应用自体心包条行二尖瓣瓣环成形的疗效评价

【摘要】目的 总结自体心包成形条在二尖瓣成形术中的应用及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年11月至2015年9月我院采用二尖瓣成形术治疗169例二尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料,其中男102例,女67例;年龄20～79(47．5±10．5)岁;术前超声心动图发现二尖瓣中度反流(Ⅲ级)32例,重度反流(IV级)137例。手术方法为体外循环下修复二尖瓣瓣叶及瓣下结构,同时所有病例均使用心包条环缩瓣环。手术中注水试验和经食管超声心动图评价成形效果。 结果 平均体外循环时间(120．6±30．3)min,主动脉阻断时间(65．6±15．5)min,围术期死亡3例,死亡原因为低心排综合征、多器官功能衰竭和败血症。术后心脏超声心动图提示：二尖瓣无反流(0级)99例,微量反流(Ⅰ级)43例,轻度反流(Ⅱ级)22例,轻至中度反流(Ⅲ级)2例。所有患者均无二尖瓣狭窄和二尖瓣收缩期前向运动（SAM）。术后随访150例(90.3％),随访时间12～40个月。随访期间2例死亡,其中1例死因与心脏疾病无关;3例行二尖瓣置换术。随访期超声心动图显示左房直径、左室舒张末直径明显减小(P<0．05)。NYHA心功能分级I级119例、Ⅱ级26例。结论 二尖瓣成形术中应用自体心包条环缩成形是简单、安全、有效的,能较好的维持左心功能,早期疗效满意。     

经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的探讨经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值。方法术前18例二尖瓣关闭不全患者均常规经胸超声心动图检查,术中经食管超声心动图监测,并即刻评价二尖瓣成形术的效果。结果本组18例中16例一次性手术实施成功。1例术中监测发现反流2级后再次实施成形后成功,1例术中监测发现反流3级后改行二尖瓣置换术。结论经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中具有非常重要的临床应用价值。     

二尖瓣成形术367例分析

目的:总结367例二尖瓣成形术的临床经验,评价二尖瓣成形术的临床效果.方法:回顾性分析我院1996-10～2006-12进行二尖瓣成形术的7岁以上患者367例,其中瓣膜退行性病变295例;先天性二尖瓣病变26例;缺血性改变导致二尖瓣关闭不全20例;风湿性心脏病18例;感染性心内膜炎8例.术前纽约心功能NYHA分级Ⅱ级193例,Ⅲ级156例,Ⅳ级18例,术前超声心动图显示二尖瓣反流量轻一中度25例,中度109例,中到重度134例,重度99例;左心房内径24～71(45.10±9.13)mm,左心室舒张期末内径30～86(60.13±7.89)mm.均在低温体外循环下行二尖瓣成形术.结果:术中经打水实验或食道超声心动图评价成形效果满意,术后1周复查超声心动图示左心房内径14～83(34.99±8.30)mm,左心室舒张期末内径31～71(50.64±6.54)mm,与术前相比明显缩小,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.001).术后早期死亡1例;331例患者随访3个月至11年,心功能NYHA分级Ⅰ级患者280例,Ⅱ级41例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级6例;超声心动图示左心房内径21～73(39.11±9.33)mm,左心室舒张期末内径34～79(50.04±6.51)mm,与术前相比明显缩小,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.001).192例患者二尖瓣无或微量反流,97例少量反流,27例少到中量反流,7例中量反流,2例中到大量反流,6例大量反流.4例术后行二尖瓣置换术,1例发生溶血,晚期死亡4例.结论:根据二尖瓣病变的特征进行选择,采用相应的成形技术,对非风湿性二尖瓣病变行尖瓣成形术可取得较满意的临床效果.术中行食道超声心动图和注水实验能为判断手术效果提供有益的帮助.     

