镍基单晶高温合金涡轮叶片缘板杂晶的研究进展

镍基单晶高温合金涡轮叶片缘板杂晶的出现严重影响叶片的力学性能,导致叶片报废.综述了关于缘板杂晶的形成本质的研究,总结了不同影响因素对缘板杂晶形成的影响及原因并概况了几种不同杂晶的控制方法,指出了以往研究中存在的问题,展望了未来研究的方向.     

镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的研究进展

随着单晶涡轮叶片结构的不断优化和高温合金中难熔元素添加量的增大,镍基高温合金单晶叶片在凝固过程中更易出现杂晶、条纹晶、枝晶碎臂、小角度晶界等缺陷。其中,杂晶是单晶叶片制备过程中最常见的一类凝固缺陷,严重影响单晶叶片的成品率。为了减少该类凝固缺陷的产生,提高叶片的成品率,研究镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施,对提高单晶叶片的服役性能具有重要意义。因此,关于定向凝固过程中杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施的研究,引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了单晶叶片的制备技术,分析了籽晶法和选晶法制备单晶叶片过程中不同位置杂晶的形成机理,分别讨论了选晶段杂晶、籽晶回熔区杂晶、缘板杂晶的影响因素和控制措施,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

涡轮叶片不同安装角缘板尺寸检测研究

涡轮叶片背向缘板空间尺寸复杂,缘板的位置尺寸保证叶片相互间的装配问题,正确理解缘板的空间位置平面形成,将缘板的空间一般位置平面转换为垂直状态,便于叶片缘板尺寸测量和测具的制造。在叶身不同转角+α度,0度,,-α度情况下,检测叶背的缘板尺寸,利用UG设计功能,采集不同转角下,叶身定位点的空间位置尺寸和叶身型面的切线方向进行定位,解决了曲面定位点手工无法计算的问题,提高了设计效率和准确性。     

籽晶法制备高温合金单晶叶片的研究进展

定向凝固技术制备高温合金单晶叶片主要采用选晶法和籽晶法,目前工业生产中仍以选晶法为主,但籽晶法在取向方面的精确控制是选晶法无法企及的,而且随着高温合金单晶叶片服役环境日趋苛刻,单晶叶片的三维取向控制成为工业生产中面临的主要问题之一,因此籽晶法的研究和发展不容忽视。籽晶法制备高温合金单晶铸件过程中,杂晶缺陷是制约其在工业生产中广泛应用的主因之一,直接影响单晶叶片的合格率,严重影响合金的力学性能。因此,目前关于籽晶法的研究主要集中在籽晶的获取和利用、杂晶的形成机理及控制等方面。本文主要介绍了籽晶法制备高温合金单晶叶片的基本原理,综述了籽晶回熔区杂晶的形成机制、影响因素及控制措施,在此基础上,总结和展望了籽晶法制备高温合金单晶叶片仍存在的一些问题及发展趋势。     

带缘板阻尼结构转子叶片振动特性的影响参数分析

针对转子叶片缘板阻尼结构设计需求。根据简化模型定性分析了缘板阻尼结构接触作用对刚度和阻尼带来的非线性影响;采用考虑正压力的分布形式和局部滑移现象的分布式摩擦力学模型,通过数值计算叶片非线性振动响应,获得了缘板阻尼结构关键参数对叶片振动特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:阻尼块质量是缘板阻尼结构设计的最关键参数,应根据最佳压紧力值确定阻尼块质量。     

