孔边倒角和预腐蚀作用下航空铝合金疲劳性能及断裂机理研究

基于航空铝合金带孔结构材料在服役过程中常因腐蚀损伤而导致疲劳断裂问题,通过对未腐蚀和预腐蚀24h后的7075铝合金双孔未倒角和双孔倒角试样进行疲劳实验研究,分析腐蚀预损伤和孔边倒角对试件疲劳性能的影响及疲劳断裂特性差异。结果表明:腐蚀预损伤对7075铝合金材料疲劳寿命的影响显著,双孔未倒角和倒角试样预腐蚀24h后试样中值疲劳寿命比未腐蚀试样最大下降了31.74%和26.92%;孔边倒角对材料疲劳寿命有一定的影响,未腐蚀和预腐蚀24h孔边倒角试样中值疲劳寿命比未倒角试样最大下降了28.02%和15.36%,主要原因是由于孔边倒角过程中产生加工刀痕,引入了"预损伤",且倒角后疲劳裂纹萌生位置变多,导致材料发生疲劳断裂的概率变大。     

含多处损伤宽板螺接搭接件疲劳寿命研究

对含多处损伤（Multiple Side Damage,MSD）宽板搭接件做了等幅疲劳试验和断口分析,得到搭接件的疲劳寿命和孔边MSD裂纹的形成特点、裂纹前沿形状及扩展历程。结果表明,搭接件的疲劳破坏具有一定的隐蔽性,其疲劳寿命的绝大部分消耗在螺栓头下裂纹扩展阶段,当孔间裂纹出现首次连通时,搭接件剩余寿命约为总寿命的0.7%~9.4%。基于有限元软件FRANC2D/L和裂纹扩展分析软件AFGROW,建立了考虑钉载、第二弯矩和孔间裂纹干涉等影响因素的含MSD宽板搭接件疲劳寿命计算模型,并对孔边多裂纹的扩展寿命进行了计算分析。计算结果与试验结果的对比表明,该文所建寿命计算模型具有一定的精度,能满足工程需要,计算结果和结论可作为该类结构损伤容限设计的参考依据。     

铝合金轮毂弯曲疲劳试验的有限元模型

在铝合金轮毂产品开发阶段,针对试压铸小批量样件来进行的弯曲疲劳试验,是必须通过的台架试验之一．为避免试验的盲目性,减少试验次数,从而降低试验成本,提高试验的可靠性,有限元数值分析技术被采用,并已成为铝合金轮毂开发的先进设计技术手段．为正确应用该技术进行虚拟台架试验,必须建立有效的计算模型．基于理论分析与应用实践,考虑螺栓预紧力影响的非线性接触,以及加载杆与轮毂的材料异同,建立了轮毂弯曲疲劳台架试验的3种有限元力学模型：加载杆与轮毂为同种材料的整体线弹性分析模型、加载杆与轮毂为不同材料的线弹性分析模型、考虑各元件间的接触关系及螺栓预紧力影响的非线性分析模型．通过分析与比较,以及典型轮毂的试验验证,研究了以上3种有限元力学模型的优缺点、应用范围及计算的可靠程度,并以典型轮毂为例,用试验验证了模型的准确性．研究表明：加载非线性模型较为准确;线弹性模型可以用于轮辐处易发生疲劳破坏的分析;加载杆与轮毂材料异同对最大等效应力影响不大;对螺栓孔附近易破坏的轮毂,应采用考虑预紧力影响及非线性接触的模型．     

7B04铝合金-CFRP300在模拟海洋大气环境下的电偶腐蚀行为

为了有效地从腐蚀防护角度为飞机异种金属选材提供指导,针对飞机特定的服役环境,通过有限元仿真和腐蚀实验研究飞机典型搭接结构的腐蚀行为。对铝合金、复合材料及搭接件进行了实验室的周浸实验,然后通过极化曲线测量实验、宏微观形貌的观察、疲劳测试、XRD等表征手段研究7B04铝合金与CCF300/QY9511复合材料搭接件的电偶腐蚀规律,并以极化曲线测得的电化学参数为边界条件,建立了搭接件的腐蚀仿真模型。结果表明,在周浸实验0周期和10周期后,铝合金的自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度分别为-802 mV和2.357×10^-7 A/cm²,-872 mV和1.477×10^-6 A/cm²,复合材料则分别为-240 mV和6.217×10^-7 A/cm²,-98 mV和2.286×10^-7 A/cm²,随着腐蚀周期的延长7B04铝合金材料呈现自腐蚀速率加快、自腐蚀电位负移的变化趋势,而复合材料呈现自腐蚀电位正移、自腐蚀速率缓慢增大的变化趋势;搭接件腐蚀产物逐渐增多,腐蚀程度越来越严重;疲劳寿命随着腐蚀周期的延长而降低;随着腐蚀周期延长,腐蚀坑深度逐渐增大;腐蚀的产物包括Al（OH）₃,Al₂O₃,AlCl₃;搭接件仿真结果与加速腐蚀实验后的结果具有良好的一致性。该研究给出了飞机典型搭接结构的易腐蚀部位,揭示了电偶腐蚀规律,为飞机结构的腐蚀防护指明了方向。     