术中经食管超声心动图监测行二尖瓣成形术

目的　评价术中经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的作用。方法　 1993年 3月至 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,6 2例二尖瓣关闭不全病人在经食管超声心动图监测下行二尖瓣成形术 ,男 2 4例 ,女 38例 ,平均年龄 (31 3± 7 5 )岁。病因为退行性变 4 2例 ,先天性 2 0例。重度二尖瓣关闭不全 5 9例 ,中度 3例。根据二尖瓣病变的特征进行相应的成形手术。结果　全组无一例手术死亡 ,8例改行二尖瓣替换术。术后超声心动图检查二尖瓣无返流 3例 ,轻度返流 4 9例 ,中度返流 2例。结论　经食管超声心动图在术中能即时判断二尖瓣成形术的效果 ,并找出失败原因 ,从而指导进一步成形术。     

反流类型结合彩色多普勒血流汇聚征象在定位二尖瓣脱垂部位的应用价值

目的:探讨应用反流类型结合二尖瓣血流汇聚征象在诊断二尖瓣脱垂部位的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析36例经手术证实的二尖瓣脱垂患者的超声心动图资料。与单纯二维超声心动图相比较,评价二尖瓣反流类型及血流汇聚征象在定位二尖瓣小叶脱垂部位的应用价值。结果:在36例二尖瓣脱垂患者中,手术证实有46个小叶脱垂。二维超声诊断准确率为74%;二维+二尖瓣反流类型+血流汇聚诊断的准确率为91%。结论:二尖瓣反流类型结合血流汇聚征象有助于提高经胸超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂部位的准确性。     

综合应用二尖瓣成形术治疗复杂二尖瓣关闭不全的中远期效果

目的:回顾性分析综合应用二尖瓣成形术矫治复杂二尖瓣关闭不全的中远期临床效果。方法:2003年1月2014年3月,综合应用多项成形技术修复23例复杂二尖瓣关闭不全患者瓣膜,患者年龄14~71(45±23)岁。术前超声心动图提示二尖瓣关闭不全:中度6例,重度17例,均存在2个以上的反流点;联合应用后瓣矩形切除、前叶三角形切除、腱索缩短、腱索转移、缘对缘二孔化、置入人工腱索、置入人工瓣环等技术修复二尖瓣。术中采用注水试验和经食管超声心动图检查评估成形效果。手术后每年进行1次超声心动图检查,采用Kaplan-Meier方法评估术后随访期死亡率和无二尖瓣反流发生率。结果:全组患者无手术死亡和住院死亡,随访时间为(71±37)个月,2例患者失访(9%),1例患者于术后3年死于心力衰竭,预计11年总体生存率为95%。根据最近一次超声心动图随访结果,22例存活患者中,3例患者分别于术后9个月、72个月和96个月发生中度二尖瓣反流,免于中度以上二尖瓣反流的预计发生率为76.4%。无患者因为二尖瓣反流复发或者其它原因进行二次心脏手术。结论:正确判断二尖瓣闭锁不全的病理改变,综合应用多种成形技术可以取得良好的二尖瓣成形中远期效果。     

人工腱索移植术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂

用ePTFE缝线作人工腱索行二尖瓣成形术8例,共做人工腱索21根,同期行冠状动脉搭桥2例、房间隔缺损修补1例、三尖瓣成形3例.术后1例出现二尖瓣中度反流,再次转机,加用edge to edge技术后,食管超声复查示轻度反流,其余患者无二尖瓣反流或轻微、轻度反流.随访1～30个月,二尖瓣反流均无明显加重.认为ePTFE作为人工腱索治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂效果可靠,术中准确确定人工腱索的长度是关键,术中食管超声心动图检查可确定手术效果.     

经胸二维超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性

目的:评价经胸二维超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性及其对术式选择的指导作用。方法:本研究共入选39例患者,均经二维超声心动图诊断为二尖瓣脱垂,并对其脱垂部位,脱垂程度,反流程度及各腔室大小进行了详尽的描述。该39例患者均行外科手术治疗,并将术中所见与超声心动图结果对照,首先根据术中所见瓣叶脱垂部位将患者分为前叶病变组(n=15),后叶病变组(n=19)及双叶病变组(n=5),比较各组间临床及超声心动图特点,明确超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性。同时根据手术方式将患者分为瓣膜置换者(n=23)与瓣膜成形者(n=16),比较两类患者间的超声心动图特点。结果:39例患者中,超声心动图诊断与术中所见比较二尖瓣前叶病变组,后叶病变组及双叶病变组分别为14例及15例,22例及19例、3例及5例,诊断瓣叶脱垂伴腱索断裂者为17例及22例,与术中所见比较,该四者的准确率分别为92.3%,87.1%,89.7%及72%。在选择不同手术方式的比较的结果为,二尖瓣前叶及双叶脱垂者多行瓣膜置换术,二尖瓣后叶病变者多行瓣膜成形术。结论:二维超声心动图不仅能较准确地诊断不同部位的二尖瓣脱垂,同时对手术方式的选择具有重要的指导作用。     

