全气体静压环形抛光机床的研制及应用

针对单轴抛光机面形控制难度大、较多依赖人工经验,无法满足光学元件激增的数量和精度需求的问题,提出研制一种新型超精密环形抛光机床。首先引入抛光盘跳动为变量构建基于Preston公式和赫兹接触理论的材料去除模型;模型仿真分析表明抛光盘跳动误差变化会导致材料不均匀去除,而主轴跳动误差和导轨直线误差会直接影响抛光盘的面形修正和测量精度。然后基于此结论,利用静态、模态、谐响应分析对机床整体布局和横梁支撑形式进行优化;同时设计气体静压导轨和主轴以提高直线运动精度和主轴回转精度。最后为了验证机床精度和加工指标,采用LK-G5000激光传感器检测导轨和转台的运动误差分别优于1.2μm/400 mm和0.4μm。对?300 mm的UBK7光学元件进行抛光,8小时后粗糙度和PV值分别优于Ra0.56 nm和1/10λ。结果表明：所研制的超精密环形抛光机床达到了设计要求。     

应用旋转法实现大口径非球面反射镜零重力面形加工

为了在地面制造环境下实现大口径空间非球面反射镜的零重力面形加工,建立了基于重力卸载的高精度旋转检测工艺方法。首先对N次等间隔旋转法的基本原理进行了介绍,并结合一块Ф1 290mm ULE材料的非球面反射镜加工实例,分别给出了旋转法实施环节中的旋转角度和偏心误差控制方法,实际角度误差和偏心误差分别优于0.1°和0.1mm。然后,在低精度阶段采用了3次旋转法对检测结果进行处理,主镜面形精度快速收敛至0.029λ-RMS;同时由于应用旋转法而导致镜面上的对称性误差累积放大,进行了针对性去除,面形精度进一步收敛至0.023λ-RMS。最后,采用了6次旋转法对检测结果进行处理并指导光学加工,反射镜6个方向下的实测面形精度为0.012λ-RMS,去除重力变形误差后面形精度达到了0.010λ-RMS,该面形可以认为是卫星入轨后零重力空间环境下的反射镜面形。文中所述加工工艺方法不仅适用于米级口径,还适用于更大口径空间非球面反射镜零重力面形的高精度加工。     

Ф420mm高次非球面透镜的加工与检测

介绍了Ф420mm熔石英高次非球面透镜的加工与检测方法。对现有数控加工工艺进行了优化,通过分工序加工方式,依次采用机器人研磨、抛光和离子束修形技术完成了透镜的加工。进行非球面透镜检测时,考虑透镜的凹面为球面,利用球面波干涉仪对其面形进行了直接检测,剔除干涉仪标准镜镜头参考面误差后,透镜凹面的精度达到0.011λ-RMS;针对透镜的凸面为高次非球面,采用基于背后反射自准法的零位补偿技术对其进行面形检测,其精度达到0.013λ-RMS。最后,采用一块高精度标准球面镜对加工后透镜的透射波前进行了自消球差检测,得到其波前误差为0.013λ-RMS。试验结果表明,非球面透镜各项技术指标均满足设计要求。所述工艺方法亦适用于更大口径的非球面透镜及其他类型非球面光学元件的高精度加工.     

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测大口径圆对称非球面反射镜

针对大口径非球面反射镜在研磨阶段后期其面形与理想面形存在较大偏差,且表面粗糙度较大、反射率较低,采用轮廓仪和普通干涉仪检测无法满足测试要求等问题,提出采用动态范围大且精度高的Shack-Hartmann波前传感器来检测大口径非球面反射镜.研究分析了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测系统的原理及系统误差并编写了相应的数据处理软件.为了验证该方法的可行性,对已经加工完成的350 mm口径旋转对称双曲面面形进行了检测,测量得到的面形误差PV值、RMS值分别为0.388λ、0.043λ(λ=632.8 nm);与干涉测量的标准结果进行了对比,得到的面形偏差PV值、RMS值分别为0.014λ和0.001λ.对比结果表明,Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的测量结果正确可靠,从而验证了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测大口径非球面反射镜的可行性.     