基于损伤模型的2024-O-T42搭接件动态拉伸失效分析

针对高锁螺栓单搭接件所采用的2024-O-T42铝合金,设计狗骨试验件进行准静态与动态拉伸试验,设计六种不同的缺口试验件进行准静态拉伸试验。通过开展拉伸失效仿真,对比Hartley-Srinivasan与Johnson-Cook两种本构模型,以及最大塑性应变失效准则、Johnson-Cook失效模型与GISSMO损伤模型三种失效模型。结果表明,在试验的100 s^-1应变率范围内,2024-O-T42铝合金材料流动应力应变率效应不明显,其最大相差约为5%;在不考虑应变率及温度的情况下,Hartley-Srinivasan本构模型比Johnson-Cook本构模型更能准确表征材料塑性段的力学行为;采用Hartley-Srinivasan本构模型和GISSMO损伤模型,高锁螺栓单搭接件在1 m/s、3 m/s、5 m/s拉伸速度下的仿真结果与试验结果吻合更好,且仿真获得的失效位移相对试验失效位移平均值分别偏大4.7%、偏大4.3%和偏小7.4%。     

模拟沿海大气环境下铝合金搭接件电偶腐蚀行为研究

铝合金搭接结构材料2A12与螺栓材料ML30CrMnSiA因存在电位差,在沿海潮湿的大气环境中服役时会发生电偶腐蚀。采用自制实验装置模拟沿海大气环境,通过电化学极化曲线测试法分别测量铝合金材料和螺栓材料在0.5mm厚液膜下的边界值,运用数值仿真软件BEASY对搭接件表面偶合后的电位、电流密度分布及腐蚀速率进行模拟计算。研究结果表明,铝合金板2A12与螺栓搭接后作为偶对阳极电位正移:与螺栓直接接触的位置,阳极极化程度最高,电偶腐蚀速率最大;随与螺栓距离增大,铝合金板的电偶腐蚀速率向两侧递减。     

油箱积水环境对预腐蚀铝合金腐蚀疲劳性能的影响

对预腐蚀2XXX铝合金Kt=1和Kt=3试样进行了实验室空气环境和油箱积水环境下的疲劳寿命实验,并用单侧容限因数法对疲劳安全寿命进行了估算,得到了预腐蚀2XXX铝合金在这两种环境下的中值疲劳寿命和99%可靠度95%置信度水平上的安全疲劳寿命。油箱积水环境显著降低了预腐蚀2XXX铝合金的疲劳性能,实验室空气环境下的疲劳寿命数据比较分散,应力水平越低越分散,而油箱积水环境下的疲劳寿命数据比较集中。油箱积水环境下的腐蚀主要由电化学腐蚀和微生物腐蚀组成。     

超声深滚处理改善预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能机理

研究了超声深滚(UDR)处理对预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能的作用.7A52铝合金试样在剥蚀腐蚀溶液中浸泡不同时间后进行了超声深滚处理.分别对未腐蚀试样、腐蚀试样和腐蚀+UDR处理试样进行了疲劳试验,用XRD应力测试和扫描电镜等方法分析了UDR处理前后试样的残余应力和断口形貌,并对疲劳断口进行了分析.结果表明:UDR处理在铝合金中引入超过1mm深的残余压应力层,延长了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.对于腐蚀较轻的试样,UDR处理使裂纹源在表层下残余压应力和拉应力过渡区产生,延长了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命;对腐蚀较重试样,疲劳裂纹仍从晶间腐蚀处形核,但由于引入残余压应力及腐蚀裂纹的部分愈合效应,仍在很大程度上改善了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.     