超声测量二尖瓣对合高度对二尖瓣脱垂成形效果的评价

目的:应用超声心动图技术测量二尖瓣成形术后即刻对合高度,并观察随访术后6个月该指标的变化情况,探索用对合高度作为超声定量指标,评价成形效果的可行性。方法:选取20例因单纯二尖瓣脱垂行二尖瓣成形术的患者作为手术组,用经食管超声测量其术后即刻的瓣叶各分区对合高度,与正常组对照分析、比较两组超声对合高度值差异;同时,比较术后即刻的外科直视测量对合高度值与经食管超声测值的差异。随访总结12例患者二尖瓣各小叶分区对合高度值,并与术后即刻超声测量数据相对比,观察对合高度的变化。结果:20例手术患者外科直视测量及超声测量二尖瓣对合高度的方法具有较好的一致性。12例患者实现术后6个月随访,2例出现明显反流区域对合高度较术后即刻均有明显降低。结论:超声测量对合高度的方法是可行的,对合高度能够作为二尖瓣成形术后评价二尖瓣对合程度的定量指标。     

Loop-in-Loop技术在胸腔镜辅助下右胸小切口二尖瓣成形术中的应用

目的:了解Loop-in-Loop技术应用于胸腔镜辅助下右胸小切口二尖瓣成形术中的临床效果。方法:回顾并总结我院2018年6月—2020年9月46例单纯二尖瓣反流患者采用Loop-in-Loop技术行胸腔镜辅助下右胸小切口二尖瓣成形术患者的临床资料,分析其术后早期疗效,应用Kaplan-Meier曲线估算总体远期免于中度及以上二尖瓣反流发生率。结果:患者均成功手术,无瓣膜置换和中转开胸,围术期未见患者死亡。术后早期并发症包括：因胸壁出血二次开胸止血2例,肺部感染3例,新发心房颤动4例。出院前复查超声提示无或微量二尖瓣反流28例(60.9%),轻度二尖瓣反流16例(34.8%),轻-中度二尖瓣反流2例(4.3%)。术后39例(84.8%)患者随访成功,平均随访时间(26.3±15.2)个月,超声提示中度二尖瓣反流2例,重度二尖瓣反流2例(其中1例行二尖瓣置换)。Kaplan-Meier曲线表明,术后12、24和36个月,免于中度以上二尖瓣关闭不全的概率为(96.2±3.5)%、(94.7±3.8)%和(93.4±4.6)%。结论:Loop-in-Loop技术安全有效,可应用于电视胸腔镜辅...     

Five-year echocardiographic results of combined undersized mitral ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting for chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation.

AIMS: We present 5-year echocardiographic results of combined undersizing mitral ring annuloplasty (UMRA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-one patients (aged 68.4 +/- 8.1, 62.5% male) undergoing combined CABG and UMRA in our Institution (Cardiac Surgery, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy) between September 2001 and March 2007 were prospectively enrolled in the study. Median follow up was 32.9 months [interquartile range (IQR) 17.5-51.6]. Fourteen patients with significant residual mitral regurgitation (MR) needing immediate intraoperative revision (n = 3) or at discharge (n = 11) were excluded from the study. Serial echocardiograms were performed in 220 survivors at baseline, discharge, and annually thereafter. Additionally, 17 patients died (2 early and 15 late deaths) and were also excluded from the study. MR remained stable at 1 year and re-increased at 3 years (P < 0.001) and 5 years (P < 0.001). Five-year actuarial survival was 83.2 +/- 4.4. Five-year freedom from re-operation for failed repair was 78.2 +/- 4.9%. Mean systolic and diastolic diameters decreased significantly at discharge (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) and at early follow up (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02) but raised at 3 years (P < 0.001) and 5 years (P < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic sphericity indexes improved at discharge (P < 0.001) remained stable at 1 year but they re-increased at 3-year control (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively) with a late raise exceeding the pre-operative value (P < 0.001). Left ventricular reverse remodelling was observed in 44.2% of the study population with 10.3% of patients showing further left ventricular dilatation. At multivariable model, end-systolic volume > or =145 mL, systolic sphericity index > or =0.7, myocardial performance index > or =0.9, and wall motion score index > or =1.5 were predictors of recurrent MR. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the need for improved repair technique and better patient selection to identify patients with anticipated repair failure who could benefit more from valve replacement or other procedure directly addressing ventricular tethering.     