重型燃机定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的实验与模拟

采用ProCAST软件系统研究HRS(High Rate Solidification)与LMC(Liquid Metal Cooling)工艺下,不同工艺参数对重型燃机用大型定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的影响。结果表明:与HRS工艺相比,LMC工艺下叶片的糊状区宽度更小,固/液界面形状更加平直。LMC工艺下叶片的纵向温度梯度约为HRS工艺下的3倍;利用LMC工艺制备该燃机叶片时冷却速率为0.3~2.00℃/s,远高于HRS工艺时的冷却速率(0.05~0.16℃/s);LMC工艺下,采用低的保温炉温度仍可保证叶片获得高的温度梯度和冷却速率;而为避免缘板处杂晶对原始晶粒的阻碍,HRS工艺应当采用高的保温炉温度与更低的抽拉速率。实验与模拟结果均表明:与HRS工艺相比,利用LMC工艺制备的燃机叶片,枝晶组织显著细化。     

复杂镍基单晶铸件显微孔洞的形成机理EI北大核心CSCD

采用高分辨透射X射线三维成像技术研究高速凝固法(high rate solidification,HRS)制备的3种成分复杂单晶铸件叶身和缘板部位的铸态显微孔洞分布情况。结果表明:凝固温度范围和枝晶排列曲折程度对孔洞的影响很大。铸件叶身部位,不同成分单晶的枝晶排列方式相同。其中,一代单晶的凝固温度范围最大,其孔洞体积分数也最大。二代单晶和三代单晶的凝固范围差异不大,孔洞体积分数主要受共晶体积分数的影响。随着单晶代次的增加,合金中难熔元素的含量将会增加,继而引起叶身部位共晶体积分数的增加。因此,合金最后凝固阶段枝晶间的空隙尺寸增加,液相压降降低,导致形成孔洞的体积分数减小。相比于叶身部位,缘板部位的孔洞主要由枝晶曲折程度决定。一代单晶缘板部位的枝晶曲折程度变化不明显,其孔洞体积分数与叶身部位的孔洞体积分数差异不大。二代单晶和三代单晶缘板部位的枝晶曲折程度逐渐增加,其孔洞体积分数增加。     

某发动机涡轮叶片缘板掉块原因

某发动机涡轮叶片在试车过程中缘板处出现掉块和裂纹。采用宏观分析、低倍腐蚀、断口分析等方法对涡轮叶片缘板处的掉块原因进行了分析。结果表明:涡轮叶片缘板出现掉块和裂纹性质为持久断裂失效,涡轮叶片缘板裂纹产生原因与缘板位置小角度晶界角度过大有关。建议将此型涡轮叶片的小角度晶界技术条件要求由不大于8°提高到不大于6°。     

发动机叶片喉道面积检测研究

发动机叶片的喉道面积是发动机装配,调试的重要参数,喉道面积的测量是叶片装配的关键,叶片通道是由76个叶片的上下缘板和每两个叶片叶身型面之间构成的空间曲面通道,研究设计的喉道面积测具能准确地检测每个通道窗口间规定截面的通道宽度尺寸和上下缘板的通道高度尺寸计算出叶片的喉道面积。喉道面积的流量与发动机的推力有关,是影响发动机性能的重要因素,叶片喉道面积测具保证叶片通道排气量均匀。     

转子叶片安装板型面测量研究

叶片是航空发动机的心脏,高温高压气体依靠压气机叶片的增压生成,并通过涡轮叶片使涡轮旋转。压气机叶片数量众多,形状结构复杂,尺寸大小两极化严重,技术要求严格,制造难度大,压气机叶片体积大小不一,尤其是缘板形状不规则,它是样条旋转曲面构成,这样给机械加工和几何尺寸检测带来很大困难。检测的转子叶片体积大、叶身形状极其不规则,尤其是缘板的形状,X方向是由样条曲线旋转而成,其两侧面都是由空间角度面形成,检测的过程中需要建立两个坐标系进行缘板内型面的检测和校对量规的检测。     

