硫化DOPO衍生物阻燃环氧树脂的性能与阻燃机制

为了获得综合性能好的阻燃环氧树脂(EP)复合材料,将9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)的衍生物应用于EP。首先,通过DOPS和马来酸酐(MAH)反应合成磷杂菲衍生物马来酸酐-9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(MAH-DOPS),采用FTIR、¹H NMR、³¹P NMR等手段确定其结构;其次,分别将DOPS和MAH-DOPS添加到EP中,通过共混制备复合材料DOPS/EP和MAH-DOPS/EP;再次,对比了DOPS/EP和MAH-DOPS/EP的热稳定性、阻燃性能和力学性能;最后,探讨了MAH-DOPS对EP的燃烧性能和热降解行为的影响,深入分析其阻燃机制。通过对比发现：阻燃剂DOPS的初始分解温度(T_5%,205.4℃)低于MAH-DOPS(235.2℃),在添加相同质量分数的阻燃剂时,复合材料DOPS/EP的热稳定性也低于MAH-DOPS/EP,与阻燃剂热稳定性一致;阻燃剂DOPS和MAH-DOPS均能改善EP的阻燃性能,MAH-DOPS/EP具有更优异的阻燃效果。...     

DOPO-PHBA反应型阻燃剂的合成及其与TGIC复配体系对环氧树脂性能的影响

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）和对羟基苯甲醛（PHBA）为主要原料,合成了一种新型的反应型阻燃剂DOPO-PHBA,利用FTIR和核磁共振谱（¹H-NMR、³¹P-NMR）对其分子结构和组成进行了分析表征。将DOPO-PHBA与异氰尿酸三缩水甘油酯（TGIC）复配用于制备DOPO-PHBA-TGIC/环氧树脂（EP）复合材料,通过极限氧指数（LOI）、动态热机械测试（DMA）和TGA分别对DOPO-PHBA-TGIC/EP复合材料的阻燃性能和热性能进行了研究。结果表明：成功制备了DOPO-PHBA,且DOPO-PHBA-TGIC复配型阻燃剂能显著改善EP的阻燃性能,当体系磷元素的质量分数为0.6wt%时,氧指数（LOI）由24%提高至32.5%;此外不同磷含量的DOPO-PHBA-TGIC/EP复合材料的玻璃化转变温度（T_g）均保持在200℃以上并且在800℃时的残炭量不断提高,其初始分解温度和最大热失重速率均有所下降;燃烧后残炭的红外分析表明,该体系满足凝聚相阻燃机制,且DOPO-PHBA-TGIC的加入不会削弱EP的力学性能。     

Si-P低聚物对环氧树脂燃烧性能和力学性能的影响

采用乙烯基封端硅氧烷(DMSV05)和9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)加成反应后的低聚物(DMSDOPO)为阻燃剂,制备了半透明增韧阻燃型环氧树脂(EP)材料。通过垂直燃烧(UL-94)、极限氧指数(LOI)、万能材料试验机和热重分析研究了DMS-DOPO对EP阻燃性能、力学性能和热性能的影响;采用扫描电镜对LOI测试后炭层微观形貌进行了表征。DMS-DOPO的引入可明显提高EP的阻燃性能、力学性能和高温残留量。与EP相比,EP/DMS-DOPO-10%拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高9.6%和35.6%。DMS-DOPO质量分数为10%和15%时,EP的LOI值由22.5分别升高到27.5和30.3。EP/DMS-DOPO-15%具有最佳LOI值,600℃残留量比EP高23.3%,燃烧过程中可形成内部结构疏松多孔、外表面连续致密的膨胀炭层。EP/DMS-DOPO-15%具有最优综合性能。     