Echocardiography of the Mitral Valve

Echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for assessment of the mitral valve (MV). It provides an accurate and non-invasive tool to assess the morphology, geometry and function of the MV apparatus, which form the basis of the mechanisms and classification of MV disease. This review highlights the mechanistic insights into MV dysfunction by echocardiography and the critical role of echocardiography in the quantitative assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis.     

Isolated cleft posterior mitral valve leaflet: an uncommon cause of mitral regurgitation

A 53-year-old woman with a history of hypertension was referredfor an echocardiogram by her primary care physician after anunspecified abnormal ECG. The echocardiogram showed normal leftventricular size and function; however, an isolated cleft posteriormitral valve leaflet was identified with concomitant bileafletprolapse and mild mitral regurgitation. She was subsequentlyreferred to a cardiologist for clinical evaluation. Cleft mitralvalve leaflet (CMVL) is an uncommon congenital cause of mitralregurgitation. Clefts, defined as slit-like holes or defects,are hypothesized to be a result of incomplete expression ofan endocardial cushion defect which most commonly involves theanterior mitral valve leaflet with a paediatric incidence of1:1340. Clefts affecting only the posterior mitral valve leafletare extremely rare with only four cases being reported in themedical literature. Important co-existing anomalies with eitherposterior and/or anterior CMVL include counterclockwise rotationof the papillary muscles, the presence of an accessory papillarymuscle or mitral valve leaflet, atrial septal defects, and mitralvalve prolapse. Regurgitation from CMVL can lead to importantphysiological and anatomical changes within the cardiac system.Regurgitation results from blood flow directly through the cleftitself or from malcoaptation from accessory chordae with orwithout papillary muscle distortion. Significant chronic mitralregurgitation elevates left atrial filling pressures and leadsto chamber enlargement and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy.Early detection through two-dimensional echocardiography canprovide accurate anatomical images of the various mitral valvestructures and identify associated congenital anomalies. Earlysurgical correction is preferred before mitral regurgitationcauses unfavourable remodelling. Most mitral valve cleft defectscan easily be repaired by suturing the edges of the cleft. Ifa cleft resection leads to limited residual valve tissue, theleaflet of the mitral valve can be reconstructed using an autologouspericardial patch pre-treated with buffered glutaraldehyde.Posterior CMVL is an uncommon but clinically important causeof mitral insufficiency. Early recognition of this rare clinicalentity and possible co-existent anomalies can identify the patientswho would benefit from surgical intervention before compensatoryleft ventricular remodelling and contractile dysfunction develop.     

Mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation: the way forward?

Severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) has a poor outcome if left uncorrected. Successful mitral valve repair has the unique potential to restore normal life expectancy and is superior to valve replacement. Despite this, mitral repair is performed relatively infrequently and many patients with potentially reparable valves have a replacement instead, subjecting them to unnecessary risk. Surgery in asymptomatic patients is a particularly difficult issue with some units advocating surgery irrespective of symptoms, based purely on the severity of regurgitation. This strategy cannot be widely adopted with the current patchy provision of high-quality valve repair surgery. Misplaced enthusiasm for early operation runs the risk of a failed repair and the hazards of a mechanical prosthesis. To ensure optimal treatment for patients with MR, cardiologists must be aware of the indications for valve repair and ensure that patients with potentially reparable valves are referred to surgeons with proven expertise, even if this means a shift from established practice. Surgical units need to promote subspecialization and rigorously audit their outcomes. There are currently no agreed standards for best practice in mitral valve repair and this is an area where professional societies may wish to take a role.     

Mitral stenosis after Duran ring annuloplasty for non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation--a foreign body response?

We report two cases of mitral stenosis after Duran ring annuloplasty for myxomatous mitral regurgitation. Simple explantation of the ring provided relief of mitral stenosis.     

Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease.

