小针刀定点松解法治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征

目的：观察小针刀定点松解治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征的疗效及探讨其作用机制。方法：共治疗32例上千型胸廓出口综合征患者,其中女22例,男10例;年龄25-55岁。病程1个月～3年,均为单侧发病。采用小针刀对C。关节突关节及冈下窝痛性条索定点快速松解,每周1次,治疗1-4次。结果：所有患者术后即刻都有不同程度的颈肩部主观症状缓解,26例术前有肌力下降的患者中术后即刻测试有20例肌力明显增加;18例术前有皮肤痛触觉减弱的患者中术后即刻测试痛触觉有8例感觉明显改善。随访1年,根据Wood评价标准,优19例,良7例,可3例,差3例,其中1例转为手术治疗,无并发症发生。结论：小针刀定点松解法治疗上干型胸廓出口综合征操作安全简便,疗效确切,并同时具有肌松和镇痛作用。     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月对胸廓出口综合征18例,其中上干型3例,下干型14例,交感型1例.X线照片示第7颈椎横突过长12例,颈肋2例,未见骨性异常4例,采用斜角肌切断术进行治疗.结果 术后随访6个月～5年4个月,症状明显改善9例,部分改善6例,自觉无改善3例.优良率83.3%.结论 斜角肌切断术治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床效果较好.     

10例上干型胸廓出口综合征诊治回顾性分析

目的 通过对10例上干型胸廓出口综合征(thoracic outlet syndrome,TOS)患者的诊治进行回顾性分析,探讨前中斜角肌起点切断治疗的疗效.方法 对10例明确诊断为上干型胸廓出口综合征患者在全身麻醉下行前中斜角肌起点切断,记录手术前后症状、体征和肌电图以及必要的辅助检查进行疗效分析,并与颈5、6椎间盘突出征病例进行鉴别诊断.结果 术后10例随访5～7年,平均6.2年.按顾玉东提出的臂丛神经上干功能评定标准评价:优5例,良3例,可2例.结论 明确上干型胸廓出口综合征的诊断标准,前中斜角肌起点切断效果满意.与颈5、6椎间盘突出征鉴别诊断明确.     

切断前中小斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征的远期疗效

目的 远期随访切断前中斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）的疗效。方法对31例32侧胸廓出口综合征患者术后的疗效作远期随访。其中上干型4例，下干型26例27侧，全臂丛型1例。X线片示颈肋1例。第七颈椎横突过长2例。均行手术治疗。术中发现31例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术；3例骨异常者同时切除增长的骨组织和颈肋。术后随访4年8个月-8年3个月．平均为5年4个月。以症状、体征有无复发以及是否恢复原工作为随访主要观察项目。疗效按胸廓出口综合征评定标准评定。结果 术后症状明显改善15例16侧，部分改善6例，无效10例。优良率为68．7％。结论 该组病例远期疗效的优良率为68．7％，因此，胸廓出口综合征的治疗方法仍是个有待于进一步研究的临床课题。     

上干型胸廓出口综合征的解剖与临床研究

目的：了解上干型胸廓出口综合征的解剖学依据,为临床诊治上干型胸廓出口综合征提供指导,方法：解剖30具成人固定尸体,作大体及显微镜解剖观察,了解臂丛神经上干与周围结构的关系;临床随访7例上干型胸廓出口综合征手术疗效。结果：前斜角肌在C3－6颈椎横突的前、后结节均有起点,中斜角肌起源于第2－6或第2－7颈椎横突的前、后结节。C5,6神经根出椎间孔后被中斜角肌和前斜角肌交叉的起点腱性纤维而包裹。7例术后5例疗效佳,1例复发局封后症状消失,结论：前中斜角肌交叉起点是上干型胸廓出口综合征的主要病因,术中应前中斜角肌起点处切断该肌。     

经腋路内窥镜辅助下切除第一肋骨治疗胸廓出口综合征

目的 报告内窥镜辅助下手术治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征的方法及临床疗效.方法 采用内窥镜辅助下经腋路第一肋骨切除术治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征14例.结果 术后随访时间为12～24个月,14例患者症状完全解除,未见复发.4例第一骨间背侧肌萎缩者,有2例完全恢复,2例部分恢复.按照Wood等提出的评价标准评定:优11例(占78.6%).良3例(占21.4%).结论 经腋路内窥镜辅助下切除第一肋骨治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征,手术创伤小.伤口隐蔽,减压彻底,疗效满意.     

