肥胖所致心肌重构及相关线粒体稳态失衡机制研究进展

肥胖是心血管疾病的重要危险因素,可导致心肌重构等多种心血管疾病。肥胖可影响血流动力学、破坏自主神经平衡、诱导脂肪组织功能障碍和线粒体稳态失衡,从而损伤心肌功能。代谢稳态所需的关键生物化学反应主要发生在线粒体中,线粒体稳态是决定细胞活力的关键因素之一。线粒体稳态的平衡由线粒体分裂和融合、线粒体嵴重构、线粒体生物合成、线粒体自噬、线粒体氧化应激等动态过程调节。线粒体分裂和融合以及线粒体嵴形态不断变化以维持线粒体结构的完整性,且线粒体通过生物合成和自噬降解以维持"健康"的线粒体状态,而活性氧簇可作为信号分子调控细胞内信号转导。肥胖时的脂质过度沉积及脂质合成与分解不平衡诱发线粒体结构和功能的稳态失衡,激活细胞凋亡级联反应并导致心肌重塑。本文就肥胖所致心肌重构的可能机制以及线粒体稳态失衡在其中的重要作用作一简要综述,以期为临床上肥胖所致心血管疾病的防治提供重要策略和潜在靶点。     

线粒体动力学调控机制及其在肾脏病理生理学中的作用

线粒体是一种动态变化的细胞器,它通过不断的融合、分裂来维持线粒体的形态、数量和功能稳定,这一过程称为线粒体动力学,是线粒体质量控制的重要机制。线粒体的过度融合与分裂都会导致线粒体动力学的稳态失衡,引起线粒体功能障碍,导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。肾脏的生理活动主要由线粒体供能,线粒体动力学稳态失衡影响着线粒体功能,与急性肾损伤、糖尿病肾病等肾脏疾病密切相关。本文对线粒体动力学的调节、线粒体动力学稳态失衡如何导致线粒体损伤以及线粒体损伤对肾脏病理生理学的影响进行综述,以加深对肾脏疾病中线粒体作用的理解与认识。     

线粒体动力学及线粒体自噬调控机制的研究进展

线粒体形态和功能的异常与多种疾病的发生密切相关。线粒体通过不断的分裂和融合,维持线粒体网络的动态平衡,该过程称为线粒体动力学,是维持线粒体形态、分布和数量,保证细胞稳态的重要基础。此外,机体还通过线粒体自噬过程降解胞内功能异常的线粒体,维持线粒体稳态。线粒体动力学与线粒体自噬二者之间可相互调控,共同维持线粒体质量平衡。探讨线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬的调控机制对揭示多种疾病发生的分子机制、开发新的靶向线粒体动力学蛋白或线粒体自噬调控蛋白的药物具有重要意义。本文从线粒体动力学与线粒体自噬出发,对线粒体动力学调控机制、线粒体自噬及其发生机制以及二者的相互作用关系、线粒体动力学及线粒体自噬与人类相关疾病等方面作一综述。     

线粒体融合/分裂对线粒体的质量控制作用

线粒体是一种结构和功能复杂而敏感的细胞器,拥有独立于细胞核的基因组,在细胞的不同时相,生理过程和环境条件下,线粒体的形态,数量和质量,具有高度的可塑性。线粒体是细胞和生物体内最主要的能量供应场所,几乎存在于所有种类的细胞中,是一种动态变化的细胞器。正常情况下,线粒体的数量、形态以及功能维持相对稳定的状态,称之为线粒体稳态。当上述状态发生紊乱时,细胞乃至生物体形态、功能也将受到影响甚至死亡。线粒体质量控制是在细胞中维持正常状态的关键机制,决定着线粒体的命运。近年,随着线粒体研究的深入和具体,逐渐发现融合/分裂在其形态、数量、遗传物质等质量控制相关的方面挥了重要作用。本文通过探讨融合/分裂对线粒体质量控制的作用机制,总结和讨论相关前沿研究,为后期研究提供一定的理论依据。     

线粒体融合蛋白2的结构与功能研究进展

线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin 2,Mfn2)位于线粒体外膜上,是线粒体外膜融合的重要蛋白之一。研究发现,它不仅参与调控线粒体形态结构,还与细胞代谢、增殖、凋亡密切相关。近年来资料提示,Mfn2参与调控内质网应激、自噬、线粒体自噬等方面。由于Mfn2作用复杂,生理状态下细胞内必定存在精细的调控网络以使其保持在稳定水平。本文概括介绍了Mfn2结构、功能及其调控机制新进展。     

线粒体功能障碍与神经病理性疼痛的关系相关研究进展

神经病理性疼痛是由外周或中枢神经系统受损引起的慢性疼痛,是神经系统疾病的一种,其发病机制尚未完全清楚,目前缺乏有效的治疗策略.线粒体是细胞的重要组成部分,在ATP合成、氧化应激、细胞内Ca2+稳态维持和细胞信号转导过程上发挥着重要作用.最近研究发现,线粒体数量、形态和功能的改变与神经病理性疼痛的发生发展密切相关.因此,...     