Three-dimensional echocardiography offers great promise for improving the understanding of the mitral valve anatomy, function, and pathology. It may have important implications for medical or surgical management of different mitral valve disease. In this article we provide an overview of the three-dimensional anatomy of the mitral valve. Based on the studies using three-dimensional echocardiography we describe the topography of the mitral valve, its nonplanarity as well as dynamics of the mitral annulus. Furthermore, we review the use of three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of different mitral valve disease. Three-dimensional echocardiography has become a new clinical standard in the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis by means of accurate mitral valve area measurement. Also, unconventional indices, like the geometry and mitral valve volume may be assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. It is a very suitable technique for monitoring the efficacy and complications of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows accurate identification and quantification of prolapse of individual segments of the mitral valve leaflets. Three-dimensional color flow imaging makes echocardiography an accurate method also in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. Finally, we outline three-dimensional echocardiography as a potentially useful guide for a surgeon, particularly in mitral valve repair.     

Mitral balloon valvotomy,long-term results,its impact on severe pulmonary hypertension,severe tricuspid regurgitation,atrial fibrillation,left atrial size,left ventricular function

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (MBV) was introduced in 1984 by Inoue who developed the procedure as a logical extension of surgical closed commissurotomy. Since then, MBV has emerged as the treatment of choice for severe pliable rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). With increasing experience and better selection of patient, the immediate results of the procedure have improved and the rate of complications declined. When the reported complications of MBV are viewed in aggregate, complications occur at approximately the following rates: mortality (0–0.5%), cerebral accident (1–2%), mitral regurgitation (MR) requiring surgery (0.9–2%). These complication rates compare favorably to those reported after surgical commissurotomy. Several randomized trials reported similar hemodynamic results with MBV and surgical commissurotomy. Restenosis after MBV ranges from 4% to 70% depending on the patient selection, valve morphology, and duration of follow-up. Restenosis was encountered in 31% of the author’s series at mean follow-up of 9 ± 5.2 years (range 1.5–19 years) and the 10, 15, and 19 years restenosis-free survival rates were (78 ± 2%) (52 ± 3%) and (26 ± 4%), respectively, and were significantly higher for patients with favorable mitral morphology (MES ⩽ 8) at 88 ± 2%, 67 ± 4% and 40 ± 6%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The 10, 15, and 19 years event-free survival rates were 88 ± 2%, 60 ± 4% and 28 ± 7%, respectively, and were significantly higher for patients with favorable mitral morphology 92 ± 2%, 70 ± 4% and 42 ± 7%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The effect of MBV on severe pulmonary hypertension, concomitant severe tricuspid regurgitation, left ventricular function, left atrial size, and atrial fibrillation is addressed in this review.     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术200例报告

本文对１９８８年５月至１９９２年７月间以Ｉｎｏｕｅ单球囊瓣膜成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄２００例进行分析。本组中男６３例，女１３７例，平均年龄３６．５±８．８岁。经血液动力学及左室造影观察，取得良好效果。左房平均压自３．３４±１．２２ｋＰａ（２５．０８±９．１３ｍｍＨｇ）下降至１．４２±０．５５ｋＰａ（１０．６４±４．１０ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由３．４０±１．３６ｋＰａ（２５．４９±１０．２２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为０．８９±０．６５ｋＰａ（６．７１±４．８７ｍｍＨｇ），肺动脉收缩压由７．０４±２．８６ｋＰａ（５２．７８±２１．４２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为５．１４±２．２０ｋＰａ（３８．５６±１６．４７ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；心输出量由３．８４±０．１１Ｌ／ｍｉｎ上升为４．６６±０．２８Ｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣口面积由１．０８±０．２８ｃｍ２增大为２．２０±０．４７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）。５０例随访６～４８个月（平均２４个月），临床症状改善率为１００％。本文对经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）适应证、方法、效果、并发症及其作用机制进行了讨论。     

Mitral Stenosis and Mitral Incompetence due to Libman-Sacks Endocarditis with Mitral Valve Replacement

Abstract: A patient is described with recurrent severe left heart failure induced by combined mitral stenosis and incompetence secondary to Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Marked improvement followed mitral valve replacement with a 29 mm St. Jude Medical Bi-Leaflet prosthesis. There was no evidence of rheumatic valve disease either macroscopically at operation or on histological examination of the excised valve .