胸廓出口综合征手术治疗中对前中小斜角肌的处理

目的随访35例胸廓出口综合征手术治疗的疗效。方法手术治疗35例37侧胸廓出口综合征患者,其中上干型5例,下干型28例30侧,全臂丛型2例。X线片示颈肋1例,第七颈椎横突过长3例。手术切除增长的骨组织和颈肋,术中发现35例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经,均作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术。术后随访1年～3年6个月。结果术后症状明显改善26例27侧,部分改善5例6侧,无效4例。结论斜角肌是引起臂丛神经血管受压征的主要因素,手术探查时应常规切断前、中斜角肌及小斜角肌。     

胸廓出口综合征26例术后远期疗效分析

目的 报道胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）手术治疗后的远期疗效。方法 对26例胸廓出口综合征患者．切断前、中、小斜角肌及臂丛神经松解术后进行5年3个月-10年7个月的长期随访，并分析其疗效。结果 14例颈肩部疼痛、手麻症状消失，6例症状明显好转，6例自觉效果不佳或无效，优良率为76．93％。结论 胸廓出口综合征是常见病，一旦确诊，保守治疗效果不佳或反复发作者，应及早手术。但必需注意术后大约有23．07％的患者效果不佳甚至无效。     

Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: effect and results of surgery

BACKGROUND: Because of the difficulty in diagnosis and different treatment options, debate on thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) has continued. Our aim is to report our surgical experience. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with thoracic outlet syndrome were operated on between 1985 and 2000. Mean age was 37.9 years (range, 17 to 58 years); female/male ratio was 41/6. The most frequent symptom was paresthesia (72.3%). Seventeen patients (36%) had bilateral symptoms. Of all, 89.3% (42 cases) were neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome, and 10.7% (five cases) were vascular. Lower plexus (C8-T1/ulnar nerve) compression was present in 36 patients and upper plexus (C5-C7/median nerve) compression in 6 patients. Doppler ultrasonography in 11 patients, angiography in 8, and lymph node scintigraphy in 1 patient were also performed. Main operative indications were persistence of symptoms after conservative therapy and reduced (< 60 m/s) ulnar nerve conduction velocity. RESULTS: Fifty-five operations were performed on the 47 patients. First (59.6%) and cervical costae (21.3%) resections were the most frequent operations. Mean ulnar nerve conduction velocity was 54.8 m/s (range, 43 to 68 m/s) preoperatively and 69.4 m/s (range, 47 to 70 m/s) postoperatively (p < 0.05). The morbidity rate was 17% (8 of 47). No difference was observed between transaxillary and supraclavicular incisions. No brachial plexus injuries occurred. The most frequent cause of morbidity was incisional pain. Two reoperations were performed for recurrences. Follow-up was 4.6 years, and 75% of lower plexus and 50% of upper plexus compressions remained asymptomatic. Severe and long-term pain occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical decompression for thoracic outlet syndrome is efficient and dependable, but results deteriorate over time.     

First rib resection in thoracic outlet syndrome

Most patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) present with exercise-induced upper extremity paresthesia. Neurogenic TOS is the most common type where the brachial nerve plexus is compressed against a tight thoracic outlet. Vascular compromise although rare can result from thoracic outlet pressure against the subclavian artery or more commonly the subclavian vein. This article reviews the pathophysiology of TOS and describes several effective surgical interventions. Complete first rib resection with surgical decompression is an essential part of the treatment for TOS. First rib resection via supraclavicular or a preferred transaxillary route should be considered when conservative modalities provide no symptom improvement.     

胸廓出口综合征的新认识——解剖学与临床观察

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征的病因。方法对３０具６０侧经福尔马林固定的成人尸体小斜角肌及前中斜角肌的起始部进行解剖研究;对５３例胸廓出口综合征手术患者（１９６６～１９９４年４５例,１９９６～１９９７年８例）随访情况进行总结分析。结果解剖研究发现小斜角肌的出现率为８８３％,Ｔ１神经根或其下干在小斜角肌近段起源的腱性组织上跨过;前中斜角肌在颈椎横突的前后结节均有起点,Ｃ５、Ｃ６神经根从前中斜角肌的交叉腱性起点中穿过。４５例１９６６～１９９６年手术者中,有颈肩痛症状者３４例,术后１７例颈肩痛症状仍存在,其中７例加重;８例１９９６～１９９７年手术者中,７例有颈肩痛,术中切断前中斜角肌在Ｃ５～６神经根旁的腱性纤维组织,术后仅有１例仍有颈肩部不适。结论小斜角肌的腱性纤维是臂丛神经下干或Ｔ１神经根受压的原因;前中斜角肌在Ｃ４～５横突前后结节的交叉腱性起点是压迫Ｃ５～６,有时包括Ｃ７神经根或臂丛神经上（中）干的原因     

