤波器;最后,在三维肺实质区域内检测疑似结节区域,去除较多的假阳性区域,针对三维体数据上检测出结节所在位置,将检测到的坐标作为置信连接的多种子点输入,进行三维体数据分割,最终分割出三维结节。实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效地检测出不同类型的肺结节,对较难检测的磨玻璃结节也有较好的检测效果,结节检测的假阳性低,最终能达到92.36%的准确率和96.52%的敏感度。     

A computer-aided system for malignancy risk assessment of nodules in thyroid US images based on boundary features

In this paper, a novel computer-based approach is proposed for malignancy risk assessment of thyroid nodules in ultrasound images. The proposed approach is based on boundary features and is motivated by the correlation which has been addressed in medical literature between nodule boundary irregularity and malignancy risk. In addition, local echogenicity variance is utilized so as to incorporate information associated with local echogenicity distribution within nodule boundary neighborhood. Such information is valuable for the discrimination of high-risk nodules with blurred boundaries from medium-risk nodules with regular boundaries. Analysis of variance is performed, indicating that each boundary feature under study provides statistically significant information for the discrimination of thyroid nodules in ultrasound images, in terms of malignancy risk. k-nearest neighbor and support vector machine classifiers are employed for the classification tasks, utilizing feature vectors derived from all combinations of features under study. The classification results are evaluated with the use of the receiver operating characteristic. It is derived that the proposed approach is capable of discriminating between medium-risk and high-risk nodules, obtaining an area under curve, which reaches 0.95.