基于有限元仿真腐蚀疲劳试验方案研究

当前很多研究做了各种有关腐蚀介质对铝合金疲劳寿命影响的试验。发现很多环境都会加速疲劳裂纹的扩展。考虑到腐蚀和疲劳的相互作用影响,两者并不仅仅是简单的先后作用关系,同时目前主流试验方案都有需要完善的方面,因此本课题提出一种优于现存腐蚀研究的试验方案:"腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳循环试验",可以较为全面的实现飞机的飞-续-飞和疲劳预腐蚀同时作用的实际工况,更加完善腐蚀与疲劳的试验方法,并设计一种基于有限元仿真的寿命预测方法。     

基于遗传规划算法的不同应力比下不同厚度7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测

针对不同厚度7050铝合金试样进行了不同应力比条件下的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验,并运用遗传规划算法对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行预测。遗传规划算法是模拟自然界中生物的进化策略,通过交换、突变等遗传操作,搜索目标的最优解。建立7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的遗传规划模型,并利用试验数据对模型进行测试,后与其他典型疲劳裂纹扩展模型进行比较。研究结果表明:GP模型预测的7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命结果与试验值基本吻合,相对误差小于1.5%,且GP模型预测结果的准确性高于Paris模型和Walker模型。     

Effect of torque tightening on the fatigue strength of bolted joints

The effect of tightening torques on the life of plates bolted using single and double lap joints was investigated. The effect of plate thickness using an aircraft grade aluminium alloy with double lap joints was also studied. Constant amplitude fatigue tests, under load control, were carried out, with a near zero stress ratio, on plain specimens (for bench mark purposes) and on both single and double lap joint specimens, for which several torque levels were applied on the bolted joints. The objective of the fatigue tests was to demonstrate failure trends for each joint type, material thickness and torque loading, rather than the generation of comprehensive S–N curves. Possible factors that affected the fatigue life of the bolted joints are discussed and conclusions are drawn with respect to the beneficial effects of tightening torques on the bolted single and double lap joints.     

Fatigue of single- and double-rivet self-piercing riveted lap joints

The fatigue behaviour of single‐ and double‐rivet aluminum alloy 5754‐O self‐piercing riveted (SPR) lap joints has been investigated experimentally and analytically. With the single rivet, the experimental program involves a set of 27 cyclic tension tests on joints with 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐mm‐thick sheet coupons. In most cases (85%), fatigue cracks are found to initiate in the gross section on the faying surface of the upper sheet. With two rivets (installed in two rows), the experimental program consists of nine cyclic tension tests, three for each of the three combinations of riveting orientation possible, on SPR joints consisting of 2‐mm‐thick sheet specimens. The fatigue life of double‐rivet joints is found to be strongly dependent on the orientation combination of the rivets. Monotonic tests with the double‐rivet joints also reveal an influence of orientation combination. In addition to experiments, values of local stress and rivet‐sheet microslip in the single‐rivet joints have been evaluated through three‐dimensional elastic finite‐element analysis. The analyses are used to interpret experimental observations of fatigue crack initiation location, life and fretting damage severity.     

Finite element investigations of bolt clamping force and friction coefficient effect on the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in double shear lap joint

In this paper, the effect of bolt clamping force on the fatigue life of bolted double shear lap joints was investigated numerically. To do so, finite element simulation results were used to illustrate the trends occurred in experimental fatigue tests showing the effect of bolt clamping on improving the fatigue life of double shear lap joints. The results show that clamping force decreases the resultant longitudinal stress at the hole edge thus the fatigue life increases compared to clearance fit specimens. In general, at higher tightening torque longer fatigue lives were achieved, however, below a certain load level the life improvement was discontinued because of fretting occurrence. Also lubricating the specimens reduces the advantages of the clamping force.     

Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Torque Tightening on the Fatigue Strength of Double‐lap Simple Bolted and Hybrid (Bolted/Bonded) Joints

In this paper, the effects of bolt torque tightening on the fatigue strength of double‐lap simple bolted and hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints have been studied experimentally. To do so, two types of joints, that is, double‐lap simple and hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints, were studied. For each type of joints, three sets of specimens were prepared and subjected to the tightening torque of 1, 2.5 and 5 Nm, and then, fatigue tests were carried out at different cyclic longitudinal load levels. Experimental tests results showed that the hybrid joints have better fatigue performance in comparison with the simple bolted joints. In addition, the investigation revealed the positive role of tightening torque on the fatigue life of both simple and hybrid joints.     