蒙脱土协同膨胀阻燃环氧树脂复合材料的制备及阻燃性能

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)、磷腈为基础单元合成阻燃剂六(4-DOPO羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷(DOPOMPC),将其与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配添加至环氧树脂(EP)制备出阻燃复合材料(DOPOMPC/APP/EP)。为进一步提高阻燃环氧树脂的阻燃及力学性能,添加不同质量分数的蒙脱土(MMT)制出新型阻燃环氧树脂材料(DOPOMPC/APP/MMT/EP)。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平燃烧、锥形量热、扫描电子显微镜观察等方法研究了蒙脱土与DOPOMPC的协同效应。实验结果表明,EP4(10%DOPOMPC/10%APP/3%MMT/77%EP)各项燃烧参数得到了最佳改善,复合材料综合表现最优。其中LOI值达到38.2%;热释放速率峰值较未经MMT处理的阻燃复合材料EP1(10%DOPOMPC/10%APP/EP)下降了29.1%;比消光面积平均值和一氧化碳释放率平均值分别降低了72.7%和65.5%;火势增长指数、发烟指数和毒性气体生成速率指数较EP1降幅分别达到38.2%、13.1%和34.0%;拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度比EP1分别提高了25.4%、12.7%和1.97倍,呈现出良好的阻燃、抑烟、抑毒性能。炭层宏观和微观形貌表明,添加MMT的阻燃材料在燃烧初期能够形成更致密、坚硬的优质炭层。     

磷杂菲衍生物的合成及对环氧树脂阻燃性能与热降解行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)与对苯醌为原料,合成10-(2,5-二羟基苯基)-10-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10硫化物(DOPS-HQ),采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振和高分辨质谱确定其结构,并将其应用于环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃改性。采用热重分析、垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、锥形量热和热重-红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)等手段研究了阻燃剂DOPS-HQ对EP的热稳定性、热降解行为及阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,阻燃剂DOPS-HQ能提高复合材料的热稳定性和残炭量,改善材料的阻燃性能,降低其热释放速率峰值(PHRR)和总热释放量(THR)。当DOPS-HQ的质量分数为15%时,复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)值提高至32.5%,达到UL-94 V-0级,其PHRR和THR分别降低了32.7%和38.2%。TG-FTIR结果表明,DOPS-HQ/EP在热降解过程中会产生含磷自由基(PO·,HPO_(2)·,PO_(2)·等)作为H·,O·或HO·自由基的捕捉剂,从而主要在气相中发挥阻燃作用。     

DOPS/TPT复配阻燃环氧树脂的性能

单一的磷杂菲或三嗪类阻燃剂的阻燃效果有限,为了提高阻燃剂在环氧树脂（EP）中的阻燃效率,将9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS）与2,4,6-三苯氧基-1,3,5-三嗪（TPT）复配应用于EP中,通过协同阻燃作用来提高EP的阻燃性能,以期获得优异的阻燃效果。文中将DOPS与TPT进行复配,采用熔融共混法制备了阻燃EP复合材料。通过热重分析、垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、锥形量热和力学性能测试研究了复合阻燃剂DOPS/TPT对阻燃EP复合材料的热稳定性、阻燃性能及力学性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜、热重-红外光谱联用分析了材料的残炭形貌和热解气体,探究了其阻燃机理。结果表明,当阻燃剂的总添加量为9%,DOPS在复合阻燃剂DOPS/TPT中的质量分数为8%时,复合材料EP/DOPS/TPT的LOI值为30.5%,达到UL-94 V-0级,而且其平均热释放速率（av-HRR）、总热释放量（THR）值最低,其阻燃性能、成炭性能和力学性能均优于单独添加DOPS或TPT。从阻燃机理看,2种阻燃剂在气相和凝聚相发挥了协效阻燃作用,弥补了单一阻燃剂的不足,能够进一步提高阻燃效果。     

一种具有良好抑烟性能的磷杂菲阻燃剂在环氧树脂中的应用研究

本工作通过两步反应合成了一种磷杂菲类高效阻燃剂10-(2,5-二羟基二苯基)-10-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS-NQ),并将其用于环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃改性,探究了阻燃改性对EP材料阻燃性能、热性能及力学性能的影响.采用红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振确定了阻燃剂DOPS-NQ的结构,并通过氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、热失重(TG)、锥形量热(CONE)测试了阻燃EP复合材料的阻燃性能和热性能.结果表明,在阻燃剂添加量较少的情况下,DOPS-NQ与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配时能够有效地抑制热量及烟气的释放,增大EP复合材料的LOI及残炭量.其中,当DOPS-NQ/APP的添加量为20％时,阻燃EP复合材料的LOI值增大到32.8％,锥形量热测试表明TSP和SPR分别减小了92％和91％,pHRR、THR、CO的释放量分别下降了81.6％、67.1％、93.3％,残炭量增加了46.5％,同时DOPS-NQ的加入也有助于提升EP复合材料的力学性能.     