线粒体质量控制失调与恶性肿瘤发生和发展相关性的研究进展

线粒体活性氧增多、线粒体DNA突变和拷贝数改变、Ca~(2+)超载、凋亡异常等功能障碍与肿瘤发生、生长、侵袭、转移密切相关.随着研究的逐渐深入,人们认识到线粒体是个动态的细胞器,在生理、病理因素刺激下,经线粒体融合/分裂、线粒体自噬、线粒体生物合成以及线粒体分子伴侣和线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的协同调控,在细胞器和分子水平达到对线粒体及其蛋白质的质量控制,限制和延缓功能受损线粒体的积累和过度增多,维持线粒体数量、形态、功能和蛋白质量的动态平衡,保证细胞正常生命活动的进行,使其更好地适应环境.若线粒体及其蛋白的稳态调节能力下降或失衡,会导致受损线粒体的积累并引发细胞内环境的紊乱,影响线粒体功能的正常发挥,从而诱导正常细胞的恶性转化.     

心力衰竭中心肌细胞线粒体融合与分裂

心力衰竭是各种心血管疾病的终末阶段,具有高患病率、高死亡率及高再住院率的特征,对人类健康造成巨大威胁。线粒体作为细胞内提供能量的最主要细胞器,还参与ROS生成、细胞信号转导、细胞凋亡调控等过程。近年研究表明,线粒体通过不断地融合与分裂进行迁移、相互连接和自我更新以维持自身稳态。当心肌细胞线粒体融合与分裂过程失衡时则会引起自身形态和功能紊乱,进而损害心脏结构和功能,参与心力衰竭的发生与进展。本文对心肌细胞线粒体融合与分裂的生物学效应及调节机制在心力衰竭过程中的研究进展作一综述。     

线粒体稳态失衡与心脏衰老及相关疾病

随着年龄的增长,衰老的心脏会发生左室肥厚、舒张功能不全、瓣膜功能下降、心肌纤维化增加、电传导异常等病理变化.线粒体作为真核细胞中调控代谢的关键细胞器,是细胞内合成ATP的重要场所.由于心脏一刻不停地收缩需要大量ATP提供能量,线粒体稳态对于维持正常的心脏功能至关重要,而线粒体稳态失衡则会导致心脏功能发生异常.本文主要阐述了衰老心脏中线粒体的异常变化,探讨了线粒体形态与数量变化、线粒体代谢异常、线粒体质量控制失衡、线粒体基因组和转录组改变等线粒体稳态失衡在常见衰老相关心脏疾病发生发展中的重要作用,总结了靶向线粒体干预衰老相关心脏疾病的现状与前景,为研究线粒体相关心脏疾病的细胞分子机制,治疗衰老相关的心脏疾病提供新的思路.     

雌激素神经保护作用机制:线粒体功能的调节

大量研究表明雌激素具有神经保护作用,但其机制尚不清楚。近年来研究提示,雌激素的神经保护作用与线粒体有着密切联系。线粒体是细胞内能量和活性氧自由基(ROS)的主要来源,对细胞内信号转导、细胞存活与死亡调节等具有十分重要的影响。在生理和病理条件下,雌激素可多方面调节线粒体功能,包括影响ATP与ROS的生成、稳定线粒体膜电位、维护细胞内钙稳态,以及调节线粒体基因和蛋白表达等。本文主要从线粒体角度综述了雌激素神经保护作用及其机制。     

S6 kinase 1 plays a key role in mitochondrial morphology and cellular energy flow

Mitochondrial morphology, which is associated with changes in metabolism, cell cycle, cell development and cell death, is tightly regulated by the balance between fusion and fission. In this study, we found that S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) contributes to mitochondrial dynamics, homeostasis and function. Mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking S6K1 (S6K1-KO MEFs) exhibited more fragmented mitochondria and a higher level of Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) and active Drp1 (pS616) in both whole cell extracts and mitochondrial fraction. In addition, there was no evidence for autophagy and mitophagy induction in S6K1 depleted cells. Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory activity was higher in S6K1-KO MEFs, whereas OxPhos ATP production was not altered. However, inhibition of Drp1 by Mdivi1 (Drp1 inhibitor) resulted in higher OxPhos ATP production and lower mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together the depletion of S6K1 increased Drp1-mediated fission, leading to the enhancement of glycolysis. The fission form of mitochondria resulted in lower yield for OxPhos ATP production as well as in higher mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, these results have suggested a potential role of S6K1 in energy metabolism by modulating mitochondrial respiratory capacity and mitochondrial morphology.     

