中华骨髓库造血干细胞捐献志愿者HLA-A、-B、-C、-DRB1、-DQB1高分辨等位基因频率分析

目的分析中华骨髓库造血干细胞捐献者HLA-A、-B、-C、-DRB1、-DQB1 5位点在高分辨基因分型水平上的等位基因频率特征。方法根据718名中华骨髓库捐献者HLA5位点高分辨分型数据,运用直接计数法计算各位点基因频率。结果在718名捐献志愿者中,共检出28个HLA-A等位基因、61个HLA-B等位基因、30个HLA-C等位基因、40个HLA-DRB1等位基因、18个HLA-DQB1等位基因;其中HLA-A位点最常见等位基因为A*1101(21.66%)、A*2402(16.37%)、A*0201(13.79%);HLA-B位点最常见等位基因为B*4001(11.49%)、B*4601(9.54%);HLA-C位点最常见等位基因为Cw*0702(15.74%)、Cw*0102(15.32%)、Cw*0304(11.56%);HLA-DRB1位点最常见等位基因为DRB1*0901(14.69%)、DRB1*1501(12.40%)、DRB1*0701(9.89%);HLA-DQB1位点最常见等位基因为DQB1*0301(20.54%)、DQB1*0303(15.81%)、DQB1*0601(10.79%)。结论本研究在高分辨基因分型水平提供了一套有关中国人群HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1和-DQB1 5位点基因频率数据。     

广西造血干细胞骨髓库HLA-A、B、DRB1高分辨等位基因多态性研究

目的研究广西地区人群造血干细胞捐献志愿者的HLA-A、B、DRB1位点在高分辨水平上的等位基因多态性、基因频率及单体型分布特征。方法应用PCR-直接测序法(PCR-SBT)对中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库(CMDP)广西分库,3 431名无个体血缘关系健康供者的HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因进行高分辨分型。结果共检出HLAA等位基因43个,B等位基因80个和DRB1等位基因42个,HLA-A-B-DRB1单体型检测到1507种。其中频率0.05的常见等位基因,包括5种HLA-A∶A~*11∶01,A~*24∶02,A~*02∶03,A~*02∶07,A~*33∶03;6种HLA-B∶B~*46∶01,B~*40∶01,B~*15∶02,B~*58∶01,B~*13∶01,B~*38∶02;7种HLA-DRB1∶DRB1~*15∶01,DRB1~*16∶02,DRB1~*09∶01,DRB1~*03∶01,DRB1~*12∶02,DRB1~*14∶54,DRB1~*15∶02。487条HLA-A-B单体型中,79条单体型呈现显著的正连锁不平衡(ALD0,HF≥1.09×10-4,χ23.84),5条表现为强连锁不平衡(RLD0.40),18条单体型的频率0.01;597条HLA-B-DRB1单体型中,68条单体型呈现显著的正连锁不平衡(ALD0,HF≥1.09×10-4,χ23.84),8条表现为强连锁不平衡(RLD0.40),16条单体型的频率高于0.01;1 507条HLA-A-B-DRB1单体型中,统计分析三座位单体型最常见的是A~*33∶03-B~*58∶01-DRB1~*03∶01(0.058 8)。结论广西地区人群HLA-A、B、DRB1位点在高分辨水平上获得等位基因频率、单体型分布数据及相关遗传参数,为今后开展临床造血干细胞移植、中国人群CWD表的制订和骨髓库最适库容的评估等研究及相关疾病研究提供本地区信息。     

江苏骨髓分库汉族造血干细胞捐献志愿者HLA-A、B、DRB1基因多态性和单倍型研究

目的分析中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库(简称江苏分库)汉族人群中HLA-A,B,DRB1基因多态性和单倍型的分布特征。方法用PCR-SSP和PCR-SSOP基因分型技术对江苏分库20 248名无关志愿者作HLA-A、B、DRB1低分辨基因分型,以直接计数法计算等位基因频率,应用Arlequin 3.01软件以最大似然法分析单倍型频率。结果江苏分库汉族志愿者HLA抗原频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡;共检出HLA-A位点等位基因18个,B位点等位基因34个,DRB1位点等位基因13个;A位点频率最高的是A*02(29.6%),B位点频率最高的是B*15(14.4%),DRB1位点频率最高的是DRB1*09(16.2%);频率最高的HLA-A,-B,-DRB1单倍型是A*30-B*13-DRB1*07(6.92%),频率最高的HLA-A、B单倍型是A*30-B*13(8.04%),频率最高的HLA-B,DRB1单倍型是B*13-DRB1*07(8.07%),频率最高的HLA-A、DRB1单倍型是A*02-DRB1*09(7.70%)。结论对江苏分库汉族人群HLA的分布状况的了解,有助于指导临床寻找HLA匹配的无关骨髓供者,为HLA与疾病相关研究和我国人群群体遗传学研究等提供了有意义的基础性资料。     