Recurrent neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome

BACKGROUND: Although 90% of patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) experience "excellent" or "good" results after thoracic outlet decompression, recurrent symptoms may develop in certain patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients with NTOS who developed recurrent symptoms of upper extremity/shoulder/neck pain, weakness and limitation of motion at least 3 months after initial relief of symptoms by surgical decompression. Diagnostic procedures and outcomes of reoperative surgery were assessed. RESULTS: Among almost 500 patients undergoing initial successful thoracic outlet decompression for symptoms of NTOS during the last decade, 17 redeveloped classic NTOS symptoms (3 of them bilaterally) at intervals from 3 to 80 months (mean 18 months) after the initial operative procedure. Ultimate diagnoses included incomplete first-rib resection (n = 1), compression of the brachial plexus by an ectopic band (n = 1), persistent brachial plexus compression by an intact first (n = 2) or second (n = 1) rib, brachial plexus compression by the pectoralis minor tendon (n = 13) and adherent residual scalene muscle (n = 14). Anterior scalene muscle block was positive in 9 patients later found to have recurrent symptoms from adherent residual scalene muscle. Among these 20 cases of osseous or musculotendinous causes of recurrent NTOS, all had "excellent" or "good" results from repeat surgery to eliminate the underlying structural problem (removal of intact or residual rib, pectoralis minor tenotomy, brachial plexus neurolysis, or a combination of these). CONCLUSIONS: Complete excision of cervical or first ribs and subtotal excision (instead of simple division) of the scalene muscles will decrease the incidence of recurrent NTOS. Pectoralis minor tenotomy should be considered part of complete thoracic outlet decompression. Anterior scalene muscle block accurately predicts outcome of reoperation for certain types of recurrent NTOS.     

Facial pain and headache associated with brachial plexus compression in the thoracic inlet

Among the sources for confusion related to brachial plexus compression in the thoracic inlet are the name for this clinical entity (thoracic outlet syndrome) and the fact that some of its associated symptoms occur outside the upper extremity, such as face and neck pain (FP) and occipital headaches (OH). With the realization that scalenus anticus (SA) contraction is the primary source of brachial plexus compression, it is possible to understand the occurrence of both FP and OH in this syndrome. It was hypothesized that SA contraction compresses the cervical plexus as it exits deep to this muscle. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that tension on the origin of this muscle from the transverse cervical processes causes compression of the occipital nerves. To evaluate this, a consecutive series of 32 patients who had resection of the SA between January 2004 and December 2007 were evaluated to determine prevalence of FP and OH, and the extent to which these symptoms were relieved postoperatively after SA resection. It was found that 25% of the patients had FP and that 50% had OH. Postoperatively, for those patients with neck pain, with or without facial pain, 75% were completely relieved, 18% were partially relieved. OH was completely relieved in 81% and partially relieved in 13% of the patients. In conclusion, symptoms of FP and OH associated with brachial plexus compression is due to cervical plexus compression by SA muscle, and symptoms can be relieved by resection of the SA.     

在内窥镜辅助下手术治疗胸廓出口综合征10例报告

目的 报告并探讨一个治疗胸廓出口综合征(thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS)的新方法，即在内窥镜辅助下进行手术治疗。方法 局部麻醉下在颈外侧作1．5cm长的小切口，在内窥镜的辅助观察下，切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维。结果 2092年3月11日至2002年12月16日，共作10例。手术当天10例的症状和体征均完全消失。术后随访4个月～1年，平均6个月。5例的症状和体征完全消失。4例的肌力恢复正常，前臂和小指的刺痛觉稍减退。1例仅偶有颈部不适的症状，术侧锁骨区有麻痛，针刺有痛觉过敏。结论 在内窥镜辅助下经颈部微小切口切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维，可解除斜角肌对臂丛神经的压迫，是一个创伤很小的治疗胸廓出口综合征的新方法。     

胸廓出口综合征术后并发症临床分析

[目的]探讨手术治疗胸廓出口综合征后发生并发症的原因及防治措施。[方法]回顾性分析本院2002年1月~2006年1月间收治的62例胸廓出口综合征病例,采用锁骨上入路松解臂丛神经血管,观察患者发生并发症的情况并分析其原因。[结果]术后随访14~30个月,其疗效按Wood等的评定标准评价：优26例,良16例,可11例,差9例,优良率为67.74%。62例患者中出现并发症者9例。其中术后伤口血肿形成3例,淋巴漏2例,颈丛神经皮支损伤2例,膈神经损伤1例,臂丛神经损伤1例,气胸1例,所有患者出现并发症后均得到及时的处理。[结论]手术治疗胸廓出口综合征存在一定的并发症,其原因与手术操作、患者个体差异等因素有关,手术经验和预防措施可防止或减少并发症。     

同期手术治疗胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压的疗效

目的探讨远近端同期手术治疗胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压的疗效。方法对8例胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压者,一期同时手术松解臂丛神经及远端神经卡压,并消除了全部卡压因素。结果按成效敏等的评定标准评价优3例,良4例,差1例。结论对晚期已出现肌萎缩的胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压患者,应选择一期远近端神经同时松解术,以改善疗效、提高治愈率。