环三磷腈和DOPS双基协同阻燃对环氧树脂性能的影响

为了提高环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃性能，将双基阻燃剂六(4-(9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物)-羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(HAP-DOPS)和六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)/9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)分别添加到EP中，在含磷量为1.8%(质量分数)时，对比研究了磷腈、磷杂菲基团在分子内和分子间双基协同阻燃对EP性能的影响，探索了其阻燃规律，同时研究了不同添加量的HAP-DOPS对EP的热稳定性、阻燃性能和成炭性能的影响，并分析了其阻燃机理。结果表明，15%HAP-DOPS/EP的极限氧指数(LOI)值提高至31.4%，垂直燃烧测试(UL-94)达到V-0级；当HPCTP/DOPS/EP的含磷量为1.8%,P_HPCTP∶P_DOPS=1∶1时，复合体系的LOI值为31.2%，达到UL-94 V-0级，即阻燃剂HAP-DOPS和HPCTP/DOPS均能有效改善EP的阻燃性能，但HAP-DOPS在降低热释放方面更有优势，HAP-DOPS/EP的潜在火灾危险性低于HPCTP/DOPS/EP。残炭分析...     

兼具阻燃和导热性能的环氧树脂复合材料：石墨烯纳米片杂化三聚氰胺磷酸盐的作用

研发制备低成本、少缺陷及高效率的石墨烯纳米片杂化阻燃剂对实现复合材料多功能性具有重要意义。以三聚氰胺为助剥离剂将微粉石墨(GRA)经机械球磨后与磷酸液相反应得到一种阻燃导热的石墨烯纳米片杂化三聚氰胺磷酸盐(GMP),在表征GMP形貌、结构、组成和热稳定性的基础上,研究了添加GMP环氧树脂(EP)复合材料的阻燃、热分解和导热性能。GMP的热失重分析结果表明：与三聚氰胺磷酸盐(MP)相比,初始分解温度提升了29.3℃,与环氧树脂的热分解温度更匹配,有助于提高阻燃效率。氧指数仪、锥形量热仪和导热性能研究表明,GMP添加30wt%时,EP复合材料的极限氧指数达到了30.4%,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V-0级,峰值热释放速率(PHRR)和峰值烟释放速率(PSPR)分别下降69%和74.0%;导热系数提升至2.10 W·m^-1·K^-1,相对于EP提升了708%。这是由于GMP中石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)与MP的相互作用促进了EP形成了致密的膨胀炭层,有效提高了EP复合材料的阻燃性;随着GMP添加量的增加,GNPs和石墨微片传热通道的形成改善了EP复合材料的导...     

双基协同阻燃环氧树脂HPCTP-DOPS/EP的性能研究

单一的磷杂菲、磷腈类阻燃剂的阻燃效果有限,为了改善9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)对环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃效果,将DOPS和六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)复配应用于EP。在总含P量为1.2wt%时,通过调整磷杂菲和磷腈阻燃剂中含P量的比例,将DOPS和HPCTP复配添加到EP中,制备EP复合材料。利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、热重(TG)、锥形量热(CONE)、扫描电镜-能量色散X射线谱(SEM-EDS)、热重-红外光谱联用(TG-IR)等测试手段研究不同比例的磷杂菲和磷腈基团对EP热稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,探究双基协同阻燃规律和机制。研究结果表明：P、S元素之间存在协同阻燃作用,当总含P量为1.2wt%时,复合体系中随着含S量的增加,HPCTP-DOPS/EP的LOI值和UL-94等级逐渐升高,当HPCTP和DOPS中的含P量比为0.2∶1时,HPCTP-DOPS/EP的LOI值为30.4%,达到UL-94 V-0级,总热释放量(THR)和热释放速率峰值(PHRR)显著降低,燃烧后形成了更加致密、稳定的膨胀炭层,优于两种阻燃剂单独使...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.