中华骨髓库云南分库HLA基因多态性分析

目的了解中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库云南省分库HLA-A、B、DRB1基因多态性,及等位基因频率特征。方法采用流式PCR-SSOP方法对来自中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库云南分库的1000名无血缘关系的捐献者进行基因分型,运用直接计数法计算HLA-A、B、DRB1基因频率,并与其他人群进行比较。结果在云南地区人群中共检出了68种HLA基因特异型。其中HLA-A位点18个,HLA-B位点37个,HLA-DR位点13个。A*02(37.31%)、A*11(34.96%)和A*24(21.13%)3个等位基因为云南分库捐献者HLA-A座位的主要等位基因;B*46(13.1%)、B*15/62(11.8%)和B*40/60(9.7%)3个等位基因为云南分库捐献者HLA-B座位的主要等位基因;HLA-DRB1座位以DRB1*12(20.06%)、DRB1*04(14.44%)、DRB1*09(13.51%)和DRB1*15(13.11%)4个等位基因频率为高。结论云南造血干细胞捐献者资料库人群的HLA基因多态性与南方汉族接近,也有其自身的一些特点。     

应用流式微珠高分辨分型方法对深圳汉族人群HLA基因频率的研究

目的 统计深圳地区汉族人群HLA-A,HLA-B和HLA-DRB1基因频率,分析该人群HLA等位基因多态性及其特点.方法 应用one Lambda公司的SSO分型试剂和Luminex流式微珠分析仪对457名健康、无血缘关系的深圳汉族人群标本进行高分辨分型检测.结果 共检出等位基因:A位点30个,B位点60个,DRB1位点39个.频率从高到低依次为A*1101(0.274 6),A*2402(0.154 3),A*3303(0.100 6);B*4001(0.141 1),B*4601(0.124 7),B*5801(0.084 2);DRB1*0901(0.138 9),DRB1*1202(0.106 1),DRB1*1501(0.097 3);基因型频率最高的分别为HLA-A*1101,2402(0.096 2);HLA-B* 4001,4601(0.037 3);HLA-DRB1*0901,1202(0.035 0).结论 深圳汉族人群HLA基因具有较为丰富的多态性,与国外不同人群比较,其基因频率分布既与亚洲人群有相似之处,又具有中国人群自身特点.     

云南地区人群HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因遗传多态性的分析

目的了解中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库云南省分库HLA-A、B、DRB1基因多态性,分析云南地区人群HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因频率特征。方法采用流式序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(PCR-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes,PCR-SSOP)结合直接测序法(PCR-sequence based typing,PCR-SBT)方法,对来自中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库云南分库的1 000名无血缘关系的捐献者进行基因分型,运用方根法计算HLA-A、B、DRB1基因频率,并与其他人群进行比较。结果在云南地区人群中共检出68种HLA基因特异型。其中HLA-A位点18个,HLA-B位点37个,HLA-DR位点13个。A*11(34.66%)、A*02(34.2%)和A*24(19.63%)3个等位基因为云南分库捐献者HLA-A座位的主要等位基因;B*46(12.83%)、B*40(60)(10.9%)和B*15(62)(9.78%)为HLA-B座位的主要等位基因;HLA-DRB1座位以DRB1*12(16.7%)、DRB1*15(16.46%)、DRB1*09(13.46%)和DRB1*04(12.77%)4个等位基因频率为高。最常见的A-B-DRB1单倍型是A*02-B*46-DRB1*09,频率是3.76%。结论云南地区人群的HLA基因多态性与南方汉族接近,但有其自身的一些特点。有必要在本地区开展造血干细胞捐献者的招募工作。     