物联网产品品牌形成机理及其建设

目的研究物联网产品品牌的形成机理和物联网产品品牌建设的关键方法。方法以传统品牌的形成机理为研究分析的基础,通过分析物联网对传统品牌带来的冲击,结合具体案例的对比,从物联网时代的品牌的根本、品牌的媒介、品牌的存在、品牌的价值4个方面发生的改变分别进行研究。结论在未来物联网技术平台上,品牌评价将会数据化,品牌符号属性会逐渐弱化。物联网化的产品品牌培育的关键在于,品牌根本的强化和对能实现产品、用户和企业三方直接联通的物联网品牌感知平台的设计、建设、使用和推广。     

Structural and compositional properties of sol-gel formed Ni, Co and Ni-Co oxide films

Sol-gel (SG) formed oxide films (between 60 and 800 nm in thickness) were deposited on Pt foil substrates by dip-coating from Ni, Co and mixed Ni-Co sols. After withdrawal at a constant rate, the films were dried at temperatures between 100 and 400°C for various periods of time (15 min to 1 hour). Electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies have indicated that the as-formed SG films are nanocrystalline oxide materials, consisting of cubic units of NiO and/or CoO (and Co₃O₄, in pure Co SG films) in crystallites which are 1–4 nm in diameter, the size depending on the oxide composition and the drying conditions employed. Oxide films formed at 200°C are highly hydrous in nature, and drying at higher temperatures than this results in the loss of water, the formation of more compact films and an increase in the crystallite size. Based on the observed charge efficiencies (ca. 75% for pure Ni oxide and ca. 60% for 50:50 Ni:Co oxide films), it is suggested that only metal sites on the outer surfaces of the crystallites, with easy access to the solution ions and water, participate in the Ni-Co oxide redox reaction in alkaline solutions.     

Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-shaft

A failure investigation has been conducted on a diesel-engine gear-shaft used in a truck, which is made from 45# steel. The crack initiated from the root transition region between the cylinder and the platform of the gear-shaft, and propagated toward the direction with an angle of 45° to the axial direction first, then toward the direction normal to the axial direction. Multiply-origin fatigue fracture is the dominant failure mechanism. The oil hole on the cylinder of the gear-shaft was stopped up by the overlong bolt to lead to the absence of oil lubrication between the cylinder surface and the internal circle surface of the gear so that the friction force between them increased, which is mainly responsible for the failure of the gear-shaft. The absence of the induction-hardened layer in the root transition region between the cylinder and the platform of the fixed plate of the gear-shaft makes the fatigue strength decrease in this region. The fatigue crack initiated and propagated in this region easily under the abnormal stress.     

Features of development of optical breakdown on an inclined aluminum surface

It is shown that the air breakdown region and the erosion torch during an inclined fall of the laser radiation on the target are separated in time and space??namely, the electron density is higher in the region of the air breakdown, while the concentration of aluminum atoms is higher in the erosion torch. The mechanism of the motion of the laser plasma is determined and the formation time of the erosion torch is evaluated allowing for the film boiling mechanism.     

Steel rebars corrosion investigation with strain gages

The presentation of a new laboratory, non-destructive method of detection and checking the corrosion of steel rebars in mortar specimens is discussed in this paper. The method uses extensive meter sensors, such as the well known strain gages (SG) and is based on the phenomena of tension state, in which the mortar mass comes near the rebar area, after the formation of corrosion products. The SG are embedded in reinforcing mortar specimens during casting. Specimens are immersed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and a constant potential is applied between steel rebar and graphite electrode in order to obtain fast corrosion conditions. As the embedded SG are affected by volume changes, caused not only by corrosion products, all other disturbing parameters have been compensated for by the measurement method described. The method was applied in different types of mortar specimens in order to have test and verification results. The reliability of the technique was evaluated by measuring: (a) the gravimetric weight loss of the reinforcing steel bars; (b) the electrical charge flow through specimens; and (c) the porosity of mortar mass. The test results obtained indicate that the method is reliable and suitable for the laboratory study of the corrosion factors and the influence of concrete admixtures in corrosion protection.     