膜蛋白ATAD3A在线粒体质量控制中的作用

线粒体质量控制对于线粒体网络的稳态和线粒体功能的正常发挥具有重要意义。三磷酸腺苷酶家族蛋白3A(ATAD3A)是同时参与调节线粒体结构功能、线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬等重要生物学过程的线粒体膜蛋白之一。近期研究表明,ATAD3A既可与Mic60/Mitofilin和线粒体转录因子A (TFAM)等因子相互作用以维持线粒体嵴的形态和氧化磷酸化功能,又能与发动蛋白相关蛋白1 (Drp1)结合而正性/负性调节线粒体分裂,还可作为线粒体外膜转位酶（TOM）复合物和线粒体内膜转位酶（TIM）复合物之间的桥接因子而介导PTEN诱导激酶（PINK1）输入线粒体进行加工,显示出促自噬或抗自噬活性。本文对ATAD3A在调控线粒体质量控制中的作用及其机制进行了综述。     

Betaine enhances the cellular survival via mitochondrial fusion and fission factors,MFN2 and DRP1

Betaine is a key metabolite of the methionine cycle and known for attenuating alcoholic steatosis in the liver. Recent studies have focused on the protection effect of betaine in mitochondrial regulation through the enhanced oxidative phosphorylation system. However, the mechanisms of its beneficial effects have not been clearly identified yet. Mitochondrial dynamics is important for the maintenance of functional mitochondria and cell homeostasis. A defective mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation system have been closely linked to several pathologies, raising the possibility that novel drugs targeting mitochondrial dynamics may present a therapeutic potential to restore the cellular homeostasis. In this study, we investigated betaine’s effect on mitochondrial morphology and physiology and demonstrated that betaine enhances mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial fusion and improves cell survival. Furthermore, it rescued the unbalance of the mitochondrial dynamics from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction induced by oligomycin and rotenone. The elongation properties by betaine were accompanied by lowering DRP1 and increasing MFN2 expression. These data suggest that betaine could play an important role in remodeling mitochondrial dynamics to enhance mitochondrial function and cell viability.     

线粒体代谢与干细胞的命运决定

线粒体在真核细胞多种生物学过程中扮演重要角色,如能量产生、钙平衡、细胞内物质代谢、活性氧产生、细胞信号传导和凋亡等。线粒体的高度动态性,如生物发生、动态融合、分裂和退化等代谢特征与细胞种类、组织的需求密切相关。干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞。目前研究表明,线粒体的代谢与干细胞发育、命运决定紧密相关。本文综述干细胞干性维持及定向分化过程中,线粒体代谢改变与线粒体形态、结构和功能变化。     

线粒体钙离子单向转运蛋白MCU及调节蛋白MICU1

线粒体钙离子摄入对能量生成、细胞分裂和死亡均具有十分重要的作用,但对该过程的机制却知之甚少。最近研究鉴定出线粒体钙离子单向转运蛋白(MCU,mitochondrial calcium uniporter)和线粒体钙离子摄入蛋白1(MICU1,mitochondrial calcium uptake 1),这两种蛋白都定位于线粒体内膜,均参与钙离子摄入。MCU拥有两个跨膜结构域,显示出钙离子通道活性并对钌红敏感,而MICU1具有两个典型的EF手形结构域,该结构可感知钙离子的变化,可能作为MCU调节蛋白发挥作用。这些研究进展对线粒体内稳态的理解和线粒体相关疾病的治疗具有重要意义。     

Mitochondrial potassium channels and uncoupling proteins in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell death

The function of the nervous system relies upon synaptic transmission, a process in which a neurotransmitter released from pre-synaptic terminals of one neuron (in response to membrane depolarization and calcium influx) activates post-synaptic receptors on dendrites of another neuron. Synapses are subjected to repeated bouts of oxidative and metabolic stress as the result of changing ion gradients and ATP usage. Mitochondria play central roles in meeting the demands of synapses for ATP and in regulating calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction can cause dysfunction and degeneration of synapses, and can trigger cell death. We have identified two types of mitochondrial proteins that serve the function of protecting synapses and neurons against dysfunction and death. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (MitoKATP) channels modulate inner membrane potential and oxyradical production; mitochondrial potassium fluxes can affect cytochrome c release and caspase activation and may determine whether neurons live or die in experimental models of stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial membrane proteins that uncouple electron transport from ATP production by transporting protons across the inner membrane. Neurons express at least three UCPs including the widely expressed UCP-2 and the neuron-specific UCP-4 and UCP-5 (BMCP-1). We have found that UCP-4 protects neurons against apoptosis by a mechanism involving suppression of oxyradical production and stabilization of cellular calcium homeostasis. The expression of UCP-4 is itself regulated by changes in energy metabolism. In addition to their roles in neuronal cell survival and death, MitoKATP channels and UCPs may play roles in regulating neuronal differentiation during development and synaptic plasticity in the adult.     

Staying in aerobic shape: how the structural integrity of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA is maintained

The structure and integrity of the mitochondrial compartment are features essential for it to function efficiently. The maintenance of mitochondrial structure in cells ranging from yeast to humans has been shown to require both ongoing fission and fusion. Recent characterization of many of the molecular components that direct mitochondrial fission and fusion events have led to a more complete understanding of how these processes take place. Further, mitochondrial fragmentation observed when cells undergo apoptosis requires mitochondrial fission, underlying the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial structure also impacts mitochondrial DNA inheritance. Recent studies suggest that faithful transmission of mitochondrial DNA to daughter cells might require a mitochondrial membrane tethering apparatus.