741对非亲缘关系供、受者HLA高分辨基因分型结果分析

目的 研究造血干细胞捐献者资料库供、受者HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw、HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1位点等位基因高分辨全相合及不相合的概率.方法 采用基因测序分型(sequence based typing,SBT),序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(sequence-specific oligo nucleotide probes,SSOP),聚合酶链反应序列特异性引物(sequence-specific primers,SSP)对741对HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1低分辨全相合的无关供、受者进行HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw、HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1基因高分辨检测.结果 HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw、HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1基因位点高分辨分型供、受者全相合的概率为0.1916(142/741);1个等位基因不相合的概率为0.1930(143/741),不相合的位点频率次序为:HLA-A＞-Cw＞-DQB1＞-B＞-DRB1;2个等位基因不相合的概率为0.2362(175/741).其中仅在一个位点(loci)上的概率为0.0175(13/741),位于两个位点上的概率为0.2186(162/741),以A+Cw组合位点不相合的概率最高,其次以B+Cw和DRB1+DQB1组合位点次之.结论 对判断无关供、受者HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1低分辨全相合,而HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1、HLA-Cw、HLA-DQBI高分辨基因分型全相合或部分相合的概率有重要参考价值,并且不仅能提高非亲缘造血干细胞移植的成功率,还有助于提高造血干细胞捐献者资料库数据的使用率.     

供、患者HLA-A、B、DRB1高分辨分型的无关供者外周血造血干细胞移植32例回顾分析

目的探讨供、患者的人类白细胞抗原HLA-A、B、DRB1基因高分辨相合及亚型相合,无关供者外周血造血干细胞移植后效果的情况,为临床造血干细胞移植治疗选择适配供者提供理论依据。方法采用PCR-SSP或SBT技术对供、患者HLA-A、B、DRB1的基因进行高分辨分型,定期随访患者在造血干细胞移植后状况,统计分析移植后效果。结果32例患者与供者的HLA低分辨分型结果完全相合,HLA-A、B、DRB1基因高分辨分型全相合的患者与HLA-A、B、DRB1基因高分辨分型不相合的患者,造血干细胞植活和两年半内的移植存活率比较,无统计学差异。结论HLA低分辨分型结果完全相合是临床医生选择造血干细胞移植的重要条件之一,供、患者HLA-A、B、DRB1高分辨分型是外周血造血干细胞移植治疗前组织配型不可少的实验之一,但HLA-A、B、DRB1基因高分辨分型错配对无关供者外周血造血干细胞移植的造血干细胞植活和两年半内的移植存活率影响较小,HLA基因高分辨分型可以帮助临床医生选择合适的供者。     

广东籍鼻咽癌患者与HLA等位基因相关性研究

目的 探讨广东籍鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)患者的人类白细胞抗原(Human leukocyte antigen,HLA)-A、B和DRB1等位基因多态性与鼻咽癌之间关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应测序分型法(polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing,PCR-SBT),对35例广东籍NPC患者和119例健康对照的HLA-A、B、DRB1位点的等位基因进行序列分型及基因多态性分析.结果 HLA-A*26:01(0.0857 vs 0.0210,P＜0.05,OR=4.72)、HLA-B*40∶01(0.2571 vs 0.1639,P＜0.05,OR=2.17)和B*46∶01(0.2857 vs 0.1639,P＜0.05,OR=2.74)基因频率在NPC组显著高于正常对照组.HLA-A*11∶01(0.2143 vs 0.3193,P＜0.05,OR=0.42)和HLA-DRB1*03∶01(0 vs 0.0588,P＜0.05,OR=0)基因频率在NPC组低于正常对照组.结论 HLA-A*26∶01,B*40∶01和B*46∶01等位基因可能与广东籍人群患NPC的机会呈正相关性,HLA-A*11∶01等位基因与NPC有负相关性.     

甘肃酒泉地区人群HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因多态性研究

目的研究中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库甘肃分库汉族捐献者HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因频率分布特征。方法采用反向特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交法(PCR-SSO)基因分型技术,对甘肃酒泉地区215份健康无血缘关系的汉族人群的人类白细胞抗原(HLA-A、-B、-DRB1)等位基因进行基因分型。结果在受检人群中共检出54种HLA特异性基因,A*02(32.47%)、A*11(20.62%)、A*24(14.95%)、B*15(15.72%)、B*40(13.4%)、DRB1*09(16.49%)、DRB1*12(15.46%)、DRB1*04(11.86%)和DRB1*15(10.57%)为本地区汉族人群的优势基因,其中A位点检出以往国内报道较少的A*74等位基因。结论甘肃酒泉汉族人群HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因的分布特征接近北方汉族人群,与中国汉族人总体分布特征相似。未发现群体特有的基因,但具有其自身分布特征。这为不同地区、不同人群有可能在中国造血干细胞库甘肃地区汉族捐献者中寻找到HLA相合的供者提供了依据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.