Waveband selection for NIR spectroscopy analysis of soil organic matter based on SG smoothing and MWPLS methods

Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and moving window partial least square (MWPLS) methods were applied to the model optimization and the waveband selection for near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis of soil organic matter. The optimal single wavelength prediction bias (OSWPB) was used to evaluate the similarity of calibration set and prediction set, and a new division method for calibration set and prediction set was proposed. SG smoothing modes were expanded to 540 kinds. The specific computer algorithm platforms for optimization of SG smoothing mode combined with PLS factor and for MWPLS method with changeable parameters were built up. The optimal waveband for soil organic matter was 1926-2032 nm, the optimal smoothing mode was the 2nd order derivative, 6th degree polynomial, 45 smoothing points, the PLS factor, RMSEP and R_P were 8, 0.260 (%) and 0.877 respectively. The prediction effect was obviously better than that in the whole spectral collecting region. To get stable results, all the optimization processes were based on the average prediction effect on 50 different divisions of calibration set and prediction set.     

SG增容PA6/sPS共混体系的形态结构与力学性能

采用一系列不同甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)含量的苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯共聚物(SG)增容尼龙6(PA6)/间规聚苯乙烯(sPS)(80/20)共混物,通过扫描电镜及拉伸实验考察了SG共聚物中GMA的含量对共混物形态结构及力学性能的影响。形态观察显示,SG共聚物可以有效地降低PA6/sPS共混物中分散相的尺寸,增加两相界面间的粘接力;SG共聚物中GMA的含量对其增容效果有较大影响,质量分数为5%左右时,SG共聚物对PA6/sPS共混物的增容效果最佳。拉伸实验结果表明,PA6/sPS共混物的拉伸强度及模量随着SG共聚物的加入而增加,但其断裂伸长率在较高SG含量时则有所下降。     

一步水热模板法制备Cu-TiO2异质结构纳米粒子（英文）

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为软模板剂,采用一步水热法合成了具有异质结构的铜–二氧化钛复合纳米粒子.利用X射线衍射谱(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分别对制备材料的相组成、微观结构进行了研究.结果表明,一步水热法制备的异质纳米粒子由单一立方相铜和锐钛矿相二氧化钛组成.高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)在单一粒子中观测到清晰的铜(101)和二氧化钛(111)晶面构成的界面.该界面有助于二氧化钛光生电子–空穴对的分离.同时,所制备纳米粒子的颗粒尺寸和光吸收特性可以通过改变PEG分子链长进行微调.本研究还对水热过程的反应机理进行了讨论,结果表明:PEG与铜氨络合物通过氢键连接,其链长对于粒子尺寸的影响在于PEG对Cu颗粒的尺寸进行的调节,而此过程中二氧化钛的晶粒尺寸并无明显变化.紫外–可见吸收光谱表明该异质纳米粒子与普通二氧化钛纳米粉体相比,对可见光区光谱有较为强烈的吸收.该界面纳米材料是一种有潜在应用价值的光催化材料和太阳能电池材料.     

LaCoO3 nanosystems by a hybrid CVD/sol-gel approach

LaCoO3 nanosystems are receiving increasing attention for the development of innovative fuel cells and heterogeneous catalysts. In this report, we describe the synthesis of nanophasic LaCoO3 thin films by a hybrid chemical vapor deposition (CVD)/sol-gel (SG) approach. The adopted strategy consists in the CVD of La-O-based systems on SG cobalt oxide xerogels CoOx(OH)y at temperatures as low as 200 degrees C and in the subsequent thermal treatment in air (400-800 degrees C, 2-8 h). In this context, particular attention is devoted to achieving an intimate La/Co intermixing already in the as-prepared systems, in order to favor reactions yielding a single La-Co-O phase with uniform composition. The obtained results point out to the formation of pure and structurally homogeneous LaCoO3 nanosystems after annealing at 700 degrees C, 2 h, with a typical grain-like morphology. More severe thermal treatment resulted in the thermal decomposition of LaCoO3 nanocrystallites.