单晶硅反射镜的超精密磨削工艺

为了实现单晶硅反射镜高效低损伤的超精密加工,研究了基于工件旋转法磨削原理的单晶硅反射镜超精密磨削工艺。通过形貌检测和成份测试的方法分析了该工艺采用的超细粒度金刚石砂轮的组织结构特征,并对单晶硅进行了超精密磨削试验,研究了超细粒度金刚石砂轮的磨削性能。通过砂轮主轴角度与工件面形之间的数学关系实现对磨削工件面形的控制。最后,采用超细粒度金刚石砂轮对Φ100mm×5mm的单晶硅反射镜进行了超精密磨削试验验证。试验结果表明,超细粒度金刚石砂轮磨削后的单晶硅表面粗糙度Ra值小于10nm,亚表面损伤深度小于100nm,磨削后的单晶硅反射镜面形PV值从初始的8.1μm减小到1.5μm。由此说明采用该工艺磨削单晶硅反射镜能够高效地获得低损伤表面和高精度面形。     

球面绝对检测及误差控制

高精度检测技术是促进光学加工技术发展的必备条件.ZYGO干涉仪检测光学表面面形代表着国际先进水平,常规检测精度取决于仪器配备的标准镜头(通常标准镜头精度为λ/10,最高精度可达λ/20),λ/20测量精度不能满足更高精度面形检测的需求.本文探讨了表面绝对检测技术及误差控制,通过用ZYGO干涉仪及两种精度等级的参考镜头对f/1.07的球面镜进行常规GPI干涉和双球面实时绝对检测比对,证明了表面绝对检测的有效性.实验及分析表明在超净实验室、高精度防振平台、高精密可旋转5维调整架及精密导轨的测量条件下,采用表面绝对测量技术,严格控制基准定位和共焦位置旋转角度定位,多次重复测量,λ/10标准镜头同样能够达到λ/30 PV的高精度检测目的.     

Φ1.2m F/1.5抛物面主镜补偿器

用于Φ1200 F/1.5主镜面形检验的补偿器,需要补偿0.087mm的非球面度,并实现0.033λ（RMS）面形检测要求。详细介绍了该补偿器的设计、误差分析、加工、标校及最终主镜检测的情况;用于主镜检测前用计算全息（CGH）对补偿器标校显示：补偿器产生的抛物面面形误差为0.012λ（RMS）,二次曲面常数K的误差0.0064%;主镜最终的补偿检测结果为：面形0.027λ（RMS）,二次曲面常数K的误差0.0306%,与分析的结果相符合。结果表明：补偿器设计合理,建立的误差分析原则和方法可行,加工质量可靠,这将为更大口径高陡度非球面主镜的补偿检验奠定坚实基础。     

GCr15长方形工件的纳米级表面超精密研磨技术研究

针对材质为GCr15轴承钢的长方形工件纳米级超光滑表面的技术要求,在CJY500超精密研磨机上,采用机械研磨和化学抛光相结合的非接触式超精密研磨(浮动研抛)方法,对长方形GCr15轴承钢工件进行超精密研磨抛光.结果表明:与其它研磨方法相比,此方法在获得纳米级表面粗糙度的同时,还能获得极高的面形精度,而且无加工变质层.     

Ф1．2mF／1．5抛物面主镜补偿器

用于Ф1．2mF／1．5主镜面形检验的补偿器,需要补偿0．087mm的非球面度,并满足0．033λ（RMS）面形检测要求。介绍了该补偿器的设计、误差分析、加工、标校及最终主镜检测的情况。主镜检测前用计算全息（CGH）对补偿器标校显示：补偿器产生的抛物面面形误差为0．012λ（RMS）,二次曲面常数K的误差为0．0064％;主镜最终补偿检测结果为：面形误差0．027λ（RMS）,二次曲面常数K的误差为0．0306％,与分析的结果相符。结果表明,补偿器设计合理,建立的误差分析原则和方法可行,加工质量可靠,为更大口径高陡度非球面主镜的补偿检验奠定了坚实基础。     

误差分离技术在平面镜瑞奇-康芒法检测中的应用

为了提高瑞奇-康芒法检测平面镜面形误差的精度,提出了利用检测系统光瞳面与被检平面镜表面的坐标映射关系插值拟合平面镜面形的方法。结合最小二乘法分析,解算了由光路调整引入的离焦误差,获得了更为真实的平面镜面形误差。理论仿真分析显示,此方法的平面镜测量误差可控制在λ/100(λ=632.8nm)量级。对口径为40mm的小口径平面镜进行了实际检测,检测过程中通过多角度旋转被测平面镜,利用坐标映射关系和幅值转换关系对测试波前进行恢复,在分离系统离焦误差后得到被检平面镜面形RMS值为0.018 6λ,与干涉仪直接检测得到的RMS值0.021λ相比,残差为0.002 4λ。实验结果证明了此种误差分离技术在瑞奇-康芒法对平面镜面形检测时的有效性与准确性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.