Evaluation of the Effects of Corrosion on Fatigue Life of Clad Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3-Riveted Lap Joints with Acoustic Emission Monitoring

Corrosion affects the fatigue life of clad aluminum alloy-riveted lap joints, such as those found on an aircraft fuselage structure. Single-, double-, and triple-column-riveted lap joint specimens were fabricated and corroded in a Q-Fog accelerated corrosion chamber for five months using an ASTM G85-A5 prohesion test. Specimens were taken out of the chamber every 4?weeks, and the corrosion products which had been deposited on them were removed by immersion in concentrated nitric acid. For each corroded specimen, the mass loss with corresponding corrosion rate was determined. The specimens were fatigue loaded to failure on an MTS Universal Testing Machine with acoustic emission monitoring. Results indicate that exposure of lap joint specimens to this corrosive environment increased corrosion (mass loss), corrosion rate, and significantly reduced fatigue life. For a prolonged exposure in the corrosive environment, the fatigue life was reduced to zero, which has significant implication for aging aircraft. Acoustic emission monitoring successfully detected fatigue failure. Two failure modes, multisite crack damage and shear of the rivets, were observed.     

Experimental and numerical study of fatigue crack growth of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 single lap simple bolted and hybrid (adhesive/bolted) joints

In this paper, the effects of tightening torque (clamping force) on the fatigue crack growth rate and stress intensity factors in cracked single lap simple bolted and hybrid (adhesive/bolted) joints have been studied experimentally and numerically. To do so, series of fatigue crack growth tests for two different amounts of tightening torque in Aluminum alloy 2024-T3 pre-cracked joints have been carried out to record the fatigue crack growth and also the fatigue life of specimens. In the numerical part, finite element method was employed to obtain the stress intensity factors and also the effective stress intensity factor ranges for different crack lengths to explain the behavior of fatigue crack propagation. It was found that the hybrid joint has longer fatigue crack growth life compared to the simple bolted joint at a given bolt tightening torque. The results also showed that a higher bolt tightening torque provides improved fatigue crack growth life for both types of the joints.     

An experimental investigation of the bolt clamping force and friction effect on the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 double shear lap joint

In this article, the effect of bolt clamping force on the fatigue life of bolted double shear lap joints was investigated. To do so, fatigue tests were carried out on the bolt clamped double shear lap joint specimens made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. These fatigue tests were conducted with applied torques of 0.25, 2 and 4 N m at different cyclic longitudinal load levels in un-lubricated and lubricated states. From these tests the stress–life (S–N) data for different clamping forces for un-lubricated and lubricated states were obtained. The results show that clamping force increases fatigue life compared to clearance fit specimens. In general, at higher tightening torque higher fatigue lives were achieved, however, below a certain load level the life improvement was discontinued because of fretting phenomenon. Also lubricating the parts of the specimens reduces the advantage of clamping force or torque tightening.     

Experimental and analytical investigation of fatigue and fracture behaviors for scarfed lap riveted joints with different lap angle

Fastener load-transferred experiments and fatigue tests of the scarfed lap riveted joints with different lap angle were carried out. The fracture surfaces were observed by optical microscope (OM) in this paper. Both experimental and computational studies were described and compared when possible. Based on the qualitative finite element analysis (FEA), the multi-axial fatigue life of the scarfed lap riveted joints has been predicted by Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) method and Wang–Brown (WB) method respectively. Both of the test results and predicted results show that fatigue life of scarfed lap riveted joints is remarkably increased after introducing lap angle into the faying surface. 8 mm-thick specimens with the lap angle of 1.68 °C exhibit the best fatigue performance, and 20 mm-thick with the lap angle of 3.37 °C do in the present study. Compared with the result of WB theory, the result of SWT theory is more conservative and reliable. For structures’ reliability designs, SWT theory and WB theory are all fallibility.     

Fatigue life estimation of ultrasonic spot welded Mg alloy joints

Lightweight magnesium alloys are increasingly used in automotive and other transportation industries for weight reduction and fuel efficiency improvement. The structural application of magnesium components requires proper welding and fatigue resistance to guarantee their durability and safety. The objective of this investigation was to identify failure mode and estimate fatigue life of ultrasonic spot welded (USWed) lap joints of an AZ31B-H24 magnesium alloy. It was observed that the solid-state USWed joints exhibited a superior fatigue life compared with other welding processes. Fatigue failure mode changed from interfacial failure to transverse-through-thickness crack growth with decreasing cyclic load level, depending on the welding energy. Fatigue crack initiation and propagation occurred from both the notch tip inside the faying surface and the edge of sonotrode indentation-footprints due to the presence of stress concentration. A life prediction model for the spot welded lap joints developed by Newman and Dowling was adopted to estimate the fatigue lives of the USWed magnesium alloy joints. The fatigue life estimation, based on the fatigue crack growth model with the global and local stress intensity factors as a function of kink length and the experimentally determined kink angle, agreed fairly well with the obtained experimental results.